棉花根腐病菌在我国的适生性研究

棉花根腐病菌是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,也是棉花上的一种毁灭性病菌,目前尚未在我国发生。本研究充分利用GIS工具及相关的计算机编程技术研制开发棉花根腐病菌地理信息系统（CRRGIS）。该系统可对该病菌进行生物学、气象学分析研究,以此揭示棉花根腐病菌在我国的适生性、可能发生的区域,并预测其田间流行规律。     

不同种植方式对棉田土壤温度、棉花耗水 和生长的影响

通过2010-2011年大田试验,研究了平作、沟播和地膜覆盖(沟播+地膜覆盖)下棉花生长、水分消耗以及棉田地温变化情况.结果表明:地膜覆盖对棉花苗期和现蕾期地温日变化、最高温影响最大,通过提高土壤温度的最高值来影响土壤温度变化,开花结铃期以后种植方式对地温的影响不明显;不同种植方式对土壤水分也产生了一定影响,覆膜处理的土壤含水量高于其他2种处理,2010年覆膜和沟播处理比平作处理下的水分利用效率分别提高62.4％和25.3％,2011年为26.1％和10.3％;覆膜处理下的棉花净光合速率、生物量和籽棉产量都高于平作和沟播处理,而沟播与平作间的差异不明显;与平作相比,2010和2011年覆膜和沟播处理下的棉花水分利用效率分别提高了0.17、0.10 kg·m-3和0.10、0.03 kg·m-3.覆膜处理与沟播和平作处理相比,能够提高棉花生育前期的地温,有效地保持土壤水分,有利于棉花增产,最终提高了水分利用效率.     

Effects of inoculum potential, shading and soil temperature on root infection of oil palm seedlings by the basal stem rot pathogen Ganoderma boninense

Ganoderma boninense causes severe losses to oil palm in South East Asia. The disease typically manifests itself as basal stem rot, but there remains controversy over the route of infection and source of inoculum. Using isolates differing in aggressiveness, infection via roots was confirmed; it was also shown that large inoculum provided as Ganoderma -infested palm- or rubber-wood blocks (12 × 6 × 6 cm) is necessary for soil infection of seedlings after 6–8 months. Smaller blocks (3 × 3 × 3 cm) produced rapid (≤ 3 months) infection of roots and lower stem when physically attached to roots. Therefore fragmentation of infested palm wood from a felled, mature plantation before subsequent replanting may provide inoculum. Failure of G. boninense to grow through non-sterile soil or organic debris from frond bases, suggests it is a poor competitor and that roots must contact inoculum directly. Severe disease occurred after 8 months on inoculated seedlings under shade, but not on seedlings exposed to sun. Soil temperatures in sunlight frequently rose above 40°C and reached 45°C, whereas in shade they never exceeded 32°C. Ganoderma boninense is probably inhibited in exposed soil since optimal growth in vitro was 25–30°C, and there was no recovery from 45°C. Soil temperature may explain why symptoms often first appear in mature plantations when canopy formation creates shade. Infection is not peculiar to senescing palms but can occur throughout the growth cycle.     

揭膜对土壤温湿度及棉花根系发育的影响

为缓解残膜污染对棉田生态的影响,在新疆农垦科学院作物所1~2号试验地进行了棉田揭膜试验,研究头水后揭膜和2水后揭膜对土壤温湿度和棉花根系发育的影响,以期为新疆滴灌棉田揭膜工作的开展提供理论依据。本研究设置头水后(6月14日)和2水后(6月23日)揭膜两个处理,以正常覆膜为对照,连续测定头水后到灌溉结束棉田土壤温湿度的变化,同时测定棉花根系发育及干物质积累动态,成熟期进行产量测定。结果表明:7月5日之前,揭膜会降低土壤温度且幅度随着深度增加逐渐减少;4水前揭膜会降低土壤湿度,降低幅度随着浇水后天数增加逐渐变大。揭膜可促进棉花根系提前建成,增加干物质的积累量及侧根数的发生。揭膜处理地上部干物质积累线性增长期较CK缩短8.54~12.72 d,根系干物质积累时间缩短9.91~11.68 d。揭膜处理干物质积累量较CK增加12.34%和11.67%,产量较CK增加6.0%~8.3%。     

Root rot pathogens in field soil,roots and seeds in relation to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), disease and seed production

The interrelationships among bean productivity, prevalence of pathogens in roots, seeds and soil, and root rot disease were described at the pod maturity stage in 13 commercial fields. The soil population and frequency of pathogens isolated from seeds varied by pathogen species and field location. Fusarium solani was the most prevalent fungus isolated from bean seeds and field soil compared to Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and F. oxysporum. Principal component analysis revealed that the first component explaining 32% of the total variance was correlated with the root rot index. PC1 was more strongly linked to root and seed infections in comparison with soil populations of pathogens. Based on a correlation between PC2 (accounting for 23% of the total variance) and the number of seeds per bean plant, charcoal, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia root rots were recognized as more important determinants of seed losses to root rot disease. There were correlations among the major pathogens infecting either roots or seeds of beans. These findings provide useful information for future experimental plans to optimize management strategies for bean root rots.     

Trichothecene production is detrimental to early root colonization by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum in fusarium crown and root rot of wheat

Fusarium culmorum (Fc) and F. graminearum (Fg) belong to the predominant causal agents of fusarium crown and root rot (FCR) in wheat. While many studies have been done to investigate crown rot, including stem base infection, root colonization and mycotoxin production associated with root rot is not well understood. In this study the impact of mycotoxins on the colonization of wheat roots and stem bases was analysed by using Fc and Fg isolates that varied in both quantity and types of trichothecenes they produce. Seedling inoculations in growth chambers with a high deoxynivalenol (DON)- and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON)-producing isolate led to more severe symptoms and 20-times greater colonization of the stem base, as measured by Fc DNA accumulation, than isolates that produced less DON/3ADON. In contrast to stem base colonization, in vitro inoculations of roots with a Tri5 deletion mutant deficient in Fg trichothecene production led to three-times higher colonization than the wildtype. Furthermore, an Fc isolate that produced low levels of zearalenone resulted in twice the level of colonization of a high DON/3ADON-producing isolate included in the study. When root inoculation with a low DON/3ADON-producing Fc isolate was supplemented with exogenous DON, DON production decreased by more than half per unit weight of Fc DNA, and root colonization doubled compared to the untreated control. Therefore, in contrast to its potential role as an aggressiveness factor in stem base infection, trichothecene production by Fc and Fg is detrimental to the early stages of wheat root colonization in FCR.     

Influence of tillage,planting date,and Bt cultivar on seasonal abundance and within-plant distribution patterns of thrips and cotton fleahoppers in cotton

Abstract

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae( and cotton fleahoppers, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter( (Hemiptera: Miridae(, are considered to be significant economic pests of cotton in Texas, USA. A 2-year field study evaluated the influence of planting date, tillage practice, and Bt cotton on seasonal abundance patterns of thrips and cotton fleahoppers and their within-plant distribution patterns in cotton. Thrips were sampled visually while fleahoppers were sampled both visually and with a ‘beat bucket’ at weekly intervals throughout the growing season. Thrips infestations had two distinct peaks, with the first peak at the one to two main stem node leaf stage and the second peak during the flowering stage. Cotton fleahoppers had only one infestation peak at 13 – 15 weeks after planting (after crop cutout(. Average seasonal abundance of each pest was significantly influenced by tillage practice with higher numbers in conventional tillage compared with that in conservation tillage plots. Thrips abundance was similar between the two cultivars, whereas cotton fleahopper abundance was significantly higher in non-Bt cotton compared with that in Bt cotton. Thrips average seasonal abundance was significantly higher in timely planted cotton compared with that in late-planted cotton. Thrips were more prevalent in upper one-third vertical stratum (51%( followed by middle stratum (33%( and the lower stratum (16%(. Cotton fleahopper within-plant distribution was similar to that for thrips, with 65, 24, and 11% of the total abundance found in upper, middle, and lower one-third of the plant, respectively.     

Bioassay to assess root rot in pea and effect of root rot on yield

Infection of pea roots by soil-borne pathogens causes foot and root rot. In 1985 research was started to develop a method to predict the root rot likely to occur in prospective pea fields. In a bioassay the pea cultivar Finale was sown in a composite soil sample from each field in pots under standardized conditions in the greenhouse. The plants were removed at the green bud stage and the severity of root rot recorded. Between 1985 and 1988 approximately 200 field pea crops were monitored for root rot development. Forty-eight fields were bioassayed in 1986, 51 in 1987 and 30 in 1988. Each year, root rot readings in the bioassay and disease severity readings at field sampled plants at flowering and green pod were linearly correlated (P<0.001). As the degree of root rot in the field crop increased, there was a proportional lower yield. In heavily infested fields, up to a 50% yield reduction occurred.The bioassay in pots proved to be a reliable method for predicting root rot severity in sampled pea fields.     

北疆土壤温度变化对滴灌棉田水盐运移规律的影响研究

以北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,分析棉花整个生育过程中土壤温度变化对棉田水盐运移规律的影响,并对灌溉制度进行优化调整。研究结果表明：土壤温度随着气温的升高而升高,降低而降低,气温影响作用随着土壤深度的增加而减弱,滞后时间随着深度的增加而延长;8月份之前,土壤温度自上而下呈递减分布,随着土壤温度的升高,土壤水分扩散率不断增大,土壤持水能力不断降低,造成5～60 cm处土壤含水率降低,而90～150 cm处土壤含水率增高,导致5 cm和90～150 cm处土壤盐分相对增高;8月份之后,随着土壤温度的降低,土壤温度分布发生变化,土壤水分扩散率不断减小,土壤持水能力不断增强,土壤水分蒸腾降低,渗漏减小,各层土壤含水率相对保持较高,各层土壤含盐率相对保持较低;在灌溉定额不变的条件下,在5、6月份相对减小灌水定额,7月和8月份相对减小灌水周期、增加灌水定额,8月之后相对增加灌水周期、减小灌水定额,在生育期末,通过穿插灌水,加大灌水定额,对土壤洗盐、抑盐有着明显的作用。     

Infection of sugar beet by Polymyxa betae in relation to soil temperature

The effects of soil temperature on infection of sugar-beet roots by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae were investigated in controlled environments. Pre-germinated seeds were sown in pots of naturally infested soil and seedlings sampled at frequent intervals over a period of several weeks. Within the range 10-30°C, the optimum soil temperature for infection was c. 25°C; the time between sowing and the first detectable infection was shortest and the subsequent rate of infection most rapid at this temperature. No infection was observed over 80 days at 10°C.
Both root and shoot dry weight were reduced on plants growing in infested soil at 15, 20 and 25 C compared with those growing in uninfested soil. In general, root growth was more severely affected than shoot growth and the effects were most pronounced at 20°C. These results were confirmed in a subsequent experiment in which P. betae -infected root material was used as the inoculum. In addition to its role as the vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (the cause of Rhizomania disease), the significance of P. betae as a plant pathogen in its own right is discussed.     

防护林种植模式对水土要素的响应

主要以和田绿洲防护林建设为背景,根据防护林不同结构配置类型,在研究区内选取11块样地进行调查取样,采用常规分析法测定土壤养分、土壤盐分(包括pH值、电导率、全盐以及土壤水溶性盐总量)。发现在防护林不同种植模式下土壤相对含水率差异较大,多层次防护林的种植可改良土壤盐分,减少可溶性盐分在土壤中的积聚,不同结构防护林土壤养分的空间变化明显,发现多层次防护林种植模式下对土壤养分的集聚与土壤肥力的提高有明显的正效应,增加了防护林内的生物种类。结合分析结果对防护林种植模式提出建议。     

不同灌溉制度对机采棉水分运移、产量及品质的影响

通过2012年南疆地区机采棉膜下滴灌大田试验,以蒸发量为灌水控制指标,研究了灌水频率和灌水量对土壤水分及棉花产量和品质的影响,进而分析了不同灌溉制度的节水、增产和调质效果。结果表明：相同灌溉频率下,土壤剖面上含水率随着灌水量的增加而增加;相同灌溉量下,灌水频率为5 d时在膜下0～60 cm土层的平均土壤含水率较高;不同灌溉制度对棉花水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响具有显著差异,当灌水频率为5 d和作物-蒸发皿系数为0.6时,棉花的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别达到1.96 kg·m^-3和3.08 kg·m^-3,可实现棉花生产的节水、高产和优质。     

水氮调控对轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根系生长的影响

为探讨轻度盐渍化地区不同水氮配比对滴灌棉花根系生长的影响,本文基于轻度盐胁迫下水氮耦合试验,确定轻度盐渍化农田棉花种植的合理水氮组合。采用当地主栽棉花品种"农丰133",开展轻度盐胁迫(4～5 g·kg~(-1))及滴灌条件下水氮二因素三水平桶栽试验,研究3个施氮水平:300、600 kg·hm~(-2)和900 kg·hm~(-2)尿素(分别标记为N1、N2和N3),3个灌水水平:2 750、3 750 m~3·hm~(-2)和4 750 m~3·hm~(-2)(分别标记为W1、W2和W3)对滴灌棉花根系生长的影响。结果表明:轻度盐胁迫下,灌水和施氮产生的交互作用对棉花根表面积和根平均直径有显著影响,根表面积和根平均直径均随灌溉定额或施氮量的增加而减小。灌水量和施氮量对棉花0～20 cm土层根体积调控作用不明显。轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根表面积、根平均直径及根体积垂直方向主要分布在0～30 cm土层,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低;水平方向主要分布在滴头下方。灌溉定额3 750 m~3·hm~(-2),尿素施用量600 kg·hm~(-2)有利于轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根系生长,在各处理间棉花产量最高,为5 854.5 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Severity of phytophthora root rot and pre‐emergence damping‐off in subterranean clover influenced by moisture,temperature, nutrition,soil type,cultivar and their interactions

Studies were carried out in controlled environment rooms reflecting field situations. In the presence of the devastating soilborne pathogen Phytophthora clandestina, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seedling emergence was significantly affected by moisture, soil type, temperature and cultivar. The level of rotting of tap and lateral roots was significantly affected by nutrition, soil type, temperature and cultivar. There were significant interactions involving temperature, moisture, soil type and cultivar; cultivar resistance, high moisture, high or medium temperature, high nutrition and sand soil all contributed towards less pre‐emergence damping‐off and tap and lateral root disease and to greater clover productivity. Host resistance of subterranean clover cultivars was critical for reducing disease severity and increasing productivity, even when favourable environmental conditions for severe disease occurred. In the presence of P. clandestina, the most resistant cultivar, Seaton Park, performed best under a high temperature, high nutrition and high moisture combination, but showed lower productivity under conditions of low nutrition or lower temperature, even when moisture level was high. In contrast, less resistant cultivars Riverina and Meteora had less disease and greater productivity under low moisture conditions. Findings reflect field observations that pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease from P. clandestina in subterranean clover is particularly severe under colder conditions and in nutritionally impoverished sandy soils, and demonstrate how variations in soil type, nutrition, moisture, temperature and cultivar have profound effects on the expression and severity of phytophthora pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease and the productivity of subterranean clover forages.     

Identification of Berkeleyomyces rouxiae causing black root rot disease on cotton seedlings in New South Wales,Australia

Black root rot disease of cotton seedlings caused by Thielavioposis basicola was first reported in New South Wales (NSW), Australia in 1990. In 2018, T. basicola was reclassified into a new genus Berkeleyomyces, accommodating two closely related species: B. basicola and B. rouxiae. However, species status of cotton-T. basicola in NSW remains unsolved. Ninety-five isolates recovered from black root rot diseased cotton seedlings sampled across NSW in 2017/18 season was subjected to morphological, multigene sequencing (ITS, MCM7, RPB2), and pathogenicity assessments for their species identification. Berkeleyomyces rouxiae was accurately identified as the causal agent of black root rot of cotton.

     

A boll rot of cotton caused by Corynespora Cassiicola in Tamil Nadu,India

A new boll rot disease of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. MCU 9 was observed in Tamil Nadu, India, in 1988. The causal organism was isolated in pure culture and identified asCorynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei. The isolate, which on cotton is pathogenic only to bolls, is considered to be different from a strain ofC. Cassiicola known elsewhere causing leaf spot of cotton. The pathogenicity of this fungus on several other important crops was also tested. The fungus produced leaf spot and stem rot diseases on, respectively, eight and six host plants. Root rot, after inoculation, was observed only inVigna sinensis, Arachis hypogaea andSesamum indicium.     

Differences in the responses of melon accessions to fusarium root and stem rot and their colonization by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum

Fusarium root and stem rot caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum is a major disease in greenhouse cucumbers. Over the past decade, the disease has been documented in melon greenhouses in Greece, and recently it has been sporadically recorded in greenhouse melons in Israel. Variations in disease response were found among 41 melon accessions artificially inoculated with the pathogen: 10 accessions were highly susceptible (90–100% mortality), 23 exhibited an intermediate response (20–86%) and eight were resistant (0–4%). Two melon accessions – HEM (highly resistant) and TAD (partially resistant) – were crossed with the susceptible accession DUL. The responses of the three accessions and F₁ crosses between the resistant and susceptible parents were evaluated. HEM contributed higher resistance to the F₁ hybrid than TAD. Roots of susceptible and resistant accessions were 100 and 79% colonized, respectively, following artificial inoculation. However, only susceptible plants showed colonization of the upper plant tissues. Microscopic evaluation of cross sections taken from the crown region of the susceptible DUL revealed profuse fungal growth in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma and in xylem vessels. In the resistant cultivar HEM, very little fungal growth was detected in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma, and none in the xylem or any other vascular tissue. Finding resistant accessions may create an opportunity to study the genetics of resistance inheritance and to develop molecular markers that will facilitate breeding resistant melon cultivars.     

Effects of planting date and environmental factors on fusarium ear rot symptoms and fumonisin B1 accumulation in maize grown in six North American locations

Fusarium ear rot, primarily caused by Fusarium verticillioides, causes losses in grain yield and quality and can result in contamination of grain by mycotoxins, primarily fumonisin B₁. Disease severity and fumonisin B₁ contamination vary considerably among maize‐growing regions and from year to year. A 2 year field study was conducted in six locations in the USA, to evaluate the roles of planting date, maize hybrid, rainfall, temperature and insect pests in the variation in fusarium ear rot symptoms and fumonisin B₁ contamination. Grain samples were inspected to determine percentage of kernels with fusarium ear rot symptoms, categorized as ‘moulded’ or ‘starburst’; grain was also analysed by ELISA for fumonisin B₁. Hybrid and planting date frequently had significant effects (P ≤ 0·05) on fusarium ear rot and fumonisin B₁ contamination. Earlier planting consistently resulted in lower ear rot severity, fumonisin B₁ levels and insect damage. Mould symptoms were highly correlated with thrips populations (Frankliniella occidentalis) (r = 0·78) and with fumonisin B₁ concentration (r = 0·89). The starburst symptom was not as closely correlated with thrips (r = 0·33) or fumonisin B₁ (r = 0·18). A multiple linear regression model identified highly significant effects on fumonisin B₁ for thrips, lower average daily precipitation after flowering, and location. These results strengthen the evidence that locations with high populations of ear‐infesting thrips and dry conditions after pollination have an increased risk of fumonisin contamination, and suggest that high fumonisin levels are much more likely in visibly moulded kernels compared to those with ‘starburst’ symptoms.     

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicide effects on pythium root rot of sugarcane, pythium species, and the soil microbial community

ABSTRACT The effects of three protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicides, azafenidin, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone, on Pythium root rot of sugarcane and the soil microbial community were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Herbicides were applied as foliar and soil treatments. There were no consistent effects on plant growth or disease parameters. However, some herbicide treatments affected the relative frequency of isolation of Pythium spp. from roots and reduced colonization by the pathogenic species Pythium arrhenomanes. A comparison of sole carbon source utilization profiles indicated that soil-applied herbicides altered the functional diversity of the soil microbial community, with some variation depending on herbicide used. All three herbicides inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of P. arrhenomanes, P. aphanidermatum, and P. ultimum. Active ingredients were less inhibitory than formulated product for azafenidin and flumioxazin but not for sulfentrazone.