新疆艾比湖干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布及其对风蚀的响应

艾比湖已经干涸的湖底常年经历强烈风蚀,形成危害较大的沙（盐）尘暴。为了解风蚀过程干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布的变化特征,在干涸湖底选择无植被覆盖（S1）、芦苇荒漠带（S2）、梭梭荒漠带（S3）3个区域作为研究区,运用粒径分布参数表征粒径分布特征对风蚀的响应。结果表明：① 由于不同区域沉积物形成时间差异,S1、S2、S3之间粒级组成、平均粒径均差异显著。S1的沉积物为黏粒-粉粒-极细砂类型,其中,粉粒含量最高,为80.60%,相比其他两个区含量较大,但是平均粒径最小,在6.10Φ～6.30Φ之间;S2为粉粒-细砂-中砂类型,砂粒含量最高为87.71%,质地较粗变化幅度较大,平均粒径在2.25Φ～3.54Φ;而S3为粉粒-极细砂-细砂-中砂类型,各粒级含量相对比较平均,不同深度含量差别较大,平均粒径在3.38Φ～5.65Φ。② 干涸湖底不同区域沉积物粒级含量、粒径分布参数对风蚀的响应特征不同。由于风蚀程度不同,S1和S2 0～10 cm的沉积物,无覆盖区域和覆盖区域平均粒径、粒级含量差异显著,且随深度的增加,差异显著性呈现降低趋势。S3无覆盖和覆盖区域的平均粒径、粒级含量差异均不明显。     

颗粒粒径和粒谱对悬浮剂贮存物理稳定性影响研究

通过颗粒粒径和粒谱对悬浮剂贮存物理稳定性影响研究 ,明确了悬浮剂剂型加工中研磨时间与制剂悬浮颗粒粒径和粒谱分布的关系。结果表明 ,在选定了适当助剂、确定了加工工艺的条件下 ,通过调整研磨时间、降低悬浮颗粒粒径和粒谱分布 ,可以改善悬浮体系的物理稳定性。另外 ,由于研磨时间的延长、粒径变小所带来的悬浮体系粘度的增加 ,对制剂物理稳定性也是非常有利的。     

土壤风蚀对表层土壤粒度特征的影响

土壤风蚀是一种严重的环境问题。文中选择我国西北干旱及半干旱区,风蚀严重的盐池县风沙土地为研究对象,利用Marven2000粒度分析仪对不同风蚀强度的表层土壤粒度进行分析,探讨土壤风蚀过程对地表粒度的影响,研究表明:随着风蚀程度的增加,表层土壤粒度逐渐变粗,由灌丛-推平耕地-草地-吹蚀地,地表中的细沙,粉沙和粘土的含量逐渐降低,而中沙和粗沙的含量逐渐增加。灌丛表面以细沙为主,占34.9%;推平耕地和草地以中沙为主,占32.7和39.1%;吹蚀地以粗沙为主,占44.2%;土壤平均粒径逐渐变粗,分别为2.48,2.08,1.91,1.12φ。土壤风蚀过程,地表的细沙,粉沙和粘土大量损失,灌丛的细沙,粉沙和粘土分别占34.86,20.01和10.98%,但在严重风蚀的吹蚀地,细沙,粉沙和粘土仅占6.09,3.72和2.52%。由此可见,土壤风蚀造成地表细颗粒物质损失,形成沙漠化土地。不同地表沙粒的分维数不同,随平均粒径增加,分维数总体降低。     

不同放牧压力下典型草原土壤物理性质与植被关系的研究

本文研究了内蒙古典型草原植被与土壤物理性质之间的关系,结果表明:土壤含水量、土壤电导率、土壤pH值、土壤容重、土壤的三种粒径含量和土壤紧实度等8个土壤物理指标与草地地下生物量相关性较弱;而与草地地上生物量和凋落物具有较强的相关性;根据相关性的强弱,建立了8个土壤物理指标与草地地上生物量、草地地下生物量和凋落物的线性回归模型。     

绿洲农田不同深度土壤粒径分布特性及其影响因素——以策勒绿洲为例

绿洲土壤环境变异状况及其影响因素的研究对于维护绿洲稳定、绿洲化进程的合理发展具有重要意义。以塔里木盆地南缘策勒绿洲为研究区,根据农田为绿洲主要土地利用方式的特点,通过其不同深度土壤粒径分布（PSD）物理特性的探讨,描述绿洲农田PSD的差异性,同时对其影响因素进行分析。基于绿洲范围内取样点0～20cm,20～40 cm,...     

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community(typical natural steppe) were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that(1) species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;(2) environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and(3) however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.     

Evaluation of a wettable powder formulation for the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lep.: Noctuidae)

The influence of different carriers on the physical and biological stability of Baculovirus anticarsia wettable powder formulations was studied. The formulations were obtained by mixing the purified polyhedra of B. anticarsia with a carrier and drying the suspension in a bench spray dryer. Bioassays with Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner showed that activity was maintained with the amorphous silica, attapulgite and kaolinite after a year of storage. In the presence of bentonite, activity declined 50% in the same period. All formulations, except kaolinite, maintained the physical parameters required of a good wettable powder. Kaolinite formulation showed reduction in wettability and particle agglomeration in storage. © 1997 SCI     

结皮土壤的抗风蚀性分析

土壤结皮是土壤在自然状态下形成的“保护层”,它的存在使得土壤变得稳定,使土壤的抗风蚀性有显著的提高,可以有效地抵抗冬春季节严重的风蚀,因此在干旱荒漠化地区越来越受到重视。土壤结皮分为物理结皮和生物结皮两类,由于生物结皮的生成需要长时间的积累,而且要求具有一定的湿度、温度,才可能存活和生长。而物理结皮只要土壤经过干-湿的过程很容易形成。本文通过实地观察,从不同的土质取得的原状土壤结皮样本进行扫描电镜观察,对土壤物理结皮的形成,与土壤的含水量、颗粒组成、含盐量等的关系,以及对土壤抗风蚀性的作用进行了详细的论述,以便使其在干旱、寒冷地区土壤荒漠化防治中受到足够的重视,减少人为因素对土壤结皮的破坏,利用人为手段促使结皮的形成,减少冬春季节风沙对土壤的侵蚀。     

Fractal features of soil profiles under different land use patterns on the Loess Plateau,China

Fractal theory is becoming an increasingly useful tool to describe soil structure dynamics for a better understanding of the performance of soil systems. Changes in land use patterns significantly affect soil physical, chemical and biological properties. However, limited information is available on the fractal characteristics of deep soil layers under different land use patterns. In this study, the fractal dimensions of particle size distribution(PSD) and micro-aggregates in the 0–500 cm soil profile and soil anti-erodibility in the 0–10 cm soil profile for 10 typical land use patterns were investigated in the Zhifanggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau, China. The 10 typical land use patterns were: slope cropland, two terraced croplands, check-dam cropland, woodland, two shrublands, orchard, artificial and natural grasslands. The results showed that the fractal dimensions of PSD and micro-aggregates were all significantly influenced by soil depths, land use patterns and their interaction. The plantations of shrubland, woodland and natural grassland increased the amount of larger micro-aggregates, and decreased the fractal dimensions of micro-aggregates in the 0–40 cm soil profile. And they also improved the aggregate state and aggregate degree and decreased dispersion rate in the 0–10 cm soil profile. The results indicated that fractal theory can be used to characterize soil structure under different land use patterns and fractal dimensions of micro-aggregates were more effective in this regard. The natural grassland may be the best choice for improving soil structure in the study area.     

Repellency of a kaolin particle film to potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), on tomato under laboratory and field conditions

BACKGROUND: The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causing several diseases in solanaceous crops. Laboratory and field no‐choice and choice experiments were conducted to evaluate the repellency of kaolin particle film on adults of B. cockerelli on tomato plants that had been sprayed with kaolin particle film on the upper surface only, on the lower surface only and on both leaf surfaces. RESULTS: In no‐choice tests in the laboratory, the numbers of adults on leaves were not different between the kaolin particle film and the water control, regardless of which leaf surface(s) were treated, but numbers of eggs were lower on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on those treated with water. In choice tests on plants treated with water/plants treated with kaolin particle film at ratios of 1:1, 6:3 or 8:1, fewer adults and eggs were found on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on leaves treated with water. Under field conditions, in caged no‐choice or choice tests, fewer adults, eggs and nymphs were found on plants treated with kaolin particle film than on plants treated with water. In an uncaged test under field conditions, plants sprayed with kaolin particle film had fewer psyllids than those sprayed with water. CONCLUSION: Even though potato psyllid adults could land on plants treated with kaolin particle film when no choice was given, fewer eggs were laid. When given a choice, the psyllids avoided plants treated with kaolin particle film under laboratory and field conditions. Kaolin particle film treatment may be a useful alternative for management of potato psyllids under field conditions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Herbicide sorption to concrete and asphalt

In order to accurately predict the fate and behaviour of herbicides following application to hard surfaces, an understanding of the processes involved is required. Previous studies have demonstrated that herbicides with a low soil organic carbon partition coefficient (K(oc)) are preferentially removed from concrete and asphalt surfaces. It is possible, therefore, that sorption may play a role in retaining herbicides to hard surfaces. This study provides an indication of the extent to which herbicides may sorb to concrete and asphalt, and examines the results in the light of other research to identify the significance of sorption in describing herbicide losses after application. There was measurable sorption of herbicides to concrete and asphalt although this was limited compared with that to soils, especially for concrete. An exponential relationship between experimentally derived values of K(p) and literature values of K(oc) for asphalt was established (r(2) = 0.931); there was a weaker relationship for concrete (r(2) = 0.606). The experimentally derived K(p) values could be used to enhance the prediction of herbicide loss to receiving waters following application. It is probable that the fate of herbicides applied to concrete and asphalt surfaces depends more heavily on physical processes than is the case in soils.     

绿洲化过程中阿拉尔垦区土壤粒径分形变化特征

通过对绿洲化过程中阿拉尔垦区的7种典型土地利用类型样地的取样,以不同土地利用方式下,不同土层深度的土壤粒径分布PSD(soil particle size distribution)数据为基础,利用单重分形方法,分析土壤粒级与分维值D(fractal dimension valus)的关系以及绿洲化过程中土壤粒级分维值[WTBX]D[WTBZ]的变化特征及机理。结果表明：研究区土壤属于砂质壤土。不同深度的分维值D介于1.88~2.41。D与<0.05 mm 和0.05~1 mm范围的颗粒体积百分含量分别存在明显的正相关和负相关。0.05 mm粒径是决定绿洲化过程中土壤粒级与分维值D关系的临界粒径。绿洲腹地的土壤粒级主要集中于0.01~0.05 mm的细粉砂粒级,沙漠边缘土壤粒级主要集中于0.05~0.25 mm的细砂粒级。绿洲化过程中土壤细粒物质增多,粗粒物质减少,分形维数呈现逐渐增大趋势。     

三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤水分扩散率研究

运用水平土柱入渗法模拟研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤的水分扩散过程以及水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系。结果表明:草甸沼泽土各土层的含水量与Boltzmann常数分别符合不同的关系曲线,且差异主要与粘粒含量和基质势有关;各土层的Bo-ltzmann常数自表层向下依次降低,且差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01);草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率存在较大差异,0-20cm土层最高,30-40cm土层最低;草甸沼泽土与盐碱化沼泽土、人工湿地水稻土的水分扩散率存在显著差异,原因与不同类型土壤各土层的理化性质及理化过程有关;草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率随土壤含水量的增加均呈指数增长曲线变化,且表层土壤的增长曲线相对较陡。     

Colloidal aspects of pesticidal and pharmaceutical formulations—An overview

In this overview, the colloidal aspects of pesticidal and pharmaceutical formulations of the dispersion type are described. The nature and magnitude of the interaction forces between particles or droplets in a dispersion are briefly described. These include double-layer, steric and van der Waals' interactions. Combinations of these interaction energies govern the stability/instability of dispersions. The various states of suspensions and emulsions can be described in terms of energy-distance curves. Particular attention is given to the various break-down processes, such as flocculation, coalescence, Ostwald ripening and phase inversion. Some guidelines for the stabilisation of suspensions and emulsions are given. The following practical aspects of dispersion and emulsion formulation are discussed: (a) creaming, sedimentation and their prevention; (b) the assessment of the state and long term physical stability of suspensions, including particle and droplet size analysis and rheology. In the latter case, both steady-state shear stress–shear rate and low deformation (oscillatory, constant stress and shear wave propagation) are very useful in the control and assessment of the long term physical stability; (c) mixed suspensions and emulsions i.e. suspoemulsions. The possible interactions between suspension particles and emulsion droplets are briefly described; (d) multiple emulsions that can be applied for sustained release; (e) microemulsions, their formation and characterisation illustrating the potential application of these systems in formulations: (f) microencapsulation, describing the most common procedures for preparation of such systems. These include interfacial polymerisation and condensation and coacervation techniques.     

pH响应性吡唑醚菌酯/沸石咪唑酯骨架材料纳米颗粒的制备及抑菌活性

沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIF-8)稳定性好,比表面积大,纳米粒径可调,具有酸敏感性.为研究其在农药递送中作为缓控释载体的性能和应用,以吡唑醚菌酯(pyraclostrobin,以下简称Pyr)为模式农药,以二价锌为配位中心,二甲基咪唑为有机配体,采用"一锅法"制备了pH响应性吡唑醚菌酯控释剂Pyr@ZIF-8;通过扫描电...     

Combining physical, cultural and biological methods: prospects for integrated non-chemical weed management strategies

Physical, cultural and biological methods for weed control have developed largely independently and are often concerned with weed control in different systems: physical and cultural control in annual crops and biocontrol in extensive grasslands. We discuss the strengths and limitations of four physical and cultural methods for weed control: mechanical, thermal, cutting, and intercropping, and the advantages and disadvantages of combining biological control with them. These physical and cultural control methods may increase soil nitrogen levels and alter microclimate at soil level; this may be of benefit to biocontrol agents, although physical disturbance to the soil and plant damage may be detrimental. Some weeds escape control by these methods; we suggest that these weeds may be controlled by biocontrol agents. It will be easiest to combine biological control with fire and cutting in grasslands; within arable systems it would be most promising to combine biological control (especially using seed predators and foliar pathogens) with cover‐cropping, and mechanical weeding combined with foliar bacterial and possibly foliar fungal pathogens. We stress the need to consider the timing of application of combined control methods in order to cause least damage to the biocontrol agent, along with maximum damage to the weed and to consider the wider implications of these different weed control methods.     

Contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning:a non-equilibrium thermodynamic perspective

Ecosystem stays far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Through the interactions among biotic and abiotic components,and encompassing physical environments,ecosystem forms a dissipative structure that allows it to dissipate energy continuously and thereby remains functional over time. Biotic regulation of energy and material fluxes in and out of the ecosystem allows it to maintain a homeostatic state which corresponds to a self-organized state emerged in a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system. While the associated self-organizational processes approach to homeostatic state,entropy(a measure of irreversibility) degrades and dissipation of energy increases. We propose here that at a homeostatic state of ecosystem,biodiversity which includes both phenotypic and functional diversity,attains optimal values. As long as biodiversity remains within its optimal range,the corresponding homeostatic state is maintained. However,while embedded environmental conditions fluctuate along the gradient of accelerating changes,phenotypic diversity and functional diversity contribute inversely to the associated self-organizing processes. Furthermore,an increase or decrease in biodiversity outside of its optimal range makes the ecosystem vulnerable to transition into a different state.     

沙柳方格沙障对库布齐沙漠沙丘粒度分布的影响

为定量探讨沙柳方格沙障对沙粒粒度组成与特征的影响,以流动沙丘(LS)、设障2a沙丘(TS)和设障6a沙丘(SS)为研究对象,在沙丘不同部位、不同土层和障格内不同位置进行取样,分析样品的粒度组成与特征。结果表明:1)随着设障年限的增加,粘粒和粉粒含量增加,细砂含量下降,SS粘粒和粉粒含量与TS和LS的含量差异显著,而TS和LS二者间差异不明显;LS、TS各粒级含量在三个层次间差异均不明显,而SS 0-5cm的粘粒、粉粒以及极细砂粒体积含量较其他2层差异显著。2)SS的频率分布曲线变化幅度小于TS和LS的频率分布曲线变化幅度。各沙丘的平均粒径MZ、分选系数δ、偏度SK、峰度KG的大小顺序均表现为SS相似文献   

An evaluation of a virobacterial agglutination test for the detection of plant viruses

Agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria particles, conjugated with specific virus antibodies, has been used to identify a wide range of plant viruses in crude sap extracts. The test distinguishes between seven different potyviruses in homologous and heterologous reactions, but does not distinguish different strains of bean yellow mosaic virus. The sensitivity of the virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test compares favourably with virus detection in ISEM particle trapping and local lesion assay and is only slightly less sensitive than direct ELISA tests. The test is more sensitive and simpler to user than latex particle agglutination tests.