松针提取物和杨树皮提取物饮料添加剂贮藏研究

松针提取物和杨树皮提取物饮料添加剂，在室温避光条件下贮藏，生物活性物质（维生素Ｅ，胡萝卜素和叶绿素等）降低的含量百分率与贮藏时间关系，符合Ｙ＝－ａｘ＾ｂ（０＜ｂ＜１）的变化规律。其降低幅度依赖水分大小和维生素种类不同而各异。在贮藏期间，杨树皮提取物饲料添加剂中生物活性物质损失比松针提取物饲料添加剂多，因此，不同类型的产品，贮藏期应有不同要求。试验结果表明，松针提取物饲料添加剂，贮藏期定为一年期限较     

松针提取物和杨树皮提取物饲料添加剂贮藏研究

松针提取物和杨树皮提取物饲料添加剂，在室温避光条件下贮藏，生物活性物质（维生素Ｅ、胡萝卜素和叶绿素等）降低的含量百分率与贮藏时间关系，符合Ｙ＝－ａｘ￣ｂ（０＜ｂ＜１）的变化规律。其降低幅度依赖水分大小和维生素种类不同而各异。在贮藏期间，杨树皮提取物饲料添加剂中生物活性物质损失比松针提取物饲料添加剂多，因此，不同类型的产品，贮藏期应有不同要求。试验结果表明，松针提取物饲料添加剂，贮藏期定为一年期限较合适；而杨树皮提取物饲料添加剂，最长的贮藏期应不超过半年。     

松针叶绿素—胡萝卜素软膏挥发物质化学组成的研究

松针叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质含量与树种有关。分析鉴定表明：马尾松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质含量为２％－４％，从该挥发物质分离出的３０个色谱峰中鉴定出２４个化合物，其中主要成分为α－蒎烯（２１．２４％）、β－蒎烯（９．６３％）和长叶烯（２１．８３％）。鉴定出的组分占总挥发物质的９４．１２％；赤松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质的含量为３％－５％，从该挥发物质分离出的３０个色谱峰中鉴定出２４个     

松针叶绿素—胡萝卜素软膏不皂化物质化学组成的研究

松针叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中不皂化物质主要由于倍半萜类，二萜类，三萜类，甾族化合物，脂肪族醇和生育酚等化合物组成，分析鉴定表明，马尾松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含不抑化物质２２．３０％，其中主要成分为β－谷甾醇（１８．６５％），植醇（９．４６％）和香橙烯（７．９８％）等，共鉴定出３７个化合物，鉴定出的组分占不皂化物质总量的９８．３９％，赤松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含不皂化物质２１．２０％，其中主要成分为香     

松针叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏挥发物质化学组成的研究

松针叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质含量与树种有关。分析鉴定表明：马尾松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质含量为２％～４％，从该挥发物质分离出的３０个色谱峰中鉴定出２４个化合物，其中主要成分为ａ－蒎烯（２１．２４％）、β－蒎烯（９．６３％）和长叶烯（２１．８３％）。鉴定出的组分占总挥发物质的９４．１２％；赤松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质的含量为３％～５％。从该挥发物质分离出的３０个色谱峰中鉴定出２４个化合物，其中主要成分为ａ－揽香烯（２１．９０％）、ａ－香柠檬烯（１４．１６％）和长叶烯（９．７０％），已鉴定组分占总挥发物质的９５．８９％；樟子松叶绿素。胡萝卜素软膏中挥发物质的含量为４％～６％，从该挥发物质分离出的３０个色谱峰中鉴定出２４个化合物，其中主要成分为、木罗烯（１６．２３％）、ａ－草烯（９．２４％）和乙酸龙脑酯（８．２０％）等，鉴定出的组分占总挥发物质的９４．００％     

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素-胡萝卜素软膏不皂化物质化学组成的研究

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中不皂化物质主要由倍半萜类、二萜类、三萜类、甾类化合物、脂肪族醇和生育酚等化合物组成。分析鉴定表明：雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含不皂化物质约32．0％（占软膏量），其中主要成分为云氢枞醇（10．24％）、绿叶醇（8．64％）、愈创木醇（6．89％）、β-谷甾醇（6．26％）和菜油甾醇（5．98％）等。分离共鉴定出37个化合物，占不皂化物质总量的93．26％。研究发现，雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏的不皂化物质中含有较多的β－谷甾醇和菜油甾醇。     

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素—胡萝卜素软膏精油化学组成的研究

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含精油１．５６％，其中主要成分为乙酸冰片酯，α－荣烯，和Δ＾３－蒈烯等。分离共鉴定出２５个化合物，占精油总量的９８．１９％。研究发现，雪岭云杉针叶片叶绿素－胡萝卜软膏的精油中含有大量的乙酸冰片酯，其量超过精油总量的一半，乙酸冰片酯是制造樟脑和香精的好原料。     

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素—胡萝卜素软膏酸性物质化学组成的研究

雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含酸性物质约２２％（占软膏重）,其中脂肪酸占４４．８６％,树脂酸占５２．４９％。该酸性物质经气相色谱和质谱定性,定量分析,共分离出３１个峰,鉴定出２６个化合物,被的组分占酸性物质总量的９７．３５％。其中主要成分为检酸（２１．５５％）,异海松酸（１２．８９％）、油酸（１２．０７％）、亚麻酸（７．３１％）、新纵酸（６．１０％）等。研究发现,雪岭云杉针叶叶绿素－胡萝卜素     

松针叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中酸性物质化学组成的研究

叶绿素－胡萝卜素中酸性物质主要由脂肪酸和树脂酸组成，其中树脂酸占６０％～７５％，脂肪酸占２０％～３０％。酸性物质中各组成的含量与树种有关。分析鉴定表明，马尾松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含酸性物质２８．０％（占软膏重），从该酸中分离出３１个色谱峰，鉴定出２５个化合物，其中主要成分为海松酸（１０．９６％）、去氢机酸（１９．０６％）和油酸（８．２９％）等，鉴定出的组分占总酸量的９１．５７％；赤松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含酸性物质２２．８％（占软膏重），从该酸中分离出３１个色谱峰，鉴定出２５个化合物，其中主要成分为山达海松酸（２９．７５％）和去氢枞酸（２３．５０％）等，鉴定出的组分占总酸量的９８．２０％；樟子松叶绿素－胡萝卜素软膏中含酸性物质２６．４％（占软膏重），从该酸中分离出３１个色谱峰，鉴定出２５个化合物，其中主要成分为松叶酸（３６．０１％）、油酸（１５．６６％）和去氢枞酸（１４．８０％）等，鉴定出的组分占总酸量的９８．３０％。     

速生材制生物机械浆研究Ⅱ、泡桐(Paulownia elongata)酶液预处理机械浆

研究了兰考泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）木片用４种酶液（纤维素酶液ＥＳ２８、半纤维素酶ＥＡｎ７６、木质素酶Ｅ０２５及Ｅ０１４）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成、磨浆能耗、纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）Ｅ０１４、Ｅ０２５、ＥＳ２８、ＥＡｎ７６预处理后，木片失重３．１８％～３．７２％，其中３．９％～１８．６％为木质素损失，纤维素损失则高达３８．２％～４６．２％；（２）磨浆度为５５ＳＲ时，４种酶液可节省能耗２．０％～７．０％，裂断长变化为－１８．１％～７．９％，耐破度变化为－１３％～７．３％，撕裂度为－１２．９％～８．４％，光学性质（如白度、光散射系数）变化不大，不透明度几乎不变。综合能耗节省与强度性质的提高，Ｅ０１４及ＥＡｎ７６效果较好，ＥＳ２８则由于纤维素酶对纤维的损伤效果不佳，Ｅ０２５效果则一般。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.