Teaching animal welfare at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Veterinary Science

Animal welfare is part of the Mission Statement of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney and is taught throughout the undergraduate curriculum. Two units of study have a particular focus on animal welfare: Professional Practice in years 1, 2, and 3 and Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare Science in year 3. There is an emphasis on the refinement and development of alternatives to the use of animals in teaching. With a conscientious objection policy in place, these elements of our approach demonstrate the increasing importance of ethical teaching in the faculty. Undergraduate students have recently founded a vibrant special interest group called Veterinary Students for Animal Welfare. The faculty is advised on matters relating to animal welfare by its Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, chaired by the Sub-Dean for Animal Welfare. With the development of a Faculty Animal Welfare Policy, the faculty is progressing to a more proactive and public profile on animal welfare issues.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Greyhounds. Proceedings No. 64 of the Post-graduate Committee in Veterinary Science of the University of Sydney
Radiographic Technique in Veterinary Practice. 2nd Edn James W. Ticer
The Veterinary Annual. 24th Issue Edited by C. S. G. Grunsell and F. W. G. Hill
The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. 2nd Edn John E. Harkness and Joseph E. Wagner.
Canine Nephrology Kenneth C. Bovée.
Veterinary Anaesthesia. 8th Edn L. W. Hall and K. W. Clarke.
Atlas of Electroencephalography in the Dog and Cat Richard W. Reading and Charles E. Knecht.     

Obituary-Roger Brereton Marshall

Roger Marshall was born in Christchurch on 27 May 1933 and died at his home in Palmerston North on 24 October 2001. He graduated BVSc from the University of Sydney in 1958 and began his professional career in clinical veterinary practice in Morrinsville. Wishing to specialise in veterinary microbiology, he later enrolled in the postgraduate course for the Diploma in Microbiology at the University of Otago under Professor JAR Miles. On gaining the Diploma in 1963, Roger was appointed a foundation lecturer in veterinary microbiology in the newly formed Faculty of Veterinary Science at Massey University.     

Two students' reflections on their training in animal handling at the University of Sydney

Basic animal-handling skills are essential for any veterinary practitioner to work safely and confidently. This short article offers the reflections of two students who undertook training in basic animal-handling skills at the University of Sydney as part of the Veterinary Science degree program. Several students attending their final-year clinical rotation at the University of Sydney were asked to informally assess their own basic animal-handling skills at the beginning of the course and in their final year. These perceptions were matched to career choices and demonstrated the positive effect of skills training in career choice. As with any skills-based training program, limitations such as time and finances place restrictions on student learning, and there is a continual need to assess and, where possible, make improvements to the program.     

色氨酸对产肠毒素大肠杆菌感染SD大鼠肠道的防御作用

旨在研究色氨酸对产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)感染损伤SD大鼠肠道的防御作用。本试验采用2*2双因子试验设计,将40只28日龄雌性SD大鼠,体质量(68.41±0.29)g,随机分为4组:基础日粮组(B);ETEC攻毒组(E,1.0×10^8 ETEC K88);色氨酸缺乏组(I,0.1 mL/d、10 g/L依那普利)。色氨酸缺乏+ETEC攻毒组(E+I,1.0×10^8 ETEC K88+0.1 mL/d、10 g/L依那普利),每组10个重复,每个重复1只。采用H.E染色组织切片观察、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、三重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、免疫蛋白印迹、实时荧光定量(RT-PCR)和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)法分别对SD大鼠肠道细胞因子水平、抗菌肽表达和蛋白水平、粪便中ETEC数量以及盲肠微生物区系变化进行检测。结果表明,依那普利通过抑制ACE2酶阻碍肠道色氨酸吸收,显著降低大鼠空肠和回肠黏膜绒毛高度、淋巴细胞数量和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值(P<0.05);ETEC攻毒显著降低大鼠空肠淋巴细胞数量、绒毛高度/隐窝深度值(P<0.05)和回肠绒毛高度和淋巴细胞数量(P<0.05)。ETEC攻毒使SD大鼠粪便中ETEC数量显著增高(P<0.05)。依那普利抑制剂对SD大鼠粪便中ETEC数量无显著影响(P<0.05);依那普利通过抑制ACE2酶阻碍肠道色氨酸吸收增加空肠和回肠IL-6(P<0.05)和空肠TNF-α质量浓度(P=0.059),降低空肠TGF-β质量浓度(P=0.056);ETEC攻毒使空肠IL-6和回肠IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α质量浓度显著增加(P<0.05),降低空肠TGF-β质量浓度(P=0.059)。依那普利通过抑制ACE2酶阻碍肠道色氨酸吸收显著降低大鼠空肠和回肠Defa-5、BD-2基因mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05);ETEC攻毒使空肠Defa-5、IDO基因和回肠IDO基因mRNA相对表达量显著增加(P<0.05);依那普利通过抑制ACE2酶阻碍肠道色氨酸吸收使空肠、回肠mTOR、BD-2蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05),使空肠TLR-4蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.05)。色氨酸缺乏、ETEC攻毒降低盲肠微生物多样性,降低拟杆菌门微生物数量,色氨酸不缺乏组盲肠微生物多样性优于缺乏组。结果显示色氨酸通过维持肠道炎性细胞因子浓度稳定、促进肠道黏膜发育和提高肠道抗菌肽基因表达改善肠道微生态环境,对ETEC感染SD大鼠肠道具有防御作用。     

ELISA测定猪尿液中β-受体激动剂残留的准确性评价

本研究建立克伦特罗间接竞争ELISA检测方法,对检测条件进行了优化确定,并利用猪尿液进行添加回收试验。结果显示:ELISA反应CLE-OVA包被抗原和CLE单抗的最适浓度分别为1:40 000和1:20 000,间接竞争ELISA的线性范围为0.016 l^8.520 0 ng/mL。该方法对克伦特罗、溴氯特罗、马布特罗和溴布特罗均有交叉反应。对冷冻储存半年以上的猪尿进行ELISA测定时,发现检测限可达58.848 3 ng/mL,药物添加回收率为85.19%~5 173.25%,变异系数为4.78%~96.79%;而经过MCX固相萃取柱净化处理后,检测限为0.076 ng/mL,添加回收率在101.21%~119.10%之间,变异系数为6.05%~18.38%。结果表明,SPE净化处理后,可有效去除尿液中的色素、蛋白等基质,提高了该法的灵敏度和准确性。     

Soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours in dogs; clinical behaviour and response to surgery

OBJECTIVE: To characterise the types of canine soft tissue sarcoma and mast cell tumour treated surgically at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney. To evaluate the success of surgical treatment of these tumours and identify variables predictive of local recurrence and survival. To establish whether conclusions drawn from previous international studies are applicable to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, dog population and vice versa. DESIGN: Clinical presentation and results of surgical excision of 54 soft tissue sarcomas and 70 mast cell tumours affecting the trunk and limbs of dogs at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, between 1989 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Cross-bred dogs and Rhodesian Ridgebacks were at significantly greater risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas, and Boxers, Australian Cattle Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers were at significantly greater risk of developing mast cell tumours than other breeds. Fine needle aspiration biopsy yielded a correct diagnosis in 62.5% of soft tissue sarcomas and 96% of mast cell tumours. Local recurrence was encountered after surgical excision in 7.4% of soft tissue sarcomas and 7.3% of mast cell tumours. Metastasis occurred in 6% of soft tissue sarcomas and 12% of mast cell tumours. The most significant risk factors for local recurrence were contaminated surgical margins (soft tissue sarcomas) and histological grade (mast cell tumours). Due to the low number of animals experiencing metastasis, no conclusions could be drawn about significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours is associated with a low incidence of local recurrence. The type, location and behaviour of mast cell tumours and soft tissue sarcomas in the population of dogs presented to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney are similar to those reported by others.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice Birchard SJ, Sherding RG.
Veterinary Clinical Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney, Australia Veterinary Medicine—A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW.     

术苦芩总多糖对湿热泄泻仔猪小肠杯状细胞数量以及MUC-2和ITF-3 mRNA转录的影响

为探讨术苦芩总多糖(ZKQPs)对湿热泄泻仔猪小肠修复作用的影响,将60头断奶仔猪分为空白对照组(n=10)造模组(n=50),造模组采用高温高湿环境配合高脂配合饲料等建立湿热泄泻模型,进一步将造模成功后的50头仔猪随机分为模型组、阳性药物组(白头翁散)、ZKQPs高、中、低剂量组(n=10),分别拌料给药,连用7d。采用过碘酸雪夫染色(PAS)结合显微镜观察小肠组织杯状细胞(GC),利用RT-PCR和ELISA分别检测湿热泄泻仔猪小肠黏液中黏蛋白-2(MUC-2)和肠三叶因子(ITF-3)的转录和含量变化。试验结果:1)模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中GC数量均减少,与空白组比较,差异显著(P<0.05);与模型组比较,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中GC数量均增加,ZKQPs高剂量组、阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠和ZKQPs中剂量组仔猪十二指肠、回肠GC的数量差异显著(P<0.05)。2)与空白组比较,模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量均降低,差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,ZKQPs各剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量均升高,ZKQPs高剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3)与空白组比较,模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量均降低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量均升高,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。ZKQPs可提高湿热泄泻仔猪小肠GC的数量以及MUC-2和ITF-3mRNA的转录,促进湿热泄泻仔猪小肠内GC分泌物MUC-2和ITF-3分泌。     

T-2毒素免疫毒性研究现状

T-2毒素的免疫毒性具有矛盾性和复杂性。低剂量T-2毒素可提升动物对病原体的抵抗力,高剂量T-2毒素则大大降低动物的免疫力。T-2毒素暴露时间早于病原体可增加动物免疫抵抗力,反之或毒素与病原体同时暴露,则降低动物对病原体的抵抗力。近期研究发现,细胞凋亡/存活通路维持毒素免疫调控动态平衡,自噬在免疫调控中发挥着关键而复杂的作用,但T-2毒素免疫调控中是否存在类似"免疫逃避"机制亟待研究。论文综述了T-2毒素免疫毒性的矛盾性,并重点讨论了其潜在的分子机制,为单端孢霉烯族毒素的免疫毒性和动物疫病防控研究提供参考。     

mTERT和mTyr双启动子联合调控HN基因重组腺病毒对B16动物模型的抑瘤作用

为探讨双启动子调控HN基因重组腺病毒Ad-mTERTp-mTyrp-HN对小鼠黑色素瘤动物模型的抑瘤作用,试验构建B16裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,采用HEK293细胞扩增重组腺病毒,进行纯化和滴度检测。将重组腺病毒Ad-HN、Ad-mTERTp-HN、Ad-mTyrp-HN、Ad-mTERTp-mTyrp-HN、Ad-GFP和PBS通过尾静脉注射裸鼠,冰冻切片观察裸鼠肿瘤内GFP绿色荧光表达情况,通过肿瘤生长和裸鼠存活情况计算抑瘤率,探究其在体内的抗肿瘤作用。结果显示:重组腺病毒在HEK293细胞中扩增,滴度分别为10^11.250,10^12.250,10^10.625,10^12.125,10^12.250 TCID50/mL;肿瘤组织中能观察到黑色素细胞,证明皮下黑色素移植瘤模型构建成功;重组腺病毒对脏器无损伤,且在双启动子组脏器中没有观察到黑色素细胞的肝肺转移;通过尾静脉注射重组腺病毒后能够在肿瘤中观察到荧光表达;与其他组相比双启动子组重组腺病毒不但能抑制黑色素瘤的生长,而且能延长裸鼠的生存期,抑瘤率为55.5%。因此,该重组腺病毒Ad-mTERTp-mTyrp-HN具有靶向性,并且可以抑制肿瘤生长,可为黑色素瘤的治疗提供参考。     

抗菌肽BSN-37对大肠杆菌胞内物质泄露的影响

为了解抗菌肽BSN-37对大肠杆菌的作用机制,通过β-半乳糖苷酶试验测定了抗菌肽BSN-37对大肠杆菌CVCC1568的抑菌活性,以菌落计数法测定了抗菌肽BSN-37对大肠杆菌CVCC1568的抑菌动力学,用分光光度法测定了抗菌肽BSN-37对大肠杆菌CVCC1568细胞壁通透性,以及胞内紫外吸收物质、蛋白及核酸的泄露量。结果表明,抗菌肽BSN-37能有效抑制大肠杆菌CVCC1568的生长繁殖,随抗菌肽浓度增加,抑制活性越高,抗菌肽BSN-37作用后的大肠杆菌CVCC1568细胞壁通透性增加,胞内紫外吸收物质、蛋白和核酸的泄露量随时间延长而逐渐增加。说明抗菌肽BSN-37能破坏大肠杆菌CVCC1568的细胞壁和细胞膜,从而表现较好的抑菌活性。     

Bradyarrhythmia in an anaesthetised, elderly, hypertensive cat

A 14-year-old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat was presented to the University Veterinary Centre Sydney for evaluation and treatment of dental disease. This cat developed an unusual bradyarrhythmia under anaesthesia. The possible causes and treatment of the dysrythmia are discussed.     

云南半细毛羊6种蛋白质饲料的可消化粗蛋白质和有效能的评价

本试验旨在利用概略养分分析法测定半细毛羊6种蛋白质饲料原料[豆粕、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、棉籽粕、膨化大豆、玉米蛋白粉和菜籽粕]的营养成分含量,并通过消化代谢试验结合套算法实测饲料原料的可消化粗蛋白质(DCP)含量和有效能值。试验选取16只体重为(56.05±5.47) kg的云南半细毛羊,采用完全随机设计,平均分为4组,每组4只。试验共2期,共7个饲粮,包含1个基础饲粮和6个试验饲粮。第1期饲喂4种饲粮,第2期饲喂3种饲粮。试验期10 d,其中预试期5 d,正试期5 d。结果表明:1)玉米蛋白粉的粗蛋白质(CP)含量最高,为65.77%,棉籽粕和豆粕的CP含量为50%左右,膨化大豆和菜籽粕的CP含量为37%左右,DDGS的CP含量最低,为25.93%。菜籽粕和膨化大豆的粗纤维(CF)含量较高,为16%左右,DDGS和棉籽粕的CF含量为11%左右,豆粕和玉米蛋白粉的CF含量较低,均在6%以下。2)各种蛋白质饲料原料的DCP含量之间差异显著(P <0. 05),其中玉米蛋白粉的DCP含量最高,为581. 79 g/kg,其次是棉籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆和菜籽粕,DDGS的DCP含量最低,为211.48 g/kg。膨化大豆的消化能(DE)和代谢能(M E)最高,分别为21.54和19.79 M J/kg,其次是玉米蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕,DDGS的DE和ME最低,分别为14.62和12.45 MJ/kg。棉籽粕、菜籽粕和DDGS的有效能之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,从营养成分含量上看,玉米蛋白粉品质最好,其次是豆粕、棉籽粕、膨化大豆、菜籽粕和DDGS。从DCP品质来说,玉米蛋白粉的品质最优,依次高于棉籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、菜籽粕和DDGS。从有效能值来说,膨化大豆最优,依次高于玉米蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和DDGS。     

牛支原体P48蛋白及其片段的表达、纯化及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为了建立一种快速、特异、敏感的检测牛支原体血清抗体的方法,对牛支原体(M.bovis)P48膜蛋白基因进行密码子优化,并在编码基因两端加入酶切位点。利用生物学软件对P48蛋白进行抗原位点和亲水性分析,选择P48蛋白的主要抗原表位区和亲水性区域以及全基因进行原核表达。采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot对重组蛋白进行鉴定及反应原性分析。结果显示,表达的P48全蛋白、28～185、221～455位氨基酸区域蛋白均能与牛支原体阳性血清发生特异性反应,P48(221～455)效果最好。采用Ni-NTA对目的蛋白进行纯化,并基于纯化的P48(221～455)蛋白建立了一种间接ELISA检测方法。该方法组内及组间变异系数均小于7%,重复性较好。临床样本检测结果表明,建立的检测方法符合率较高。     

母鼠孕期和哺乳期连续染毒双酚A对子代雄鼠睾丸发育的影响

旨在探究双酚A (BPA)对子代雄鼠睾丸发育的影响。本研究将8周龄体重18～22 g的SPF级母鼠随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只,A组每天给予普通蒸馏水,B组每天饮水给予0.05 mg·kg^-1 BPA,C组每天饮水给予0.5 mg·kg^-1 BPA组,D组每天饮水给予5 mg·kg^-1 BPA,E组每天饮水给予10 mg·kg^-1 BPA,F组每天饮水给予20 mg·kg^-1 BPA,G组每天饮水给予50 mg·kg^-1 BPA。F0代母鼠自怀孕起直至F1代子鼠断奶止饮水染毒BPA,F1代雄鼠于断奶(21日龄)处死。ELISA结果显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量5 mg·kg^-1以上时,子代血清和睾丸组织BPA含量显著增加(P<0.05)。睾丸器官指数测定结果证明,染毒BPA剂量大于等于20 mg·kg^-1可导致子代雄鼠睾丸指数显著增大(P<0.05)。H&E染色显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量大于等于10 mg·kg^-1可导致睾丸生精小管萎缩,小管间隙变大。彗星试验结果证明,染毒BPA大于等于5 mg·kg^-1可使子代睾丸细胞核DNA损伤显著上升(P<0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,母鼠染毒BPA剂量大于等于20 mg·kg^-1时子代睾丸雄激素受体(AR)表达量显著减少(P<0.05)。转录组测序结果显示,母鼠染毒50 mg·kg^-1BPA后子代雄鼠睾丸剪切体代谢通路U5 snRNA亚基编码基因Snrnp40上调,剪切体通用蛋白组件编码基因Hnrnpu下调,导致mRNA转录后修饰第一步受阻,荧光定量PCR结果与转录组测序结果一致,证实了转录组结果。结果表明,母鼠暴露于低剂量BPA可以引起子代睾丸发育异常,其分子机制可能与剪切体进行mRNA转录后修饰第一步反应受阻有关。     

Remembrances of Jacques Jenny, DrMedVet 1917–1971

Editor's note : The holding of the 19th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in Philadelphia in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania provides an opportunity for reflection. Dr. Jacques Jenny, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the School, was Chairman of the Organizing Committee that gave rise to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons on December 16,1965, and was elected as first President of the College. The solid foundation and high ideals that the Organizing Committee established are in large part responsible for the success of the College. Dr. Jenny died on November 20, 1971. Those of us fortunate to have known him personally realize the immense gap that his premature death left. For those that did not know him, I hope that this article permits some appreciation of the contributions of Dr. Jenny the comparative orthopedic surgeon, as well as of the very special human qualities of Jacques Jenny the man. The first author, Dr. Mark Allam, was Professor of Surgery and Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine during most of Dr. Jenny's career at the University of Pennsylvania, and was the first Chairman of the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. The second author, Dr. David Nunamaker, is the first holder of the Jacques Jenny Professorship in Veterinary Orthopedics at the University of Pennsylvania.     

牦牛漫游球菌的分离与生物学特性鉴定

为探究1只牦牛屠宰后肝脏有干酪样结节形成的原因,对肝脏进行细菌的分离培养,对分离到的1株细菌的16S rRNA和16S～23S rRNA基因序列用通用引物扩增和并用NCBI blast和MEGA 7进行序列分析,并用Vitek 2全自动微生物鉴定仪进行生化表型的鉴定,用K-B法进行药敏试验,结果显示:该菌的16S rRNA为1 524 bp,NCBI GenBank登录号为MG753544.1,与水獭漫游球菌的同源性较高,16S～23S rRNA有大小不同的2个片段,分别为522,425 bp,NCBI GenBank登录号分别为MG758122.1和MG758123.1。Vitek 2全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定为迟缓葡萄球菌。该菌对妥布霉素、头孢哌酮、米诺环素等多种药物高度敏感,对苯唑西林、头孢西丁有抗性。结果表明,分离出的细菌为漫游球菌,该菌是否具有致病性还有待进一步试验验证。     

埃博拉病毒抗体间接血凝检测方法的建立

以纯化后的埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus,EBOV)糖蛋白(GP)作为抗原,致敏醛化的绵羊红细胞,进行最佳反应条件优化,建立间接血凝抗体检测方法。以EBOV高免马血清、纯化的IgG和精制免疫球蛋白F(ab’)_2为待检样品进行检测,并将检测结果与假病毒中和试验检测结果相比较。结果显示,该方法可特异性检测EBOV抗体,与马尔堡病毒、裂谷热病毒等的阳性血清均不发生反应;与假病毒中和试验测得的抗体效价增长规律相一致。结果表明,本试验成功建立了EBOV抗体间接血凝检测方法,该方法安全、简便、快捷,为EBOV疫苗免疫后的效果评价提供了又一新的检测方法。     

OLIVER: an online library of images for veterinary education and research

As part of a strategic move by the University of Sydney toward increased flexibility in learning, the Faculty of Veterinary Science undertook a number of developments involving Web-based teaching and assessment. OLIVER underpins them by providing a rich, durable repository for learning objects. To integrate Web-based learning, case studies, and didactic presentations for veterinary and animal science students, we established an online library of images and other learning objects for use by academics in the Faculties of Veterinary Science and Agriculture. The objectives of OLIVER were to maximize the use of the faculty's teaching resources by providing a stable archiving facility for graphic images and other multimedia learning objects that allows flexible and precise searching, integrating indexing standards, thesauri, pull-down lists of preferred terms, and linking of objects within cases. OLIVER offers a portable and expandable Web-based shell that facilitates ongoing storage of learning objects in a range of media. Learning objects can be downloaded in common, standardized formats so that they can be easily imported for use in a range of applications, including Microsoft PowerPoint, WebCT, and Microsoft Word. OLIVER now contains more than 9,000 images relating to many facets of veterinary science; these are annotated and supported by search engines that allow rapid access to both images and relevant information. The Web site is easily updated and adapted as required.