生态冷漠症的“诊”与“治”

当今有一部分政府官员患有生态冷漠症,其表现有3种,即面对持续恶化的生态环境麻木不仁,生态建设取得一点成绩便盲目乐观,发生了生态安全问题就怨天尤人。医治生态冷漠症应重点抓好以下3个方面的工作:紧密结合工作实际,切实加强对广大干部的科学发展观教育;完善和推行绿色GDP核算标准,加强对各级政府及其官员的考核;制定和完善有关法律法规,加大对政府行为的约束力度。     

"数字黄土高原"到"数字水土保持"

立足于黄土高原水土保持与生态环境建设及其科学研究的要求和空间信息科学技术发展的最新动态，通过：数字黄土高原”建立的时代背景及其技术背景，讨论了“数字黄土高原”研究与建设的目标，基本内容，关键技术环节（包括数据库结构，数据集成方法，数据更新，元数据体系建设和数字共享机制）和推广应用等，初步讨论了“数字水土保持”及其与国家空间数据基础设施（NSDI）建设的关系。     

"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"生态农业模式研究

对杨树 虎纹蛙 罗非鱼("林 - 蛙 - 鱼")生态农业模式进行了3年的研究.结果表明,"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式经济效益明显,250 m2种养池当年可产生经济效益4 800元左右."林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式也取得了良好的生态效益和社会效益,表现在改善生态环境、维护生物多样性、带动农民发展生产、教育青少年等方面,实现了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的同步发展.     

“摩尔”教学的几点体会

介绍了一种如何在初中化学知识的基础上导入摩尔概念的新颖教学法,展示了这种方法的良好效果。     

Characterization of aroma compounds of chinese "Wuliangye" and "Jiannanchun" liquors by aroma extract dilution analysis

Aroma compounds in Chinese "Wuliangye" liquor were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) after fractionation. A total of 132 odorants were detected by GC-O in Wuliangye liquor on DB-wax and DB-5 columns. Of these, 126 aromas were identified by GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was further employed to identify the most important aroma compounds in "Wuliangye" and "Jiannanchun" liquors. The results showed that esters could be the most important class, especially ethyl esters. Various alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, alkylpyrazines, furan derivatives, lactones, and sulfur-containing and phenolic compounds were also found to be important. On the basis of flavor dilution (FD) values, the most important aroma compounds in Wuliangye and Jiannanchun liquors could be ethyl butanoate, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, butyl hexanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, hexanoic acid, and 1,1-diethoxy-3-methylbutane (FD > or = 1024). These compounds contributed to fruity, floral, and apple- and pineapple-like aromas with the exception of hexanoic acid, which imparts a sweaty note. Several pyrazines, including 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, and 3,5-dimethyl-2-pentylpyrazine, were identified in these two liquors. Although further quantitative analysis is required, it seems that most of these pyrazine compounds had higher FD values in Wuliangye than in Jiannanchun liquor, thus imparting stronger nutty, baked, and roasted notes in Wuliangye liquor.     

试论将“水土保持”改称“水土生态保持”的科学性

我国“水土保持”一词的提出已有60多年的历史,而治理水土流失的历史则可以追溯到西周初期(公元前16~11世纪)。水和土是陆地生态系统重要的生态因子,而以水和土为首要立地条件的生态植被,是陆地生态系统的第一性生产者,也是水土保持生态效益的直接承担者,所以植被的保护和恢复是水土保持不可或缺的重要部分,生态保护和生态与环境的改善愈来愈成为水土保持不可分割的重要内容。从水土保持的历史和当今不断丰富的水土保持实践来看,应将传统的“水土保持”称谓改称“水土生态保持”,这样更符合水土保持学科发展的需要,能够反映当前水土保持实践,有利于提高全社会对水土保持生态建设的认知度,有利于水土保持的行业管理。     

The "oxygen paradox" of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria

N₂ fixation by aerobic bacteria is a very energy demanding process, requiring efficient oxidative phosphorylation, while O₂ is toxic for the nitrogenase complex. N₂-fixing bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies to cope with this apparent "O₂ paradox". This review compares strategies that azospirilla and other well-known N₂-fixing soil bacteria use to overcome this O₂ paradox. Attention will be given to the relationships between the natural habitat of these soil bacteria and their prevailing adaptations. In view of this knowledge the following questions will be addressed: are the specific adaptations observed in azospirilla sufficient to allow optimal proliferation and N₂ fixation in their natural habitat? Could improving the O₂ tolerance of the N₂-fixing process contribute to the development of more efficient strains for the inoculation of plants?     

试论“三高”农业

高产、优质、高效农业,是今后我国农业生产发展的方向。本文对“三高”农业受时间、自然环境因素、社会经济条件、科技水平、生物类群、交通条件等综合因素制约,对“三高”的内涵及其定量指标以及实现“三高”农业措施,作了论述及浅析。     

土种与土系参比的初步探讨——以海南岛土壤为例

为取得我国土种与土系研究成果的信息交流与知识共享,本文简述了土种与土系的概念及其区别、土种与土系的参比原则和依据,以海南岛土壤为例进行了参比。     

关于加大生态龙南建设力度的思考

龙南县实施生态立县战略取得了令人瞩目的成绩,但仍存在一些问题与不足。在论述生态龙南建设的重要意义、指出建设中存在的问题与不足的基础上,认为加强生态龙南建设的途径和措施有:切实加强对生态龙南建设的领导;加大生态文化建设力度;制定生态龙南建设规划及年度实施计划;建立生态龙南建设的政策法规体系;制定生产建设项目并联审批制度;取缔有碍生态龙南建设的落后产业及工艺;整合与生态建设有关的项目资金,集中投入,发挥其乘数效应。     

关于坡耕地土壤"翻滚侵蚀"的研究

所谓“翻滚侵蚀”,就是指坡耕地土壤在受到人为外力的作用下,而产生向下翻动、滚动和下切的侵蚀现象,其主要发生在坡耕地的耕作上,当在坡耕地上耕作时,每趟一遍地,其土壤就向下翻滚一点和下切一点,当坡度越大其翻滚的程度就越大,也就是说产生的翻滚侵蚀就越大。这种“翻滚侵蚀”现象在山区、丘陵区、漫川漫岗区的坡耕地耕作中是十分突出和十分严重的,不能不引起我们对它的高度重视。     

"3414"肥料试验模型拟合的探讨

以UNDP95-98年在河北唐山进行的27个3414冬小麦试验为例,研究了三元二次施肥模型与一元施肥模型对3414肥料试验结果的拟合情况。结果表明,三元二次施肥模型进行拟合试验成功率仅为56%,而采用一元施肥模型可以对全部试验进行数据处理。在同一试验中,与一元施肥模型相比,采用三元二次施肥模型计算的推荐施肥量偏高;根据一元施肥模型拟合计算分别有15%、44%、67%的点不需要施用N、P、K肥,而采用三元二次施肥模型则无法获得这一信息。因此,在3414试验中,一元施肥模型是三元二次施肥模型拟合的一种很好补充和优化手段。     

C语言程序设计教学改革初探

提高C语言程序设计教学效果的方法和手段是教师关注的问题。在教学中让学生充分认识到该课程的重要作用,掌握正确的学习方法,提高课堂教学的效率和质量,提高学生的编程能力,提高学生的动手实践能力,加强各个教学环节的互动。使学习C语言的目的不再局限于使学生单纯地了解和掌握C语言的基本语法规范,而是要致力于培养学生运用C语言解决实际问题的编程能力。     

Chemometric characterization of the cypriot spirit "zivania"

In 42 alcoholic beverages produced in Cyprus and other countries, 26 chemical and physical-chemical variables were determined by HPLC and GC chromatography, (1)H NMR and ICP spectroscopy, and other techniques. Data were processed using multivariate chemometric techniques, involving principal component analysis, cluster analysis, regularized discriminant analysis, and classification and regression trees. Zivania can be differentiated from beverages from other countries. Using 2- and 3-methyl-butanol, 2-methyl-propanol, furfural, methanol, and the alcoholic grade and the chemical shift of -CH(3) in (1)H NMR spectra as features, a nearly correct classification for zivania was achieved. The reasons for diversions are given.     

“模型黄土高原”的组成及建设内容

“模型黄土高原”由原型观测系统、实体模型和比尺模型 3部分组成。通过原型观测系统、实体模型和比尺模型的建设与研究 ,可尽快摸清黄土高原各个不同类型区的水土流失规律 ,探求快速、有效的水土保持措施配置和综合治理模式 ,实现对水土保持效益进行科学、定量的分析和评价 ,从而为黄河水土保持生态建设及维持黄河健康生命提供有力的科技支撑和理论依据。介绍了近期工作重点     

Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K(d) increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K(d) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

户用“猪-沼-果”生态模式经济评价

对江西省赣州市户用“猪 沼 果”生态模式和单项脐橙生产经济评价结果表明 ,投资建设户用“猪 沼 果”生态模式财务净现值为 2 870 4万元 ,财务内部收益率为 38.8% ,动态投资回收期为 6 .99年 ;单项脐橙生产财务净现值为 2 4 998万元 ,财务内部收益率为 34.77% ,动态投资回收期为 7.5 4年。“猪 沼 果”模式具有较强的盈利能力和抗风险能力。     

关于“恒电位表面”概念的讨论

长期以来,人们认为水合氧化物型表面（可变电荷表面）的定位离子是Ｈ＾＋和ＯＨ＾－,所以表面电位（Φ０）只是ｐＨ值的函数,而与电解质的浓度无关。所以反水合氧化物型表面又称恒电位表面。本文从理论上和实验上都表明,情况并非这样,可变电荷表面的电位强烈地依赖于电解质浓度,并且其表面电荷密度既依赖于溶液ｐＨ值也依赖于电解质浓度。所以,可变电荷表面并非恒电位表面。     

浅论"同行认可价值体系"

"同行认可价值体系"原则是学术交流活动中客观规律的体现,开展学术交流,必须遵循这一原则,才能使科学研究真正发扬"尊重客观,实事求是"的学风;科技工作者只有很好贯彻"同行认可价值体系"原则的精神,才能有效地体现自身的价值;学会要把宣传、贯彻"同行认可价值体系"原则的精神经常化、持久化.     

环境保育林和“绿间”的创建

 受现代科学发展的推动,迫使以防治自然灾害为核心的防护林(保安林),在“天人合一”思想的影响下,要更上一层楼,纳入动态、系统科学的新阶段。从理论上试图提出与空间和时间对等层次的“绿间(greenspace)”,即“森林空间(forestspace)”,它会促使森林和人类发挥生物世代更替的共同特点,同生共死,共存共荣,包括各种防护林在内的环境保育林的营造成为人类可持续发展的共同事业。为此,日本于1989年建立了森林空间研究所。经过10多年的实践,初步认为“生物组块(bioblock)”模式系统方法是行之有效的。