鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx与疫苗毒Gt在鸡体内的复制研究

本试验利用鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx及其致弱疫苗毒Gt为对象,研究超强毒与弱毒株在鸡体主要免疫器官内的复制情况,以探讨两类毒株表现不同生物特性的原因。分别利用鸡胚半数致死量和鸡胚成纤维细胞半数感染量对超强毒Gx和疫苗株Gt进行病毒滴度的测定;再利用荧光定量RT-PCR对两类毒株进行病毒量的校准。以相同量的病毒对2周龄SPF鸡进行攻毒。攻毒试验表明超强毒Gx能造成47.5%的死亡,法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺等免疫器官均严重损伤;而疫苗毒Gt无致死,且未能造成任何病理可见的损伤。病毒的体内复制情况表明超强毒相对于疫苗毒复制更为迅速,病毒载量更高。     

鸡新城疫、传染性法氏囊病二联活疫苗和单苗研究

用实验室研制的鸡新城疫(La Sota株),鸡传染性法氏囊病(NF8株)单苗和二联活疫苗分别免疫7日龄SPF鸡以及有母源抗体的雏鸡研究其免疫效力。结果表明:用二联活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡后,NF8株与La Sota株间不产生明显的相互干扰作用,攻毒保护率与各自的单苗相比无明显差异。用二联活疫苗免疫有母源抗体的雏鸡后,只进行一次免疫,新城疫免疫效果较好,但法氏囊免疫效果稍差,不能完全保护;一免后10天再进行第二次加强免疫,其抗体水平、攻毒后的保护率与各自的单苗相比无明显差异,具有完全保护效力。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗与鸡痘活疫苗联合免疫效果研究

鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)活疫苗与鸡痘活疫苗通过颈部皮下注射途径,同时接种1日龄出雏鸡,检测2种活疫苗联合免疫的安全性和免疫效力。将2种活疫苗同时免疫SPF雏鸡,免疫后21天用传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)强毒和鸡痘强毒进行攻毒,观察试验组与对照组的攻毒保护情况。结果表明:安全性试验结果显示,免疫后14天内观察所有鸡的精神、食欲和生长发育均正常;剖检所有试验鸡脏器均未见异常,说明2种活疫苗联合免疫SPF雏鸡后是安全的。效力检验结果显示:免疫后21天,分别用鸡痘强毒和法氏囊强毒进行免疫鸡和对照鸡攻毒,鸡痘部分:攻毒后,对照鸡均发痘,免疫鸡无不良反应,未引起全身痘,获得10/10保护;法氏囊部分:攻毒对照鸡法氏囊病变10/10,免疫鸡法氏囊无病变。研究表明2种活疫苗联合免疫雏鸡后,可同时抵御IBDV强毒与鸡痘强毒株的攻击,保护效果良好。结论:IBD与鸡痘活疫苗联合免疫,对雏鸡安全,免疫保护效果好,避免多次免疫对雏鸡带来的应激反应,提高养殖经济效益。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫效果评估

本试验选用A、B、C、D 4种商品化鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,进行攻毒试验以评估不同疫苗的免疫效果。10日龄SPF鸡分组后分别用A、B、C、D 4种商品化法氏囊病活疫苗按1羽份/只剂量接种免疫,21日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、85%、100%、100%;35日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、75%、95%、100%。免疫后抗体检测显示,抗体滴度水平D＞A＞C＞B,抗体转阳速度A＞D＞C＞B,免疫应激作用A、D＞B、C。综合考虑疫苗免疫攻毒后各项指标的变化,A、D疫苗免疫效果优于其他两种活疫苗,可以有效地为SPF鸡提供保护作用。     

鸡传染性法氏囊Gt株弱毒活苗与G株灭活苗免疫方法的探索

目前我国鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)超强毒株的弱毒疫苗和灭活疫苗已相继研制成功,但各有特点,其中Gt株活疫苗的特点是产生免疫抗体较早,对母源抗体的干扰相对较差,产生的抗体水平相对较低;而G株灭活苗的特点是产生免疫抗体相对较晚,抗体水平相对较高,保护性较强。为有效地控制IBD,最大限度地发挥疫苗的作用,笔者设计了本次试验,对鸡传染性法氏囊Gt株弱毒活苗与G株灭活苗的免疫方法进行了再探索,应用不同方法免疫鸡群,通过不同时期免疫抗体水平跟踪检测,最终达到对不     

PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗免疫特性的研究

为进一步研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株疫苗的免疫机理和明确PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗各自的免疫特性,本实验分别采用PRRSV变异株(HuN4)活疫苗和PRRSV变异株(JXA1)灭活苗免疫PRRSV抗原和抗体阴性的健康断奶仔猪,免疫后21d用PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒,ELISA方法检测血清中PRRSV特异的抗体水平及TNF-α、IFN-α、IL-1、IL-6和CRP细胞因子水平,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测病毒血症的发生和持续情况,并取主要器官进行病理组织学观察。结果表明:HuN4活疫苗组免疫后14d便可检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后21d病毒血症完全消失,免疫后各器官没有明显病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化轻微;JXA1株灭活苗组免疫期间没有检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d～9d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后病毒血症持续存在,免疫后各器官有轻微病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化比HuN4活疫苗组严重,但比对照组明显减轻。本实验表明,HuN4活疫苗能够快速有效的激发机体的体液免疫反应,在抵抗PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒时,临床症状明显优于JXA1灭活苗。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗对1日龄中等母源抗体水平雏鸡免疫效果的研究

将鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗分别免疫1日龄中等母源抗体水平京红雏鸡,同时免疫1日龄SPF雏鸡作对照,免疫后第9天观察法氏囊病变,免疫后第28天采血测定IBDV中和抗体,并用强毒攻击,计算各组疫苗保护率。结果显示,免疫后第9天,免疫复合物疫苗组SPF雏鸡和京红雏鸡法氏囊均正常,BX株活疫苗组SPF雏鸡法氏囊出现了萎缩病变;免疫后第28天,对照SPF雏鸡和京红雏鸡的免疫复合物疫苗组、BX活疫苗组IBDV中和抗体效价分别为9.2log2、8.5log2和 7.2log2、4.4log2,攻毒保护率均为100%。试验结果表明免疫复合物疫苗免疫1日龄中等水平母源抗体雏鸡效果很好,能产生较高的中和抗体,攻毒保护率能达到100%。     

猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha K61株)对变异株的保护效力

本研究旨在检测仔猪免疫猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha K61株)后,抵抗伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)变异株攻击的保护效果。取4~6周龄PRV抗体阴性仔猪,接种猪伪狂犬病活疫苗,1周后用PRV变异株(AH02LA株)攻毒,检测攻毒后临床症状、直肠温度、鼻腔排毒和肺部病变。疫苗免疫组在免疫后7 d均可以检测到gB抗体。攻毒对照组攻毒后出现典型伪狂犬症状,发病率为100%,死亡率为60%,所有猪只鼻拭子均检出排毒,所有猪只肺部均有出血、淤血等病变。免疫组的猪只攻毒后,所有猪只均未出现明显临床症状,部分猪只鼻拭子检出排毒,排毒持续时间缩短,排毒量显著减少,所有免疫猪只肺部未见明显病变。结果表明:伪狂犬病活疫苗免疫猪后对PRV变异株的攻击具有良好的保护效果。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病K株活疫苗的免疫实验

鸡传染性法氏囊病 ( IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒引起的一种以破坏鸡的重要免疫器官 -法氏囊为主的急性接触性传染病。每年对养鸡业都造成很大的损失。为了更好的防治本病 ,黑龙江化血研生物技术有限公司从日本国引进了新的法氏囊 K株活疫苗种毒 ,在该公司 GMP车间生产条件下     

新城疫LaSota活疫苗对基因Ⅶ型分离株的免疫保护性试验

从山东省发病鸡群分离鉴定了一株新城疫病毒(NDV),命名为SDLY01。经蚀斑纯化后进行毒力测定和序列分析表明分离株SDLY01属于基因Ⅶ型NDV强毒。20只7日龄SPF鸡免疫新城疫活疫苗LaSot a后14 d分别用NDV标准强毒F48E8和分离株SDLY01攻毒,同时设同日龄SPF鸡为对照组,未免疫任何疫苗。攻毒后观察10 d,免疫组在攻毒后食欲、精神均正常;对照组在攻毒后2～4d发病死亡,并表现ND典型的临床症状和病理变化。攻毒后第3、5、7、9 d对免疫组试验鸡取喉头、泄殖腔棉拭进行病毒分离,F48E8攻毒组病毒分离均为NDV阴性,SDLYO1攻毒组第5 d病毒分离NDV阳性,第3、7和9d病毒分离阴性。本研究结果表明LaSot a活疫苗对F48E8和SDLY01均能提供100%免疫保护,但不能完全抑制基因Ⅶ NDV分离株在体内的复制和排毒。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.