安徽省大别山区上舍小流域植被根系与土壤抗冲性研究

 采用标准地调查方法,对大别山区上舍小流域不同植被类型根系,在040 cm土壤深度范围内按照10cm间隔分层采样,室内测定不同径级（<0.5,0.5～1.0,1.0～2.0和2.0～5.0mm）根系生物量和根系长度,同时在各标准地根系相似地段内,采用C.C.索波列抗冲仪,在0～40 cm深度范围内按照10cm间隔分层测定土壤的抗冲性。结果表明:植被根系主要分布在0～40 cm土层内,表土层根量最大,根径<1.0mm的细根在根长上占有绝对优势;同一植被类型表土层土壤抗冲能力大于心土层;植物根系,尤其是根径<1.0mm的细根具有较强的固持土壤功能,细根长、根质量、根密度与土壤抗冲指数之间的相关系数分别为0.817 3、0.715 9和0.6434,可知,细根长是影响土壤抗冲性的关键因子;不同植被类型土壤的抗冲性与土壤非毛管孔隙度具有很高的相关性,表明森林植被的固土功能是通过根系改善土壤的物理性质,创造具有抗冲能力的生物土壤复合体结构实现的。     

重庆四面山水源涵养林土壤抗冲性及影响因素

采用原状土冲刷水槽法对重庆四面山4种水源涵养林土壤的抗冲性进行试验研究,并探讨土壤抗冲性动态变化规律以及坡度、根系的影响。结果表明:楠竹林土壤抗冲性最大,其次为针阔混交林、针叶林,阔叶林最小,其抗冲刷系数分别为20.153、14.717、10.819和4.615 L.min/g;林地土壤抗冲性A0层强于A层,并随水流冲刷时间的延长呈指数函数增大;在研究范围内,25°是林地土壤抗冲性的转折坡度;<3 mm根系是四面山水源涵养林表层土壤根系的主要成分,林地A0层土壤抗冲性受<1 mm、1～3 mm、3～5 mm根系根量及死生物量的影响,A层主要受3～5 mm根系根量及其根长的影响。     

科尔沁沙地南缘不同林草措施根系对土壤抗冲性的影响

为了探明沙地植被根系对土壤抗冲性的影响机理,以科尔沁沙地南缘不同林草措施为研究对象,采用野外采样和原状土冲刷相结合的方法,分析了不同林草措施根系分布特征及其对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明:风沙地不同林草措施下以0.5 mm的根系最多(占根长密度83.52%),根系总根长密度表现为杨树林地(12.09 cm/cm~3)樟子松林地(8.02 cm/cm~3)灌木林地(7.03 cm/cm~3)荒草地(4.48 cm/cm~3)花生地(3.89 cm/cm~3),不同径级根系在土壤中的分布存在较大的空间变异性。根系重密度大小表现为杨树林地、樟子松林地、花生地、灌木林地、荒草地,根生物量与根系总根长密度大小表现为同样趋势;土壤抗冲性强化值表现为樟子松林地(0.786 4 L·min/g)杨树林地(0.758 4 L·min/g)灌木林地(0.458 4 L·min/g)荒草地(0.296 4 L·min/g)花生地(0.064 L·min/g),土壤抗冲性能强化百分率大小为樟子松林地、杨树林地、灌木林地、荒草地、花生地;土壤抗冲性强化值与根系径级0.5 mm,0.5～1 mm,1～3 mm的根系长度呈显著线性正相关,与根系径级3 mm的根系长度呈显著线性负相关。1～3 mm根系是影响土壤抗冲性的主要因素。根系径级3 mm是根系长度对土壤抗冲性强化影响的阈值。林地的抗冲性增强效果最好,建议推广使用。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤抗冲性动态变化特征及其影响因素

采用原状土冲刷槽法,以桉树人工林、茶园、撂荒地、枇杷园、杉木人工林土壤为研究对象.研究了土壤抗冲性动态变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:土壤初始径流含沙量均较大,但随着冲刷时间的延长径流含沙量逐渐降低,并在3～6 min后逐渐趋于稳定;土壤抗冲性能随冲刷时间的延长呈波状变化,但总体上仍符合随冲刷时间延长,抗冲性增强的规律;土壤抗冲性能随冲刷时间的变化可用幂函数方程很好的拟合,其相关指数介于0.717～0.989;土壤抗冲性主要受容重、坡度、植物根系等因素的影响.其中<1 mm须根是增强土壤抗冲性能的关键因子.<1 mm须根根长、根表面积、根体积与土壤抗冲性强化值△ANS呈显著或极显著正相关,其相关系数介于0.926～0.980.     

草类根系对土壤抗冲性的强化效应

本文以研究草本植物根系密度、根量及土壤抗冲性的剖面特征为基础,首次对不同土层深度根系的减沙效应及提高土壤抗冲性的有效范围进行了定量分析。结果表明,草类根系提高土壤抗冲性的作用与其在剖面中的分布状况的关系极为密切;20cm土层内,根系的减沙效应不受坡度及雨强的影响,减沙效应系数平均在0.82以上。20cm以下土层根系的减沙效应明显降低。根据对不同坡度及雨强下根系提高土壤抗冲性的效应曲线及减沙效应的综合分析,确定出在坡度≤30°、雨强≤4.0mm/min条件下,草类根系密度超过166根/100cm²时对增进土壤抵抗径流冲剧有极其明显的作用,其根系的有效深度下限值为30cm。     

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。     

红壤丘陵区林地根系对土壤抗冲增强效应的研究

对不同林地根系分布特征及其对土壤抗冲增强效应进行研究,结果表明:毛竹林根系的63%集中在0～30cm土层;混交林有64%的根系分布在0～20cm土层;杉木林0～20cm土层中有占总根数42%的根系;柑橘林41%的根系分布在0～10cm土层,各林区根系随土层深度增加而迅速减少。根系对土壤抗冲性增强值表现出随土层深度增加而减小,同时也得出根系对土壤抗冲性增强值在小雨强下>中雨强下>大雨强下。直径≤1mm根系密度与土壤抗冲性增强值相关性达到极显著水平,并得出它们之间的函数关系。土壤抗冲性随冲刷历时的增加而迅速增强,增强值的大小表现出毛竹林>混交林>杉木林>柑橘林。     

黄土高原不同退耕还林地森林植被改良土壤特性研究

对比研究了青海省大通县不同类型退耕还林地、草地、农田的土壤性质,包括土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤水稳性团粒结构、土壤饱和导水率。结果表明:华北落叶松容重最小,为农田容重的62%,青杨青海云杉混交林是农田土壤容重的83%;0~15 cm土层青海云杉混交林>0.25 mm的团粒结构含量为45.21%,草坡、耕地分别为32.18%、20.81%;北落叶松纯林的最小饱和导水率是1.22 mm/min,林地中饱和导水率最小的是落叶松青海云杉混交林,为0.17 mm/min,草地和农田分别为0.11 mm/min0、.09 mm/min。退耕还林后,与农田相比,林地土壤物理性质得到明显改善,针阔混交林改良土壤特性作用较好,除了华北落叶松纯林和华北落叶松青海云杉混交林外,针阔混交林的土壤物理性质好于阔叶纯林和针叶纯林,草坡和农田较差,草坡略好于农田。     

排土场边坡根系分布及其对土壤抗冲性的影响

以海州露天矿排土场边坡为研究对象,采用改进的原状土水槽冲刷法,研究了排土场边坡根系分布及其对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明:排土场边坡根密度平均每为8.46个100 cm-2,根系长度随根系径级的增大而不断减小,根系生物量随根系径级总体上呈下降趋势,土壤中根系以根径0.5 mm须根为主;土壤抗冲指数与时间之间存在极显著的指数回归关系;土壤抗冲指数大部分位于0.06~0.12 min g-1之间,这部分所占坡面总面积的83.02%,沿坡长方向土壤抗冲指数表现出先减小后增大的趋势,并在3个坡位之间存在极显著差异;根系对土壤抗冲性能强化值范围在0.01~0.05 min g-1之间,强化百分率为16.67%~83.33%,表明在相同径流冲刷强度与相同冲刷时间条件下,根系对于增强土壤抗冲性能的效果明显。     

北川河流域退耕还林不同配置模式对土壤抗冲性的影响

在青海大通县北川河流域分浅山区和脑山区各选择了5种退耕还林配置模式,研究了不同配置模式对土壤抗冲性的影响,结果表明:在浅山区,土壤抗冲性指数与枯落物现存量呈显著正相关,以模式D(中国沙棘)的抗冲性指数最大,为1.136 s/g,以模式E(柠条)的最小,为0.385 s/g;在脑山区,土壤抗冲性指数与团聚度、总孔隙度呈显著正相关,模式F(青海云杉)的土壤抗性指数最大,为1.652 s/g,模式J(青杨 中国沙棘)的土壤抗冲性指数最小。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.