施氮量对小麦旗叶光合速率和光化学效率、籽粒产量与蛋白质含量的影响

为给小麦高产高效栽培提供依据,在大田高产条件下,研究了施氮量对开花后小麦旗叶光合速率和光化学效率、旗叶和籽粒蔗糖含量及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,适量施氮有利于提高灌浆中、后期的旗叶光合速率、旗叶PSⅡ实际光化学效率,以及灌浆末期旗叶PSⅡ最大光化学效率;施氮过多不仅不能继续提高旗叶光合速率,而且使PSⅡ实际光化学效率降低。施氮有利于提高旗叶蔗糖含量,促进灌浆前期籽粒中蔗糖的供应;施氮较多的处理中,灌浆后期有较多蔗糖滞留于旗叶中,致使施氮处理间籽粒蔗糖含量无显著差异。与不施氮的处理相比较,施氮105~195 kg.ha-1显著提高籽粒产量,施氮105~240 kg.ha-1显著提高籽粒蛋白质含量;继续增施氮肥至285 kg.ha-1,籽粒蛋白质含量、粒重和籽粒产量均降低。综合考虑籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,施氮量以150~195 kg.ha-1为宜。     

外源脱落酸对苗期野生大豆抗盐能力的影响

以山东阳谷县境内野生大豆为材料.通过外施10μmol·L-1的脱落酸研究其对苗期野生大豆抗盐能力的影响.不同浓度的NaCl盐处理都抑制了野生大豆株高的生长.降低叶色值,并且严重降低光合系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的光能转换效率,Rubisco含量减少,SOD活性增加,MDA含量上升,喷施脱落酸后可以在不同程度上缓解上述情况,脱落酸处理可以在叶色值、PSⅡ的光能转换效率和Rubisco含量方面明显减轻盐胁迫对野生大豆的损害,差异显著(P＜0.05).ABA喷施对不间浓度的盐处理缓解程度也不尽相同,除株高及SOD活性指标外,ABA喷施对0.9%的盐胁迫缓解能力最强.     

新美洲星和6-BA对低温胁迫下稻茬小麦光合和产量的影响

为了解植物生长调节剂6-苄氨基腺嘌呤（6-BA）和叶面肥6-BA和对稻茬小麦低温胁迫伤害的缓解效应,以半冬性小麦品种烟农19和弱春性小麦品种淮麦30为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了喷施6-BA和新美洲星对分蘖期-10 ℃和拔节期0 ℃低温胁迫下小麦叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及产量性状的影响。结果表明,与喷施蒸馏水的对照相比,喷施6-BA和新美洲星处理显著降低了两个小麦品种的叶片初始荧光,显著提高了叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、PSⅡ光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数,增加了穗粒数、千粒重和产量。说明喷施6-BA和新美洲星能有效缓解分蘖期和拔节期低温胁迫对小麦功能叶片光合性能和产量的影响。     

尿素对骠马胁迫紫苏幼苗的缓解效应

为探讨尿素对骠马胁迫紫苏幼苗的缓解效应,阐明适宜紫苏生长的最佳除草施肥条件。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素(0、1、2、4和8g/L)和6.9 %骠马水乳剂(0、1.33、2.66、5.32和 7.98 mL/L),分析其对紫苏光合特性指标、荧光特性、杂草防效和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,骠马显著降低紫苏叶片的叶绿素含量指数（CCI）,净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）也均不同程度降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）升高,说明骠马显著抑制紫苏的光合特性,且表现出一定的剂量-效应关系;叶绿素荧光分析表明,除草剂显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）及光化学荧光淬灭系数（qP）,非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）则呈一定的上升趋势。表明在除草剂骠马胁迫下紫苏叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相同;而1～4g/L浓度的尿素处理则效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的骠马先后处理,比单用骠马处理效果好,A组的P1N3处理可使籽粒产量比单独施用骠马增产11%,杂草防效提高11.35%,表明先施4 g/L的尿素再施1.33 mL/L 的骠马,能显著缓解骠马对紫苏的胁迫,提高其光合性能,并使其光系统Ⅱ维持较高的光化学效率,该施药模式具有平衡除草施肥技术,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。     

化控对不同种植密度下东北春玉米光合特性及产量的影响

选用东农253为试验材料,设5万、6万、7万、8万株/hm2共4个种植密度,于拔节期叶面喷施"玉黄金",研究化控对不同种植密度下东北春玉米叶片光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与清水处理相比,"玉黄金"的施用改善了叶片的光合性能,增加了叶片的叶绿素SPAD值和净光合速率Pn,提高最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、实际量子产量Y(Ⅱ)、光化学淬灭系数q P,降低非调节性能量消耗的量子产量Y(NO)、非光化学淬灭系数q N。在7万株/hm2种植密度下,"玉黄金"处理获得最高产量,达11 428.18 kg/hm2。     

硫素对玉米光合特性及产量的影响

以郑单958为材料,在大田试验中设置0(S0)、40(S1)、80(S2)、120(S3)、160 kg/hm2(S4)5个施硫(硫磺)水平,研究不同施硫量对玉米光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,从抽雄吐丝期至灌浆期,S2、S3处理玉米一直保持较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素含量(SPAD)。施硫量为S2处理时,玉米净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)均表现为最大值,分别较S0处理提高19.08%、76.7%,且达到显著水平。胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)分别在S3、S4处理时达到最大值,且显著高于S0处理。施用硫肥能够显著降低玉米气孔限制值(L_s),且施硫量为S2时达最小值,与S0处理达到差异显著水平。施用硫肥能显著提高PSⅡ的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(F_v’/F_m’)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),显著降低非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)。施用硫肥能够显著提高玉米产量,增产幅度为7.0%~18.1%。施硫量为S2时,玉米产量最高,为12 978.3 kg/hm~2。     

烟嘧磺隆对糯玉米光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以沈糯509抗、不抗近等基因系为试材,研究烟嘧磺隆除草剂对玉米光合色素含量、叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆处理使沈糯509抗、不抗近等基因系的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和PSⅡ光化学效率等均不同程度的降低,使胞间CO₂浓度和非光化学猝灭系数呈升高趋势,且表现出一定的剂量-效应关系。在供试浓度范围内,抗系各参数变化幅度均小于不抗系,说明抗系具有较强的光合调节机制,用以减轻或消除烟嘧磺隆的胁迫反应。     

CO2浓度升高对玉米叶片光合生理特性的影响

以沈糯3号为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)法研究了二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性及其子粒产量的变化,揭示CO2浓度升高对玉米光合生理特性及子粒产量的影响机理.结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO2处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)的含量增加,而叶绿素a/b的值则先升高后降低;在整个处理期间,净光合速率均高于对照(p＞0.05),升高幅度为12.6%～71.1%,气孔导度低于对照(p＞0.05),其降低幅度为2.9%～18.8%.处理至抽雄期和灌浆期,胞间CO2浓度分别增加152%和161%,均极显著高于对照(p＜0.01);蒸腾速率的变化较小.高浓度CO2处理下,玉米穗粒数和穗粒重均明显高于对照(p＜0.05).CO2浓度升高在一定程度上促进了玉米的光合作用,从而使玉米子粒产量增加.     

庐山不同海拔茶树光合响应差异研究

为明确茶树光合活性和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光抑制对海拔梯度的响应规律,以茶树品种庐山本地群体种为材料,观测了庐山5个不同海拔高度茶树叶片的光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,叶片厚度、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、PSⅡ最大相对电子传递速率[rETR(Ⅱ)max]、光补偿点(Ic)、光饱和点(Isat)、半饱和光强(Ik)、水分利用效率(WUE)等随海拔升高呈增加趋势,水汽压亏缺(VPD)、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、暗呼吸速率(Rd)等随海拔升高而呈下降趋势。PSⅡ潜在最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)随海拔升高而增加;PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散量子产量[Y(NO)]随海拔升高而降低。PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Φ(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭(qP)、PSⅡ相对电子传递速率[rETR(Ⅱ)]均随海拔升高而增加。综上分析,茶树在庐山低海拔处的光合作用和PSⅡ活性显著低于高海拔处,这与低海拔处叶片PSⅡ受到光抑制密切相关。     

外源ABA对干旱条件下小麦冠层温度及光合同化物积累与分配的调控效应

为给外源脱落酸(ABA)在小麦抗旱栽培中的合理利用提供理论依据,以耐旱型品种山农20和水分敏感型品种辐287为材料,研究外源ABA对花后干旱条件下小麦冠层温度、光合特性、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响。结果表明,干旱处理显著降低了小麦吸收光能性能指数(PI_(abs))及被捕获电子传递到电子传递链Q_A~-中下游其他电子受体的概率(φ_0),尤其在灌浆后期,PI_(abs)及φ_0降幅均达到50%以上,导致叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度显著下降和冠层温度显著升高。同时,干旱处理下两品种的最大灌浆速率及平均灌浆速率均呈现降低趋势。两品种花后光合积累量及花后贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率均显著降低,辐287降幅大于山农20。最终表现为粒重及产量显著降低。干旱条件下喷施ABA可以显著提高PI_(abs)值、φ_0值、净光合速率及叶绿素相对含量,延缓叶绿素降解,诱导气孔适当关闭,减少水分散失,降低冠层温差。同时ABA处理提高了强势粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率,延长了生长活跃期,降低穗叶温差,花后光合积累量及花后同化物转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率显著升高,最终表现为粒重及产量提高。这说明耐旱型小麦品种叶片光合同化力强,花后干物质转运效率较高,有利于籽粒灌浆增重,实现产量提高;外源喷施ABA可以提高灌浆期水分亏缺条件下小麦的光合性能,显著降低穗叶温差,优化同化物分配比例,最终实现小麦的抗旱稳产。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.