Use and registration of macroorganisms for biological crop protection1

The use of macroorganisms (insects, mites and entomopathogenic nematodes) for biological pest control is increasing worldwide. Out of 281 products based on bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes and insects available for crop protection in 1992, 151 products (53.8%) consisted of macroorganisms. In Switzerland, 65.5% of the 58 products registered for biological pest control in 1995 are macroorganisms. According to published literature and personal information, it is estimated that at least 150 species of entomophagous insects and mites are mass-produced and released worldwide for biological control. While microorganisms are registered similarly to plant protection products, macroorganisms need registration only in a few countries. An increasing tendency towards regulation of macroorganisms for biological control is obvious. Based on the plant protection act of 1986, Switzerland was the first country where registration of macroorganisms became compulsory. The evaluation criteria for registration include a set of information on the bioecology of the organism, experimental data on efficacy, a simple risk assessment for environmental and human hazards and information on evaluation/registration in neighbouring countries. Positive effects of the registration are: (1) inefficacious products are kept away from the market, (2) quality control rules are respected, and (3) environmental risks and possible human hazards are assessed. Disadvantages are higher costs and sometimes delayed implementation of products. Indirect and direct costs for registration can be a serious problem for small producers and for products with minor markets. Therefore, authorities should consider the development of pragmatic and simplified registration procedures for macroorganisms that support efficacious and high-quality products on the market, minimize environmental risks and yet do not hamper the implementation of new biological products.     

植物内生菌抗菌活性物质及其在果蔬采后保鲜中的应用进展

植物内生菌是寄生在植物组织中的一大类群特殊微生物,过去长期被忽略。然而越来越多的研究表明,植物内生菌是新型抗菌药物的宝贵资源,其代谢产物中存在一系列具有多样性结构的抗菌活性化合物。本文对近年来植物内生菌产生的抗菌活性物质及其抗菌效果进行了综述,简要介绍了植物内生菌在果蔬采后保鲜中的应用,同时总结了植物内生菌抗菌活性物质在当前实际研究中所遇到的问题。     

不同性信息素产品诱捕甜菜夜蛾的综合评价

2009年秋季在天津地区大葱田,进行了不同性信息素产品诱捕甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua的对比研究。结果表明,3种塑料毛细管型诱芯（1~3号）和2种硅橡胶塞型诱芯（4、5号）对甜菜夜蛾成虫均具有灵敏、高效和持效期长的特点。放置诱捕器42d时各处理平均诱蛾量（头.器-1.2d-1）：5号为92.13头,优于其他4种产品,与1号（45.27头）相比差异显著。53d时各处理总诱蛾量1007.3~2138.3头.器-1,最高和最低诱蛾量相差2.12倍。不同产品的性价比3号最高为15.41,其次为4、5号,分别为12.45、7.76,2号和1号较低,分别为4.97和3.78。     

新疆伊犁河谷地区旅游产品开发的战略研究

区域旅游产品开发方案制定与产品类型策划是区域旅游规划中最具创意的研究环节。以伊犁河谷地区为例,遵循旅游产品策划与创新的战略逻辑结构,提出了伊犁河谷地区三大主导系列产品、三大专项系列产品的旅游产品开发战略方案。以期对该区域旅游业竞争力的提升,最大化区域旅游资源效益,实现旅游新的发展有所裨益。     

生物测定中30种杀虫剂母液的配制方法

介绍了浸渍法生物测定中30种常用杀虫剂母液的配制方法。对于杀虫剂原油以及在环己酮中溶解度高的固体原药可配制成1%的水乳或微乳剂母液,表面活性剂选用1%的1602#,溶剂用量为0￣2.5%。易溶于水的原药可配制成1%可溶液剂,加入102#,以增加湿润展布性能。对于选择溶剂困难的固体原药可配制成1%水悬浮剂母液,其中润湿分散剂为2.502#和1.0%农乳500#,黏度调节剂为0.2%黄原胶。上述母液体系组成简单,减少了有机溶剂、表面活性剂等对毒力测定结果的干扰,便于提高生测结果的可靠性和可比性。     

Plant protection means used in organic farming throughout the European Union

Following the obligatory implementation of integrated pest management in the European Union (EU), the plant protection means suitable for application in organic agriculture attracted the attention of quite a wide group of potential users. In spite of the common rules of organic production, as well as the uniform principles of placing plant protection products on the market, the availability of products that can be legally used in organic crop protection differs significantly among the Member States. There is a uniform list of 10 basic substances that can be used in the protection of organic crops throughout the entire EU. Twelve Member States have official registers of plant protection products for use in organic agriculture, and the total number of qualified products per country varies from 11 in Lithuania to 576 in Italy. Some products that improve plant vigour or resistance and may be of use in protection of organic crops are placed on the market as biostimulants. They fall under the law that governs fertilisers and the systems of their registration vary widely among the Member States. In addition, there exist a number of products that have been legally introduced onto the markets of some Member States without registration as a consequence of a loophole in the law. The use of unregistered products in organic agriculture raises some doubts, but currently it seems that there is no legal basis on which to explicitly prohibit the practice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

苏云金杆菌制剂毒素蛋白的SDS-PAGE-TLC定量分析

为了更合理地评价生物农药苏云金杆菌产品的质量,研究了苏云金杆菌制剂中毒素蛋白定量测定的方法。样品经溶解后,用SDS-PAGE对毒素蛋白(130KD)进行分离,用薄层扫描仪扫描区带面积定量。该方法RSD为3.01％～5.10％,准确度为96.61％～99.74％,蛋白含量与经生物测定得到的毒力效价之间有较好的相关性,可以作为评价我国苏云金杆菌产品质量的标准化方法。     

Field evaluations of insecticide treatment regimens for control of the common bed bug,Cimex lectularius (L.)

BACKGROUND: Because bedbugs, Cimex lectularius L., have not been a problem in the USA for over 40 years, few insecticide products are labeled for their control. Most products that are labeled for bedbugs are pyrethroids. However, recent studies indicate that field‐collected bedbugs may be resistant to pyrethroids. There are also non‐pyrethroid products labeled for bedbugs, but, like the pyrethroids, none of these products has been evaluated for field efficacy. This study evaluated the efficacy of two insecticide treatment regimens for bedbugs in multi‐unit housing. Both of the treatments included multiple products currently being used by the pest management industry. RESULTS: The ‘traditional’ treatment consisted of applications of pyrethroid products and an insect growth regulator. The ‘novel’ treatment consisted of applications of non‐pyrethroid products. The traditional treatment significantly reduced the number of bedbugs from 39.8 ± 10.1 per unit prior to treatment to 2.2 ± 1.0 at the end of the test period (P = 0.02; 95% reduction). The number of live bedbugs in the ‘novel’ treatment was also significantly reduced from 71.4 ± 25.3 bedbugs per unit to 10.2 ± 4.4 after 8 weeks (86% population reduction). CONCLUSIONS: Although both treatment regimens reduced bedbug numbers, the fact that bedbugs were not eliminated after multiple applications suggests that the insecticides, applied at the current label rates, were inadequate. These results suggest that a more integrated approach to bedbug control is necessary in multi‐unit housing situations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Contamination, error, and nonspecific molecular tools

ABSTRACT Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) are widely used in studies of genetic variation. Although it is recognized that contamination should be avoided in DNA samples, little is known about the potential hazards of low level bacterial contamination of samples from which DNA is extracted for RAPD or AFLP analyses. We found that contamination of Aphanomyces cochlioides cultures with a prokaryote at visibly undetectable levels markedly altered the results of RAPD and AFLP analyses. The contamination resulted in seven contaminant-specific RAPD products and in the suppression of eight products characteristic of uncontaminated A. cochlioides cultures. Prokaryote contamination resulted in 39 contaminant-specific AFLP products, but did not cause suppression of AFLP products. Comparing A. cochlioides samples with outgroup A. euteiches did not clearly indicate the presence of contaminant DNA, because uneven product suppression in RAPD analysis increased the apparent similarity between contaminated samples and A. euteiches and because a high proportion of the contaminant-specific amplified products comigrated with products from A. euteiches in both RAPD and AFLP analyses. Work with organisms that are prone to contamination should employ techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism or DNA sequence comparisons rather than relying solely on RAPD or AFLP analyses.     

旱作农业区化学节水专家系统的研制

旱作农业区化学节水专家系统是利用人工智能技术,对主要化学节水制剂在农林生产上取得的研究成果和知识经验进行技术集成而建立的智能化应用系统,该系统在结构上由知识库、推理机、数据库和人机界面等部分组成。该系统根据作物种类、生长发育时期及土壤因素来确定化学节水剂的种类,并推荐相应的使用技术,从而为西部旱作农业区节水农业的实施提供新的技术途径。     

Authorization requirements for organisms as plant protection products in Austria

In Austria, beneficial arthropods and entomopathogenic nematodes ('macrobials'), as well as micro-organisms and viruses, are classified as active substances of plant protection products, according to the Federal Law on Transactions with Plant Protection Products which entered into force in 1991. Therefore, naturally occurring organisms, intended for use in the field of plant protection, must be authorized as plant protection products before they are permitted to be sold. Requirements for the authorization of macrobials, micro-organisms and viruses and the authorities involved are presented. The legislative regulations for the use of macrobials, micro-organisms and viruses as plant protection products are described. At the beginning of 1996, 35 plant protection products containing 21 different organisms have been authorized in Austria for use in agriculture, horticulture and forestry.     

Products containing microorganisms as a tool in integrated pest management and the rules of their market placement in the European Union

Products containing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) can be used in plant production as an intervention as well as a prevention method for pest control. Their utilisation is strictly in line with the principles of integrated pest management, provided that they are effective and safe. The rules of registration of microorganisms for crop production in the European Union differ, depending on whether they are placed on the market as plant protection products or not. For over 20 years, uniform rules for registration of plant protection products have been in force. Currently, 36 microorganisms marked up to the strain are approved for use in pest control in the Community. The decision concerning market placement of plant protection products containing approved microorganisms is issued for each member state separately. The approaches to market placement of other products with microorganisms differ within the EU, ranging from a complete lack of requirements to long and costly registration procedures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quantification of biopesticide activity — a rapid survey of methods and standardization problems1

Worldwide development of IPM techniques and increased interest in microbial pesticides have brought a wide range of registered products onto the market in many countries. Quality control is the key point for manufacturing companies because of the variable biological nature of the products and constraints concerning their storage life. The technical specifications of such microorganism-based preparations are rather difficult for end users to understand and there is an urgent need for standardization. The European Committee for Standardization (ECS) has set up a working group to prepare standard guidelines on assessment of the purity, biological activity and stability of microorganism-based preparations. This paper discusses the measurement of the activity of the three main classes of frequently used microbial pesticides, those of bacterial origin (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin), viral products (insect baculovirus) and fungal products (antagonistic or entomopathogenic).     

木霉菌素的光稳定性及其降解产物分析

为明确木霉菌素的光稳定性及其主要降解产物,分别采用可见光、紫外光、纳米氧化钛(TiO2)、纳米氧化钛加紫外光(TiO2-UV)催化降解等技术,测试了木霉菌素的光稳定性;并采用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)分析方法,通过与所合成的木霉菌素衍生物进行对照分析,确定了其主要降解产物,同时分析了其降解后活性降低甚至失活的原因。结果表明:可见光、紫外光和纳米TiO2单独作用时对木霉菌素的降解效果均较差,而TiO2-UV的催化降解效果较好;TiO2-UV催化降解24 h后的主要降解产物为木霉菌素衍生物木霉菌醇、12,13-二羟基木霉菌素(M-1)、(12-H,13-OH)-木霉菌素(M-2)及(12-H,13-OH)-木霉菌醇(M-3)。研究表明,木霉菌素具有很强的光稳定性,而采用TiO2-UV的方式可催化降解木霉菌素,其降解产物活性降低甚至失活可能是由于木霉菌素抑制蛋白质合成的关键基团被降解破坏所致。     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: A further report on the bromide contents of imported foods and feedingstuffs

Results are presented for the determination of total bromide residues in cereals and cereal products, pulses, oilseed products, dried fruits, nuts and a variety of other products sampled in Britain during the 3-year period July 1968 to June 1971. Of the 948 samples examined 801 (84%) contained not more than 100 mg/kg. bromide while only 20 samples (2 %) contained more than 200 mg/kg bromide. The highest residues were found in samples of nuts from India, South Africa and some East African countries and in some animal feedingstuffs.     

Authorization of plant protection products containing microorganisms in the European Union1

The main principles concerning the authorization of plant protection products containing microorganisms in the European Union are explained: a positive list of microorganisms to be adopted by the Commission, authorization of individual plant protection products by the Member States according to common criteria and data requirements, obligation of mutual recognition of authorizations granted by other Member States subject to comparable conditions. Further detailed provisions are under preparation for the common criteria and data requirements as well as for the rationalization of the procedures for plant protection products containing genetically modified microorganisms.     

Strategy of control of resistant populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Belarus

The development of insecticide resistance in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Ukraine is reviewed, and current strategy for avoiding resistance is presented. The baseline sensitivity to new plant protection products is systematically checked, and possible appearance of resistance is constantly monitored. A sufficiently wide set of products should be available to allow an alternation strategy.     

Iodometric calibration of organophosphorus insecticides and measurement of hydrolysis products

Dialkylphosphoro-thioic and -dithioic acids, hydrolysis products of most organophosphorus insecticides, react stoichiometrically with iodoacetic acid, under controlled conditions, to release iodide. At room temperature, dialkylphosphorodithioic acids react with iodoacetic acid at pH 7–9, and dialkylphosphoro-thioic and -dithioic acids react with iodoacetic acid at pH 2 and below. This last reaction may be used for the determination of breakdown products in the presence of insecticides, such as fenitrothion, that are sufficiently stable to acid hydrolysis. The methods are suitable for measuring both active ingredients and hydrolysis products in formulations and in waterdiluted sprays.     

新时期陕西省森林旅游资源提升开发研究

在提出目前我国处在前旅游时期向新旅游时期发展的转型期的基础上,深入分析了两个旅游时期的不同特征以及旅游市场需求的新变化。剖析了陕西森林旅游存在的产品同质化、休闲度假类产品少、国际级大项目旅游产品少、资源活化不足、产品消费卖点不足、规划设计未重视核心规划要素等六个方面问题。提出了转变理念、实施大项目工程、推进森林公园二次提升开发、建立森林公园示范区、林业和文化结合、实施整体营销,提高旅游产品认知度、高起点高水平做好森林旅游总体规划等七大建议。