陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿不同茬次生物量动态研究

2003～2005年,在陇东黄土高原区进行的春播紫花苜蓿生物量观测试验表明,春播紫花苜蓿当年的株高,由缓慢增长转为快速增长的转变时段在分枝到现蕾期,由快速增长再次转为缓慢增长的时段在开花期后;生长二、三年紫花苜蓿,一年中适宜刈割三次,前二茬鲜草的平均日增长量明显高于第三茬,并且生长三年的各茬鲜草平均日增长量普遍高于生长二年的;最大地上生物量均出现在第一、二茬,其鲜草和干草重量分别占三茬总重量的76.9%～84.3%和79.1%～86.3%;各茬次紫花苜蓿鲜干比在现蕾期后明显降低,到开花期刈割前降至最低.年际和地域的气候条件差异直接反映在紫花苜蓿各茬次生物量和鲜干比的变化上,在水份满足的情况下,以气温日较差大的地域更有利于紫花苜蓿物质积累.     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿生长规律及气候生产潜力评估

利用春播两年生紫花苜蓿生长状况和平行气候条件观测资料,分析陇东黄土高原地区紫花苜蓿的生长高度和速率的时间变化规律,千物重和鲜草重与活动积温的相关关系;根据牧草气候生产力的光合产量和温度及降水订正模型,计算紫花苜蓿的气候生产潜力.结果表明:春播当年的开花～枯黄,第二年的显蕾～开花期的生长高度增长量达最大,生长速率在萌芽～分枝、显蕾～开花期达最大;干物重和鲜草重与活动积温在分枝～显蕾期同时达到最大值;水分是陇东紫花苜蓿气候生产潜力的主要限制因子,目前在中北部的黄土丘陵沟壑区尚有较大的气候生产潜力有待利用.     

灌溉条件下紫花苜蓿留茬高度的再生效应

为确立灌溉农田下紫花苜蓿的刈割制度,2003～2006年在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学试验农场进行留茬高度效应的研究.结果表明,株高、节间距、根干重、越冬率留茬5 cm刈割均低于留茬10 cm刈割,但1级分枝数、节间数均高于留茬10 cm刈割;营养品质留茬10 cm的好于留茬5 cm的;草产量前2年留茬5 cm较高,而后2年较低,4年总产量留茬10 cm略高;连续4年刈割后田间密度留茬10 cm的较留茬5 cm的高3.8株/m2.     

陇东黄土高原苜蓿地下害虫发生规律初探

2009年至2011年,在陇东黄土高原苜蓿田,分苜蓿返青期、第一茬苜蓿刈割后、第三茬苜蓿刈割后3个时期调查地下害虫的种类、数量及不同深度分布规律。结果表明,该区域苜蓿地下害虫主要有11种,平均密度为18.2头/m2,主要类群按其所占比例大小依次为金龟甲类、金针虫类、网目拟步甲、蝼蛄类和地老虎类,优势种类为黑绒鳃金龟和华北大黑鳃金龟。     

河西地区紫花苜蓿的耗水量与耗水规律初探

研究了紫花苜蓿耗水量与叶面积系数、生长高度、干物质积累和地下生物量的关系,探讨了紫花苜蓿的耗水规律,分析了土壤湿度、耗水量对紫花苜蓿生长发育的影响。结果表明,苗期至分枝期是紫花苜蓿的需水临界期;分枝期、开花期耗水量最多,生长速度最大：结实期和成熟期苜蓿耗水量较少,生长较慢,叶面积系数减少。从水分利用率的角度出发,提出了河西走廊紫花苜蓿适宜灌溉量为580mm,为河西地区种植紫花苜蓿,节约水资源,提高水分利用率提供了理论依据。     

甘肃糜子(Panicum miliaceum L.)生态气候适宜性研究

为探讨糜子种植的生态气候适宜性,运用积分回归方法,对庆阳西峰区、天水麦积区、定西安定区及武威凉州区1985~2008年糜子产量受气候因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明:水热因子在不同的生育阶段对不同地点糜子的产量影响各不相同;在抽穗~开花期间,旬平均气温对安定、凉州、西峰、麦积糜子产量影响较大,分别为10.5 kg/(hm2.℃)9、.0 kg/(hm2.℃)8、.0 kg/(hm2.℃)及5.6 kg/(hm2.℃),在拔节期旬降水量对产量影响较大,分别为8.0 kg/(hm2.mm)3、.0 kg/(hm2.mm)5、.2 kg/(hm2.mm)及5.2 kg/(hm2.mm);甘肃各地光照基本上都能满足糜子的生长发育需要;最适宜种植区为陇东的塬区、渭河谷地及河西海拔在1 600 m以下灌溉区及敦煌盆地;最具有潜力的种植区为陇中地区及陇东的北部。     

不同覆草量苹果园土壤水温效应及对树体生长的影响

将麦草覆盖应用于果园,研究不同覆盖用量22 000 kg·hm-2(T1)、33 000 kg·hm-2(T2)、44 000 kg·hm-2(T3)和清耕(CK)在整个生长期对19年生长富2号苹果园0~100 cm土壤水分、5~25 cm土壤温度、树体生长量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在旱情较重的4—7月,3种覆草处理的平均含水量随覆草量的增加而增大,其中T2和T3处理极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出8.98%~27.09%;且3种覆草处理0~20、20~40 cm土层的含水量极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出9.36%~73.77%;4—8月3种覆草处理的各深度地温低于CK,4—6月份极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出2.11℃~8.02℃;相反,9—11月份高于CK。覆草处理5~20 cm深度土温日变幅极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出0.39℃~3.63℃。果实单果重和产量以T2处理最高,3种覆草处理每公顷产量较CK极显著(P0.01)提高,高出10.70%~20.83%;产量水分利用效率覆草处理较CK极显著(P0.01)增高,高出9.87%~20.87%。覆草对树体生长量、枝类比例影响不大。综合各种效应及投入产出比,陇东黄土高原苹果园覆草量以22 000~33 000 kg·hm-2较经济适宜。     

陇东春播紫花苜蓿生长及水分规律研究

通过对紫花苜蓿生长状况和相应气象观测资料的分析,探讨陇东紫花苜蓿的生长规律、热量需求、耗水规律及土壤水分的季节变化特点。同时从不同侧面对紫花苜蓿的生长条件进行分析,为进一步发展陇东草业生产提供科学依据。     

甘肃陇东南紫花苜蓿土壤水分利用程度的评估研究

通过种植试验分析,用数理统计方法模拟了紫花苜蓿生物量累积过程及土壤水分消耗过程,揭示了紫花苜蓿的生物量累积特点及其土壤水分利用规律。发现1年生紫花苜蓿在开花期物质累积以地上为主,干物质上/下比可达2.92;开花以后逐渐以地下部分为主,到收刈期干物质上/下比为0.57。紫花苜蓿的田间贮水量小于粮食作物,耗水量大于粮食作物。紫花苜蓿的土壤利用率大于粮食作物,是小麦的2.1~2.8倍,玉米的2.0~2.5倍。     

沙棘林能源价值及平茬复壮技术研究

沙棘作为鄂尔多斯地区一种生态经济树种,但是生长到一定年龄就会出现"老化"现象,挂果量明显下降,病虫害严重,使得经济收入严重受损。通过现地平茬试验,基于平茬前沙棘的树高、冠幅、地径的调查以及平茬后的树高、冠幅、分枝数以及生物量测定数据为依据,研究发现沙棘最佳平茬树龄为8龄,留茬高度在距地表10cm为佳,茬口进行涂漆处理后萌芽生长状况较好;采用WZR-1TCⅡ型电脑自动热量计测定不同林龄沙棘植株以及各器官的热值研究结果表明:沙棘是一种高热值能源树种,去灰分热值大致在19-20KJ.g-1。沙棘各器官平均去灰分热值由大到小依次为:根﹥枝﹥叶﹥皮。最后对2010年鄂尔多斯地区营造的7118.27hm2沙棘生态经济林在生长8龄平茬后地上部分的能源价值进行估算,其能源价值相当于3.995×106t原煤的价值。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.