枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域碳通量及固碳能力研究

为研究枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域不同季节碳通量及固碳能力, 本研究在 2020―2021 年监测和分析了养殖海域温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布特征, 估算了枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)及海–气界面二氧化碳交换通量(FCO₂)值, 并分析 pCO₂ 的影响因素, 探讨枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域固碳能力。结果表明, 枸杞岛海域表层海水 4 个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、 DOC、POC 的空间分布在季节上差异极显著(P＜0.01)。枸杞岛海域 pCO₂ 全年的变化范围为 65.19~719.1 μatm, 水团混合和生物活动等是影响海域表层海水 pCO₂ 的重要因素。枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域 FCO₂ 值的变化范围为–63.75~ 99.18 mmol/(m² ·d), 四季变化极显著(P＜0.01), 全年碳分布格局有较大差异, 其中, 春、夏、秋三季均为碳汇, 分别为 (–18.86±12) mmol/(m² ·d), (–11.59±7.95) mmol/(m² ·d), (–3.61±37.22) mmol/(m² ·d), 冬季为碳源[(78.24±5.09) mmol/(m² ·d)]。枸杞岛贻贝养殖区 FCO₂ 值均高于外海非养殖区, 且达到显著水平(P＜0.05), 是弱汇区。本研究区域内贝壳固碳量为 18425.59 t, 贻贝软组织固碳量为 4973.97 t, 单位面积贻贝固碳量达 22.83 t/hm² 。该研究可为贝类养殖碳汇评价提供参考。     

臭氧杀菌结合气调包装对缢蛏的保鲜效果

以缢蛏为研究对象,通过臭氧杀菌及不同气调包装处理,测定其在(0±0.5) ℃冷藏过程中的菌落总数、理化和感官等指标的变化,评价臭氧杀菌结合气调包装的保鲜效果。臭氧处理浓度为1 mg/L,包装条件分别为低氧气调包装(60% CO₂+30% N₂+10% O₂)、无氧气调包装(60% CO₂+40% N₂)、空气包装(对照)、低氧气调包装(60% CO₂+30% N₂+10% O₂)与臭氧处理复合、无氧气调包装(60% CO₂+40% N₂)与臭氧处理复合、臭氧处理包装。结果显示:0 ℃下缢蛏在空气包装下贮藏4 d和臭氧处理包装下贮藏8 d后菌落总数分别达到1.76×10⁷ cfu/g和1.14×10⁷ cfu/g,在有氧气调包装条件下和无氧气调包装调节下贮藏10 d后菌落总数分别达到1.87×10⁷ cfu/g和1.03×10⁷ cfu/g,超过规定的卫生标准;而有氧气调包装结合臭氧处理可使缢蛏的货架期达到12 d(9.33×10⁶ cfu/g),无氧气调包装结合臭氧处理可使缢蛏货架期延长至14 d(8.74×10⁶ cfu/g)以上。各处理组的TVB-N、K值、感官评分、pH变化也均与贮藏时间相关(P<0.05),并且气调包装结合臭氧处理组样品在冷藏期间的TVB-N、pH、K值和感官等指标均优于单独的气调包装或臭氧处理。相对于其它实验组,臭氧处理结合无氧气调包装组保鲜效果最好,样品在货架期末(14 d)TVB-N达到14.952 mgN/100 g,K值达到55%,感官评分达到5分,仍处于中等新鲜水平或可接受程度。总体结果表明,臭氧处理结合气调包装能有效延长冷藏缢蛏的货架期。     

基于线粒体DNA分子标记的东太平洋茎柔鱼群体遗传多样性比较分析

为合理开发利用东太平洋茎柔鱼资源,需要准确掌握其种群结构。基于线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)与细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)2个分子标记对茎柔鱼赤道海域与秘鲁外海2个地理群体的遗传多样性现状进行比较分析。分析认为,基于Cytb基因所有序列得到2个群体总的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为7、(0.397±0.079)、(0.001 09±0.000 96)和0.600,秘鲁外海群体单倍型多样性指数仅为(0.282±0.101),明显低于赤道海域群体。基于COⅠ基因所有序列得到2个群体总的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为17、(0.787±0.051)、(0.002 90±0.001 38)和1.802。单倍型网络关系图及两两群体间遗传分化系数F_st分析结果显示,赤道海域群体与秘鲁外海群体不存在显著的遗传差异(Cytb:F_st=0.005 91,P>0.05;COⅠ:F_st=0.055 23,P>0.05),2个地理群体可能在赤道海域海流的作用下发生基因交流。单倍型网络关系图、中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,茎柔鱼经历过近期群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间在138 900～167 900年前。     

不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系F2的表型性状

于2007年9月,对选育的菲律宾蛤仔不同壳色品系(C:对照组;Tr:两道红品系;Tw:两道白品系;Ab:玛瑙黑品系;Or:海洋红品系;Pw:珍珠白品系;Z:斑马蛤品系;W:波纹蛤品系)F₁和F₂的表型性状进行了研究。结果表明,1龄F₁的壳长以Pw最大,与Tr差异不显著(P>0.05),明显大于对照组及其它品系,Z壳长最小且与其它品系差异显著((P<0.05),C的壳长明显小于Tw、Ab((P<0.05),但与Or、W差异不显著((P>0.05);F₁鲜重也以Pw最大,Z最小,且与其它品系差异显著(P<0.05),Tr、Tw、Ab和Or鲜重差异不显著((P>0.05),但明显大于C((P<0.05);F₁产卵量Pw、Tr明显高于其它品系,Z、C明显小于其它品系((P>0.05),Tw、Ab、Or和W彼此差异不显著((P>0.05);F₂的表型性状,C的孵化率低于其它品系((P<0.05),但与Tw无显著差异((P>0.05),各壳色品系间卵径、受精率和D形幼虫大小差异不显著((P>0.05)。浮游期结束时(9日龄),W与Z幼虫壳长明显大于其它品系((P<0.05),Tw、Ab、Or、Pw、Z彼此间差异不显著((P>0.05);幼虫存活率大小顺序为,Ab、Z>Or、W>Tw、Pw >Tr>C,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。变态时间和变态规格各品系间无显著差异((P>0.05),变态率大小的顺序为Ab>Z>Tw>Or>Pw>W>Tr>C,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。室内培育阶段结束时(240日龄),Ab壳长最大,但与Or、Tr差异不显著,Z壳长最小,但与C、W差异不显著((P>0.05),C与Pw、W,Tr、Tw、Or之间,以及Tw与Pw差异也不显著;Z的存活率最高,明显高于除Ab外的其它品系,C的存活率最低,明显低于除Tr、Tw外的其它品系,W>Or>Pw,彼此差异显著((P<0.05)。360日龄时,Pw壳长和鲜重最大,显著大于其它壳色品系((P<0.05),Ab和Z壳长和鲜重显著小于其它壳色品系((P<0.05);Ab和Z的存活率高于其它品系((P<0.05),但与Or、Pw差异不显著((P>0.05),Or存活率高于C((P<0.05),其它各品系存活率无显著差异((P>0.05)。从相对产量上看,Z(678.63%±56.80%)>Ab(554.88%±69.42%)>Or(527.23%±76.21%)>W(475.97%±90.25%)>Pw(405.90%±55.19%)>Tw(224.89%±47.85%)>Tr(178.50%±34.50%)>C(100.00%±22.10%)。     

第四代凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病及免疫特性研究

35个第四代凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系和未选育对虾按每克体重注射10³拷贝WSSV病毒量,根据选育家系的抗病性能分3个类群:高抗性类群,成活率达24.45%±6.56%;中抗性类群,成活率为10.70%±1.41%;敏感类群,成活率为2.72%±2.76%,各类群间差异显著(P＜0.01)。对分别代表高抗、中抗和敏感类群的12、7和3号家系以及未选育对虾按每克体重注射10²、10³、10⁴和10⁵拷贝 WSSV,高抗性对虾在10²、10³、10⁴及10⁵感染水平下的存活率分别为100%、23.3%±3.5%、7.8%±1.9%和0%;中抗对虾分别为87.7%±3.9%、12.2%±1.9%、0%和0%;敏感对虾分别为54.4%±3.9%、2.2%±1.9%、0%和0%;未选育对虾分别为51.1%±5.1%、0%、0%和0%。在10³拷贝组感染过程中免疫相关因子的变化表明,高抗对虾血液中血细胞数分别比中抗、敏感和未选育对虾提高20.7%(P>0.05),36.7%(P<0.05)和34.4%(P<0.05);PO活力上述三类对虾提高40.0%(P<0.05),76.3%(P<0.05)和63.4%(P<0.05);SOD活力分别比上述三类对虾提高31.1%(P>0.05),58.8%(P<0.05)和32.0%(P>0.05);POD活力分别比上述三类对虾提高29.6%(P>0.05),44.9%(P<0.05)和43.3%(P<0.05);血清蛋白含量分别比分别比上述三类对虾提高31.2%(P>0.05),38.7%(P<0.05)和39.3%(P<0.05),而敏感对虾和未选育对虾之间则无显著差异。结果表明,经四代选育后的高抗对虾免疫性能明显高于其他对虾,表现出良好的抗WSSV性能。     

中国西北地区次生盐碱水无机氮转化与环境因子的相关关系

中国西北地区次生盐碱水中NO₂^--N长期处于较高浓度,严重制约了盐碱水养殖产业的可持续发展。根据对甘肃省景泰县草窝滩渔农综合示范区（104°7''40″E,37°19''6″N）的定期定点监测,运用配对样本t检验、Duncan''s多重比较和Pearson相关性分析,研究了不同类型次生盐碱水体无机氮转化及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：（1）次生盐碱水无机三态氮（NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N）及总氮（TN）本底值高,全年均值分别是NO₂^--N（0.3±0.2）mg/L、NH₄⁺-N（1.93±1.25）mg/L、NO₃^--N（2.92±1.5）mg/L、TN（13.91±5.85）mg/L;无机氮占TN比例不超过50%,说明有机氮在次生盐碱水体中所占比例更高;（2）环境因子pH与NO₂^--N正相关,与NO₃^--N负相关,盐度与NO₃^--N负相关,pH和盐度加剧了次生盐碱水NO₂^--N的积累;（3）水产养殖显著降低次生盐碱水体中NO₃^--N浓度和碳酸盐碱度,显示了盐碱水养殖对次生盐碱水的生态改良功能。本研究旨在为中国次生盐碱水的渔业开发利用提供科学依据。     

环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示鼠尾藻幼苗的生态适应性,研究了温度(5~34 ℃)、盐度(10~50)和营养盐等环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,(1) 氮浓度高于8 mg/L或磷浓度高于1.2 mg/L,或温度高于28 ℃,对鼠尾藻幼苗的光合作用均有显著影响(P<0.05);(2) 短时间的5~15 ℃的低温胁迫或10~50盐度胁迫6 h对鼠尾藻幼苗的F_v/F_m值影响不明显;(3) 氮、磷浓度分别为2~4 mg/L和0.2~0.8 mg/L,且NH⁺₄-N∶NO^-₃-N的比值为1~3时,较利于鼠尾藻幼苗光合作用的进行。     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长合机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源,评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼（Oreochromis aureus♂×Oreochromis niloticus♀）生长和抗氧化能力的影响。体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中,每箱20尾,每3个箱为1个处理组,分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg•kg^-1的6种饲料投喂,日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%。8周的试验结果表明：20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05),蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组;全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高,但320mg•kg^-1锌饲料组降低;20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组,脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0mg•kg^-1锌饲料组(P＜0.05);20mg•kg^-1与40mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P＜0.05),20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0mg•kg^-1组(P＜0.05),与其它各组没有显著差异;肌肉中,硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid reactive substances)的量,锌为0mg•kg^-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05)。综上所述,饲料中锌添加量为20mg•kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长,使鱼体抗氧化功能增强。     

氨、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了 NH₃-N、NO₂ ^- -N与 NO₃ ^- -N对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的毒性作用。获得了 NH₃-N_t(NH₃-N_m) 与 NO₂ ^- -N对体长2．4cm幼虾的 24h、48h、72h、96h之 LC₅₀值，两者对幼虾的安全质量分数分别为1．30 (0．101)mg/L和3．80mg/L。当 NH₃-N_t(NH₃-N_m)质量分数在1．3(0．101)~4．3(0．333)mg/L时，存活率为71．4% ~92．9%，体长增长率为36．3% ~57．1%，体重增长率为188．5% ~322．3%。当 NO₂ ^- -N质量分数在3．00~21．00mg/L时，成活率为75．0% ~91．7%，体长增长率为21．2% ~59．2%，体重增长率为72．0% ~311．9%。NO₃ ^- -N对体长7．37cm幼虾的亚急性毒性效应：NO₃ ^- -N的质量分数在 30~195mg/L时，成活率为 35% ~100%，体长增长率为8．5% ~20．5%，体重增长率为29．6% ~56．8% 。三态氮在一定质量分数范围内均对幼虾的存活率和生长率产生影响。     

永乐环礁和美济礁灰鹦嘴鱼繁殖生物学特征

灰鹦嘴鱼(Chlorurus sordidus)是一种先雌后雄的性逆转鱼类, 在珊瑚礁生态系统中具有较高丰度, 具有产卵集聚特性, 易被过度捕捞。为了深入了解灰鹦嘴鱼的繁殖生物学特征, 本研究团队于 2020 年 7 月和 2021 年 4 月以潜水捕捞作业的方式从永乐环礁和美济礁采集样本, 速冻后带回实验室进行解剖与分析, 对灰鹦嘴鱼的体长及体重特征、性比、性逆转体长、成熟系数、卵径特征和繁殖力等生物学特征进行分析, 旨在更好地保护和管理这一珊瑚礁特色鱼类。研究结果表明, 灰鹦嘴鱼雄性体长和体重显著大于雌性, 永乐环礁和美济礁样本的体长-体重关系无显著差异, 分别为 W=9.67×10^–5×L^2.809 和 W=7.27×10^?5 ×L^2.877。永乐环礁和美济礁雌雄性比差异显著, 分别为 1.33∶1 和 6.33∶1; 永乐环礁 50%性逆转体长较美济礁为小, 分别为 151.60 mm 和 174.37 mm; 两地雌性性腺 III 和 IV 期的成熟系数差异不显著, 永乐环礁分别为 1.74±1.07 和 2.87±0.56, 美济礁分别为 1.86±1.12 和 2.77±1.12; 卵径频率分布均为连续分布型, 证实灰鹦嘴鱼为典型的分批繁殖鱼类; 美济礁的繁殖力及体长和体重的相对繁殖力均显著大于永乐环礁(P＜0.05), 美济礁的繁殖力及体长和体重的相对繁殖力分别为(82941±42544) eggs、(545.59± 274.24) eggs/mm 和(693.52±332.85) eggs/g, 永乐环礁分别为 53540±45449) eggs、328.20±212.69) eggs/mm 和 442.80±167.44) eggs/g; 美济礁的繁殖力与体长及体重无显著相关性(P＞0.05), 而永乐环礁却呈显著正相关性 (P＜0.05)。研究结果表明, 捕捞压力使灰鹦嘴鱼的基础生物学特征产生明显的可塑性变化, 特别是性比和繁殖力, 均达到了显著性差异。本研究结果可以为鱼类可塑性研究提供基础参考, 同时也为岛礁的生态修复提供基础数据支撑。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.