Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation

 Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (P_i) and organic P (P₀) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha^–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha^–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg^–1 was 17.9 kg ha^–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha^–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO₃-extractable P_i (NaHCO₃-P_i) and NaHCO₃-extractable P₀ (NaHCO₃-P₀)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable P_i (NaOH-P_i) and NaOH-extractable P₀ (NaOH-P₀)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H₂SO₄/H₂O₂-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO₃-P_i and -P₀ and NaOH-P_i, and -P₀ fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO₃-P_i, NaOH-P_i and NaOH-P₀ fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P. Received: 23 October 1997     

Earthworm response to rotation and tillage in a Missouri claypan soil

 Agricultural management practices affect earthworm populations. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of two rotations and two tillage systems on earthworm population density and biomass in a claypan soil. The rotations were soybean/corn and wheat/corn, and the tillage systems were conventional tillage (chisel plowed and disked) and no-tillage. Earthworm and soil samples were collected in fall 1995, spring 1996, and fall 1996. Aporrectodea trapezoides and Diplocardia singularis were the species identified at the site. A. trapezoides accounted for 92–96% of the total earthworm population density and D. singularis accounted for only 4–8%. In a no-till system, soybean/corn rotation resulted in significantly greater population density of A. trapezoides compared with the wheat/corn rotation. Crop residue quality (low C:N ratio) and quantity were important factors in increasing A. trapezoides population density and biomass. Conventional tillage markedly decreased population density and biomass of both earthworm species. Our results suggest that rotation and tillage significantly affect earthworm population density and biomass. Received: 6 June 1998     

添加DCD对雨养区春玉米产量、 氧化亚氮排放及硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】田间条件下氮肥中添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(dicyandiamide,DCD)对氧化亚氮排放和硝态氮含量变化的影响尚不清楚,研究不同施氮模式对玉米产量、 氧化亚氮排放以及对土壤深层硝态氮残留和氮肥农学效率等的影响,对提高氮肥利用效率、 减少农业源温室气体排放具有重要意义。【方法】试验于2013年4月至2014年9月,在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行,供试作物为春玉米,品种为先玉335,半覆膜种植。试验设4个处理: 传统施氮(Con)、 减量施氮(Opt)、 减量施氮+硝化抑制剂(Opt+DCD)、 不施氮(N0),定期采集土样和氧化亚氮气体,利用流动分析仪和气象色谱仪测定土壤矿质氮和氧化亚氮的含量,采用SAS软件对不同处理的产量和各个指标进行方差分析。【结果】Opt和Opt+DCD在保持产量的同时,显著影响氧化亚氮排放和硝态氮残留。Opt处理的硝态氮含量峰值降低13.7%,而Opt+DCD处理降低硝态氮峰值19.0%。其次,施氮模式还影响硝态氮峰值出现的时间: Con(190.1 mg/kg)率先出现, 其次是Opt(164.0 mg/kg)和Opt+DCD(132.9 mg/kg)。Opt显著降低了氧化亚氮的排放,降幅为29.4%,而在Opt基础上添加DCD可进一步降低氧化亚氮排放28.1%。在雨季,硝态氮含量和氧化亚氮排放随降雨而出现波动。尽管Opt降低了铵态氮峰值,但在Opt基础上,添加DCD提高了铵态氮峰值。4种施氮模式土壤剖面0100 cm和100200 cm的硝态氮残留量分别介于33.5~148.9和24.8~92.8 kg/hm2之间,平均值分别为78.5和56.4 kg/hm2。土壤剖面0200 cm的硝态氮残留量以Con最大,为225.9 kg/hm2,与Con相比,Opt和Opt+DCD的硝态氮残留量降幅分别为48.0%~59.0%、 29.4%~57.5%。Opt和Opt+DCD之间硝态氮残留差异不显著(P0.05)。【结论】不同施氮模式对玉米产量、 矿质氮和氧化亚氮的动态变化以及氮肥农学效率具有显著影响,但是Opt和Opt+DCD在施氮量减少20%的同时,不仅没有显著降低玉米产量,还进一步降低了土壤剖面硝态氮的残留量和农业源温室气体的排放。因此在黄土高原雨养农业区,添加DCD是一种科学有效的施肥管理方式。     

Changes in soil fauna and soil conditions under Pinus radiata agroforestry regimes during a 25-year tree rotation

 Pinus radiata was planted in a grazed pasture at Tikitere, New Zealand in 1973; final tree stocking rates were 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 stems ha^–1; trees were harvested in 1999. We sampled the loamy sand for chemistry, earthworms, enchytraeids and nematodes during crop growth. There were no visible changes in the soil profile between years 2 and 25 of the P. radiata rotation, but marked changes in soil chemistry with pH declining at all depths. Topsoil pH declined but plant-available P and the soil C : N ratio increased. That similar trends occurred in pasture may have reflected reduced inputs. Lumbricid earthworms declined with increasing time and tree stocking rate; significant populations were found only in pasture at 25 years; no related changes in soil bulk density were detected. Enchytraeids were abundant but declined in the plots with 200 and 400 stems ha^–1. The composition of the nematode fauna at a soil depth of 0–10 cm varied, and there were changes in the “control” pasture. Pratylenchus sp. and Pungentus sp. were characteristic of pasture;Diphtherophora sp. appeared at higher tree stocking rates. In addition to changes related to the change in landuse there were temporal changes that affected faunal composition across tree stocking rates: Heterodera sp. and Paratylenchus sp. were rare after year 6;Prismatolaimus sp. was most abundant in years 2, 13 and 25;Axonchium sp. occurred in year 6 and Alaimus sp. mainly in year 25. Overall, the changes in soil chemistry reflected the change from pasture to forest. Parallel changes in soil microfauna and macrofauna also reflected the change in landuse, from fertilised pasture to coniferous forest, and are considered reversible. Received: 5 July 1999     

无机与有机肥配施下紫色土铵态氮、硝态氮时空变异研究——夏玉米季

研究分析夏玉米季几种施肥制度紫色土NH 4-N和NO-3-N含量时空分配特征结果表明,各处理土壤NH 4-N、NO-3-N含量负相关性强;土壤NH 4-N含量随时间呈“波浪”形变化,成熟期剖面含量呈“K”字型分布,而土壤NO-3-N含量则时空分布均较紊乱。降雨和作物根系分布是影响土壤NO-3-N运移的重要因子,降雨对土壤NO-3-N的淋溶影响显著,施肥改变了土体NO-3-N含量,增强淋溶的可能性,其淋溶趋势为纯化肥>纯猪粪>猪粪 化肥>对照(CK)处理;作物根系分布与土体NO-3-N的吸收与淋失密切相关,施用有机肥促进作物根系生长,有利于作物对深层次养分的吸收利用;合理施用有机肥猪粪对土体NO-3-N淋失有一定固持作用,阻碍了NO-3-N向下迁移。并指出应重视纯化肥尿素处理土壤NO-3-N移出下层土体(30~80cm)污染地下水体的危险性。     

无机与有机肥配施麦田(紫色土)铵态氮及硝态氮的时空变异

试验研究无机与有机肥配施冬小麦紫色土NH4 -N及NO3--N的时空变异特征结果表明,冬小麦不同生育期施肥后第15d和第120d紫色土NH4 -N含量有两个显著的降低、升高转折点,第15d与N素的硝化作用和挥发作用有关,第120d受此阶段冬小麦的强烈吸收和肥料的矿化释放作用影响较大;土壤NH4 -N和NO3--N含量在不同剖面(0~15cm、15~30cm、30~50cm土层)的分配明显受施用有机肥的影响,有机肥对NO3--N有一定固持作用,阻碍了NO3--N向下迁移,各处理对NO3--N迁移的固持作用表现为秸秆 化肥>猪粪 化肥>鸡粪 化肥>纯化肥处理;土壤NH4 -N与NO3--N含量时空变异有较强的此消彼涨相关性,且施纯化肥处理最明显。     

Nitrous oxide release from arable soil: importance of perennial forage crops

 N₂O emission rates from a sandy loam soil were measured in a field experiment with 2 years of perennial forage crops (ryegrass, ryegrass-red clover, red clover) and 1 year of spring barley cultivation. Spring barley was sown after the incorporation of the forage crop residues. All spring barley plots received 40 kg N ha^–1 N fertiliser. Ryegrass, ryegrass-red clover and red clover plots were fertilised with 350 kg N ha^–1, 175 kg N ha^–1 and 0 kg N ha^–1, respectively. From June 1994 to February 1997, N₂O fluxes were continuously estimated using very large, closed soil cover boxes (5.76 m²). In order to compare the growing crops, the 33 months of investigation were separated into three vegetation periods (March–September) and three winter periods (October–February). All agronomic treatments (fertilisation, harvest and tillage) were carried out during the vegetation period. Large temporal changes were found in the N₂O emission rates. The data were approximately log-normally distributed. Forty-seven percent of the annual N₂O losses were observed to occur during winter, and mainly resulted from N₂O production during daily thawing and freezing cycles. No relationship was found between the N₂O emissions during the winter and the vegetation period. During the vegetation period, N₂O losses and yields were significantly different between the three forage crops. The unfertilised clover plot produced the highest yields and the lowest N₂O losses on this soil compared to the highly fertilised ryegrass plot. Total N₂O losses from soil under spring barley were higher than those from soil under the forage crops; this was mainly a consequence of N₂O emissions after the incorporation of the forage crop residues. Received: 31 October 1997     

不同施氮水平对深层包气带土壤氮素淋溶累积的影响

为研究深层包气带土壤中氮素的迁移规律,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平(142.5、285和427.5kg/hm2)对夏玉米种植期间0～500cm包气带土壤中氮素淋溶累积的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮有显著影响,施氮越多,NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮在土壤中的淋溶累积也就越多,夏玉米生育期间土壤中氮素的淋溶累积含量随着夏玉米生长逐渐减少。在0～200cm土层中,收获后不同施肥水平土壤中NO3--N和总氮累积量随施氮量增加而增多,285kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最多,427.5kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最少,但相差不超过0.1kg/hm2,收获后土壤中氮素累积量有损失。夏玉米生育期间不同施氮水平对土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮的影响深度主要为0～145cm。粉砂壤土中氮素更易累积,砂质壤土中氮素较易随水分淋溶至下层。142.5kg/hm2施氮水平可有效减少NO3--N在土壤中的淋溶损失,降低土壤中NH4+-N和总氮的含量,对地下水构成的潜在污染风险最小。北京地区地下水埋深较深,NO3--N不易淋溶至地下水,但长期大量施用氮肥、田间土壤大孔隙的存在等会加速NO3--N向深层土壤迁移,对地下水水质构成威胁。     

Microbiological parameters as indicators of soil quality under various soil management and crop rotation systems in southern Brazil

The objective of this work was to identify soil parameters potentially useful to monitor soil quality under different soil management and crop rotation systems. Microbiological and chemical parameters were evaluated in a field experiment in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, in response to soil management [no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] and crop rotation [including grain (soybean, S; maize, M; wheat, W) and legume (lupin, L.) and non-legume (oat, O) covers] systems. Three crop rotation systems were evaluated: (1) (O/M/O/S/W/S/L/M/O/S), (2) (O/S/L/M/O/S/W/S/L/M), and (3) (O/S/W/S/L/M/O/M/W/M), and soil parameters were monitored after the fifth year. Before ploughing, CO₂-emission rates were similar in NT and CT soils, but plough increased it by an average of 57%. Carbon dioxide emission was 13% higher with lupin residues than with wheat straw; decomposition rates were rapid with both soil management systems. Amounts of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MB-C and MB-N, respectively) were 80 and 104% higher in NT than in CT, respectively; however, in general these parameters were not affected by crop rotation. Efficiency of the microbial community was significantly higher in NT: metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was 55% lower than in CT. Soluble C and N levels were 37 and 24% greater in NT than in CT, respectively, with no effects of crop rotation. Furthermore, ratios of soluble C and N contents to MB-C and MB-N were consistently lower in NT, indicating higher immobilization of C and N per unit of MB. The decrease in qCO₂ and the increase in MB-C under NT allowed enhancements in soil C stocks, such that in the 0–40 cm profile, a gain of 2500 kg of C ha⁻¹ was observed in relation to CT. Carbon stocks also varied with crop rotation, with net changes at 0–40 cm of 726, 1167 and −394 kg C ha⁻¹ year, in rotations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the N stocks, with 410 kg N ha⁻¹ gained in NT, while crop rotations 1, 2 and 3 accumulated 71, 137 and 37 kg of N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. On average, microbial biomass corresponded to 2.4 and 1.7% of the total soil C, and 5.2 and 3.2% of the N in NT and CT systems, respectively. Soil management was the main factor affecting soil C and N levels, but enhancement also resulted from the ratios of legumes and non-legumes in the rotations. The results emphasize the importance of microorganisms as reservoirs of C and N in tropical soils. Furthermore, the parameters associated with microbiological activity were more responsive to soil management and crop rotation effects than were total stocks of C and N, demonstrating their usefulness as indicators of soil quality in the tropics.     

中国西北旱作农田土壤剖面硝态氮累积

A long-term fertilizer experiment on dry land of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, has been conducted since 1984 to study the distribution and accumulation of NO3-N down to a depth of 400 cm in the profile of a coarse-textured dark loessial soil after continuous winter wheat cropping. Thirteen fertilizer treatments consisted of four levels of N and P applied alone or in combination. Annual N and P (P205) rates were 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha^-1. After 15 successive cropping cycles, the soll samples were taken from each treatment for analysis of NO3-N concentration. The results showed that NO3-N distribution in the soil profile was quite different among the treatments. The application of fertilizer N alone resulted in higher NO3-N concentration in the soil profile than the combined application of N and P, showing that application of P could greatly reduce the NO3-N accumulation. With an annual application of 180 kg N ha^-1 alone, a peakin NO3-N accumulation occurred at 140 cm soil depth, and the maximum NO3-N concentration in the soils was 67.92 mg kg^-1. The amount of NO3-N accumulated in the soil profile decreased as the cumulative N uptake by the winter wheat increased. Application of a large amount of N resulted in lower N recoveries in winter wheat and greater NO3-N accumulation in soil profile. NO3-N did not enter underground water in the study region; therefore, there is no danger of underground water pollution. Amount of NO3-N accumulation can be predicted by an equation according to annual N and P rates based on the results of this experiment.     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽试验条件下研究了苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理均可显著提高饲草产量,整个轮作期,单施化肥（NPK）、石灰和化肥配施（NPK+Lime）、有机肥和化肥配施（NPK+OM）处理的鲜草产量分别比不施肥处理（CK）增加6.1倍、6.8倍和7.3倍;在化肥基础上配合施用石灰和有机肥,鲜草分别增产9.5%和17.2%。养分吸收结果显示,不同施肥处理明显提高饲草N、P、K含量并促进饲草对养分的吸收。土壤养分分析结果表明,与CK及NPK处理相比,增施石灰和有机肥提高酸性土壤pH值,促使其向中性靠近;在NPK基础上配合施用石灰,轮作结束时土壤有效钙含量比NPK处理提高了20.7%,有效铁和有效锰含量降低了26.5%和41.2%;在NPK基础上增施有机肥,能显著提高了土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation

 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization was studied in a long-term field trial in which four farming systems currently in use in Switzerland were continuously applied to a randomized set of plots at a single field site from 1978 till 1993. There were two low-input farming systems (organic and bio-dynamic) and two high-input (conventional) farming systems (according to Swiss guidelines of integrated plant production with and without farmyard manure). The systems had an identical 7-year crop rotation and tillage scheme and differed essentially only in the amount and type of fertilizer supplied and in plant protection management. The percentage of root colonization by AM fungi was determined in field samples 2–3 times over the growing season in crops in the rotation, namely in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sardona), vetch-rye and grass-clover. We found the percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi to be 30–60% higher (P≤0.05) in the plants grown in soils from the low-input farming systems than in those grown in conventionally farmed soils. Approximately 50% of the variation of AM root colonization was explained by chemical properties of the soils (pH, soluble P and K, exchangeable Mg), the effect of soluble soil P being most pronounced. The potential of the field soils from the differently managed plots to cause symbiosis with AM fungi was tested in a glasshouse experiment, using wheat as a host plant. Soils from the low-input farming systems had a greatly enhanced capacity to initiate AM symbiosis. The relative differences in this capacity remained similar when propagules of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae were experimentally added to the soils, although overall root colonization by AM fungi was 2.8 times higher. Received: 27 August 1999     

水旱轮作下根区与非根区黄褐土钾素动态研究

采用分室根箱试验,研究了油菜–水稻轮作条件下黄褐土根区与非根区土壤钾素动态变化特征,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的根际养分调控提供依据。结果表明,轮作前季（油菜季）前期,根区土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾首先出现相对亏缺;随着油菜生长和吸钾强度的增大,根区非交换性钾含量也显著降低,非根区内、中、外区土壤水溶性钾向根区迁移,交换钾和非交换钾向水溶钾转化,含量均逐渐降低,且距根区越近,降低幅度越大。轮作后季（水稻季）前期,淹水促进了水溶性钾向根区的扩散,非根区外区水溶钾和交换性钾含量明显降低;随着水稻生长和吸钾强度增大,根区与非根区土壤水溶钾和交换性钾含量降低至一定程度时就不再减少,而非交换性钾显著降低。说明作物吸收的钾主要来自于根区,并由非根区钾逐渐向根区迁移,距根区越近,对作物吸钾量的贡献越大。在一个轮作期内,非交换性钾是黄褐土主要供钾形态,其次是交换性钾和水溶性钾。     

长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响

长期地膜覆盖对土壤许多理化性质产生较大影响,但对无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响却鲜有报道。本文重点研究沈阳农业大学棕壤定位实验站（1987年开始）内长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理下土壤无机氮和氮素矿化率在整个生长季内的变化情况。结果表明,长期的地膜覆盖可以增加NO2^--N的积累,并抑制NO3^--N的迁移,但对NH4^＋—N的含量则影响不大;而且覆膜促进了土壤有机氮索的矿化,从而加速了NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的释放进释．研究结果同时表明有机肥与无机肥配合施用比单一施用有机肥更能促进土壤的N素矿化。     

Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

 Processes that govern the soil nitrogen (N) supply in irrigated lowland rice systems are poorly understood. The objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of crop rotation and management on soil N dynamics, microbial biomass C (C_BIO) and microbial biomass N (N_BIO) in relation to rice N uptake and yield. A maize-rice (M-R) rotation was compared with a rice-rice (R-R) double-cropping system over a 2-year period with four cropping seasons. In the M-R system, maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in aerated soil during the dry season (DS) followed by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in flooded soil during the wet season (WS). In the R-R system, rice was grown in flooded soil in both the DS and WS. Three fertilizer N rates (0, 50 or 100 kg urea-N ha^–1 in WS) were assigned to subplots within the cropping system main plots. Early versus late crop residue incorporation following DS maize or rice were established as additional treatments in sub-subplots in the second year. In the R-R system, the time of residue incorporation had a large effect on NO₃ ^–-N accumulation during the fallow period and also on extractable NH₄ ⁺-N, rice N uptake and yield in the subsequent cropping period. In contrast, time of residue incorporation had little influence on extractable N in both the fallow and rice-cropping periods of the M-R system, and no detectable effects on rice N uptake or yield. In both cropping systems, C_BIO and N_BIO were not sensitive to residue incorporation despite differences of 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of incorporated residue C and N, and were relatively insensitive to N fertilizer application. Extractable organic N was consistently greater after mid-tillering in M-R compared to the R-R system across N rate and residue incorporation treatments, and much of this organic N was α-amino N. We conclude that N mineralization-immobilization dynamics in lowland rice systems are sensitive to soil aeration as influenced by residue management in the fallow period and crop rotation, and that these factors have agronomically significant effects on rice N uptake and yield. Microbial biomass measurements, however, were a poor indicator of these dynamics. Received: 31 October 1997     

长期施肥对塿土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响

利用 18年长期定位试验研究了冬小麦 夏玉米轮作制度下 ,有机 无机肥配合施用对土剖面NO₃-N的分布累积和阶段性移动的影响。结果表明 ,土壤剖面中NO₃-N的总量与氮肥施用量直接相关 ,而作物对化肥氮的利用率与施肥量呈相反趋势。低氮处理 (75kg/hm²)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO₃-N主要累积在 0～100cm土层内 ;高氮处理 (120kg/km²)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO₃-N在剖面出现 2个累积峰 ,且在400cm土层处NO₃-N的含量接近或超过 10mg/kg。适宜的氮肥用量、施用有机肥及合理的有机 无机肥料配比是减少NO₃-N在土壤剖面中的累积和淋失的有效措施     

免耕轮作对旱作区土壤水热动态及速效养分含量的影响

免耕轮作对土壤性质有明显改善作用。在免耕秸秆覆盖基础上进行燕麦、玉米、大豆3种作物轮作2个周期的试验研究。结果表明,免耕秸秆覆盖结合不同作物轮作能调节土壤水热环境,增加土壤速效养分含量。土壤贮水量在不同处理间总体表现为免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)免耕留高茬(NH)免耕留低茬(NL)常规翻耕(T),3种轮作方式中均以燕麦-大豆-玉米方式最高。轮作2个周期后NHS、NLS、NH、NL分别较T土壤贮水量在作物苗期增加了16.24%、12.16%、8.75%、5.56%,可见免耕覆盖能明显提高土壤水分蓄储能力。土壤温度在0~5 cm土层受外界环境影响最大;免耕覆盖在低温时起"保温作用",能提高土壤温度1.4~2.4℃;高温时起"降温作用",能降低土壤温度1.8~3.4℃;秸秆覆盖后土壤温度日变化平缓。同时免耕结合轮作处理能不同程度增加土壤有机质及速效养分含量,说明免耕轮作在该地区能较大程度的改善土壤性质,为提高作物产量提供了基础和有效保证。     

Effects of salts and moisture content on N2O emission and nitrogen dynamics in Yellow soil and Andosol in model experiments

 The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N₂O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH₄Cl) or sulphates [Na₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their effects on the changes in mineral N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N) concentration as well as N₂O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO₃)₂ solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations. These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m^–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m^–1. The emission rate of N₂O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no significant difference in N₂O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N₂O emission remarkably. Received: 29 July 1998     

The CLIMEX soil-heating experiment: soil response after 2 years of treatment

 Most model predictions concerning the response of boreal forest ecosystems to climate change are inferred from small-scale experiments on artificial, simplified systems. Whole-ecosystem experiments designed to validate these models are scarce. We experimentally manipulated a small forested catchment in southern Norway by increasing soil temperature (+3  °C in summer to +5  °C in winter) using heating cables installed at 1 cm depth in the litter layer. Especially nitrification in the 0 to 10-cm soil layer increased as a result of the climate manipulation. Betula litter, produced after exposing trees for 2 years to ambient and elevated CO₂ in greenhouses, was incubated for 1 year in the manipulated catchment. Exposure to elevated CO₂ did not affect the C/N ratio or decomposition of the Betula litter, but lignin content decreased by 10%. We found no effect of elevated temperature on litter decomposition, probably due to desiccation of the litter. The heating cables caused a permanent increase in soil temperature in this soil layer, but when soils were dry, the temperature difference between control and heated plots decreased with increasing distance from the cables. When soils were wet, no gradients in temperature increase occurred. Received: 25 November 1997     

Soil organic matter dynamics after the conversion of arable land to pasture

 Conversion of arable land (maize) to pasture will affect the soil organic matter (SOM) content. Changes in the SOM content were studied using a size- and density-fractionation method and ¹³C analysis. Twenty-six years of maize cropping had resulted in a depletion of carbon stored in the macro-organic fractions (>150 μm) and an increase in the <20 μm fraction. Maize-derived carbon in the upper 20 cm increased from 10% in the finest fraction (<20 μm) to 91% in the coarse (>250 μm), light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions. Pasture installation resulted in a rapid recovery of the total SOM content. Up to 90% of the pasture-derived carbon that was mineralized during maize cropping was replaced within 9 years. Especially the medium and coarse size (>150 μm) and light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions were almost completely regenerated by input of root-derived SOM. The amount of medium-weight and heavy macro-organic fractions (>150 μm; b.d. >1.13 g cm^–3) in the 0- to 20-cm layer was still 40–50% lower than in the continuous pasture plots. Average half-life times calculated from ¹³C analyses ranged from 7 years in the light fractions to 56 years in heavy fractions. Fractionation results and ¹³C data indicated that mechanical disturbance (plowing) during maize cropping had resulted in vertical displacement of dispersed soil carbon from the 0- to 20-cm layer down to 60–80 cm. Conversion of arable land to pasture, therefore, not only causes a regeneration of the soil carbon content, it also reduces the risk of contaminant transport by dispersed soil carbon. Received: 10 March 1998