生物质炭对土壤N2O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。     

玉米脉动流化干燥数学模型的建立与验证

通过分析和试验研究,认为模型MR=(M-M_e)/(M₀-M_e)=exp(-kt^N)能较准确的描述玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化规律。模型中的系数k和N主要受干燥器入口风温、风速、脉动频率和床层高度的影响。采用四因素的二次回归正交组合设计来拟合系数k、N与上述4个因素的关系,建立了脉动流化床上干燥玉米的回归数学模型。通过试验确认回归数学模型可以较准确的预测玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化。     

呼伦贝尔草原切沟形态发育特征与体积估算模型

呼伦贝尔草原是中国北方极其重要的生态屏障,过度放牧已导致该区域切沟不断形成和发育,加剧了草场退化和破碎化,但尚未见有关该区切沟侵蚀研究的报道。因此,该研究通过对呼伦贝尔草原核心区136.22 km²区域内所有切沟进行逐条野外实测,获取了切沟长度L、宽度TW、深度D、面积A、体积V、横断面积A_c、宽深比R_WD、长宽比R_LW等形态参数,研究了切沟形态特征及其体积估算模型。结果表明：切沟数量密度和沟壑密度G_D分别达1.15条/km²和0.27 km/km²,0.94‰的草场因沟蚀而消失。切沟整体表现为狭长、宽而浅形状,8个切沟形态参数的变化呈中、强度变异,平均L、TW、D、A、V、A_c、R_WD、R_LW分别为231.80 m、3.12 m、1.26 m、820.49 m²、1099.46 m³、3.39 m²、2.68、101.93,坡面沟和谷底沟的数量比为11:9,谷底沟8个形态参数是坡面沟的1.06～4.78倍。切沟TW、D、R_WD接近正态分布,L、A、V、A_c、R_LW呈偏左分布,这8个形态参数分别主要分布在1.0～4.0 m、0.5～1.2 m、1.0～3.5、0～200 m、100～600 m²、30～300 m³、0～3 m²、3.55～60范围,占比分别为77.9%、68%、77.9%、63.5%、56.4%、46.8%、57.7%、46.1%;沟蚀强度显著受地形影响,G_D和地表割裂度G_LD随坡度先增大后减小,9°时沟蚀最严重,阳坡和半阳坡G_D、G_LD分别是阴坡和半阴坡的4.3倍、3.7倍;V-A幂函数关系预测切沟体积优于V-L幂函数关系,建议作为呼伦贝尔草原切沟体积估算模型。研究可为呼伦贝尔草原沟蚀防治及草原可持续利用提供科学支撑。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

外加盐对凉粉草胶溶液的耐盐性和分子链刚性度的影响

在有盐环境下贮藏和加工凉粉草胶必须了解其多糖分子对盐的敏感性,该文绘制了凉粉草胶多糖在不同离子强度NaCl、KCl、MgCl₂和CaCl₂溶液中的Huggins'图,分别计算其分子链在这4种离子溶液中的耐盐度S、链刚性度B等值,结果发现：凉粉草胶多糖在4种离子溶液中,其耐盐性由强到弱的顺序为:K⁺>Na⁺>Mg⁺⁺>Ca⁺⁺,其分子链的构象在4种离子溶液中由柔到刚的顺序为:K⁺>Na⁺>Mg⁺⁺>Ca⁺⁺,这说明凉粉草胶多糖适合在KCl溶液中贮藏和加工。与其他多糖分子链在NaCl溶液中的B值比较后发现,凉粉草胶多糖的分子链构象较海藻酸钠要刚,较黄原胶要柔,这说明凉粉草胶比黄原胶更适合在NaCl溶液中贮藏和加工。     

蒸渗仪测定滴灌枣树不同时间尺度下腾发强度特征

为精确测定、准确模拟阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发过程,基于大型称重式蒸渗仪测定枣树全生育期逐时及逐日腾发强度（ET）,利用水量平衡方程、PM公式及经典统计原理,分析不同时间尺度下叶面积指数（LAI）、气象因素[温度（I）、风速（V）、净辐射（R_n）]、表层土壤含水率（W）与枣树腾发强度的相关关系并建立预测模型。结果表明：枣树日内腾发强度呈单峰型变化趋势,夜间变化幅度较小且腾发贡献率低。枣树全生育期逐日腾发强度变化呈先增大后减小的趋势,花期的腾发强度最大,为4.42 mm·d^-1;全生育期腾发总量为640.83 mm,其中花期和果实生长发育期耗水量占比较大,分别为38.61%和32.72%。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响腾发强度的主要因素不完全相同,且影响程度有所差异。综合考虑各影响因素,以萌芽期、花期、果实发育期为基础,分别建立以小时、日尺度下估算腾发强度的经验模型ET₁（h）=0.153+0.004T+0.012V+0.176R_n+0.002W+0.067LAI、ET₂（d）=-3.325+0.081T+0.163R_n+0.069W+2.089LAI,拟合度R²均在0.7以上,以果实发育期与成熟期数据对模型进行检验,纳什效率系数分别达0.63、0.80。经偏相关检验,冠层净辐射（R_n）对两种尺度的腾发强度均影响最显著,因此以枣树全生育期数据量为基础,仅建立冠层净辐射（R_n）与腾发强度的回归模型ET₁（h）=-0.063 3R_n²+0.361 2R_n—0.003 7、ET₂（d）=-0.018 3R_n²+0.684 7R_n–1.642 1,R²分别为0.704 7与0.743 6,可满足缺少数据支撑情况下的腾发过程估算。这些模型明确了阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发机制及影响程度,可为水分管理精准化提供计算基础。     

粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征

为揭示粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀机理,采用湖北通城县、江西赣县、福建长汀县、广东五华县4个样地的4种粗颗粒土壤（分别定义为TCA、GXA、CTA、WHA）进行室内模拟降雨试验,研究粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀过程及侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成的变化规律。结果表明：（1）4种土壤的地表径流随着降雨时间的增长呈现出先增加后递减并趋于稳定的规律;（2）4种土壤的侵蚀特征存在差异,土壤侵蚀速率表现为WHA>TCA>GXA>CTA;（3）4种土壤的侵蚀泥沙中颗粒分布百分比大小均为砂粒>黏粒>粉粒>砾石。不同土壤侵蚀泥沙富集率表现出明显差异;（4）水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率的相关性显著,用幂函数可以准确描述其关系。在表达式中引入土壤黏粒含量、砾石含量后模型更加可靠（D_r=0.001ω^1.163C_l^-4.069,R²=0.82;D_r=0.003ω^1.149G_r^-1.934,R²=0.84）,提高了模型预测土壤侵蚀速率的精度,在实际应用中具有更广的适应范围与现实价值。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

半干旱黄土地区幼龄侧柏叶蒸腾的数学模型

 通过人工控制水分,形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同土壤水分梯度环境。在自然环境下对侧柏叶片定时、定位进行蒸腾速率及林冠层的光照、空气温度、空气湿度、叶水势和土壤水分等因子的同步观测。蒸腾速率与各个因子的相关分析表明:黄土半干旱地区侧柏蒸腾速率η_t/(μg·cm^-2·s^-1)与光照强度E/(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、空气饱和差p_v/kPa、叶水势Ψ/kPa、气温t/℃的关系可以分别表示为:η_t=>αE_b,η_t=αp_vb,η_t=αψ^b,η_t=αt²+bt+c;侧柏的蒸腾速率η_t与气孔阻力R_s/(s·cm^-1)和土壤含水量W/％有密切关系,可以分别表示为:η_t=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃,R_s=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃。用气温、空气饱和差、叶水势3个因素建立了半干旱黄土地区幼龄单株侧柏蒸腾速率的非线性指数预测模型:η_t=0.6950_exp（0.03158t-14.2492/p_v+0.7606/Ψ）,经检验获得了满意的数值模拟结果。     

双针热脉冲测定冻土热特性的数值模拟方法

使用双针热脉冲(dual probe heat pulse, DPHP)测定冻土热特性时施加热脉冲后会导致加热探针周围的冰融化,使用目前常用的仅考虑热传导（忽略融化相变、冰水两相分界面）的解析解处理DPHP温度数据,会导致在-5 ℃至0 ℃温度范围内无法准确测量热导率 (λ) 和比热 (C_v)。为了能够准确测定冻土的 λ 和 C_v,有必要考虑DPHP加热过程中引起的冰融化的相变潜热。该研究基于COMSOL仿真软件模拟了考虑相变潜热、相变区间以及移动冰水界面的DPHP测量过程,采用随温度非线性变化的真实冻土热特性进行模拟,并与真实冻土的DPHP测量数据对比。结果表明：1）COMSOL仿真在不考虑相变条件下与无限线性热源模型结果完全吻合（R² = 0.9989）;2）当土壤初始温度低于-5 ℃时,考虑相变发生的COMSOL仿真能够准确模拟试验结果,表现出较高的相关性（R² > 0.93）,在-2 ～ 0 ℃的土壤初始温度范围内,无限线性热源模型的结果与试验测量显著偏离（R² < 0.0013）;3）在不同土壤初始温度下,相变温度为-1.5 ～ -0.5 ℃的仿真结果与试验数据具有较高的相关性（R² > 0.7）。本研究结果检验了有限元仿真用于真实冻土DPHP研究的可行性,可为准确预测冻土热特性的研究提供方法。     

杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁中花色苷热降解动力学的研究

杨梅花色苷易受温度、pH值等因素的影响而发生降解,是导致产品外观品质变劣的主要原因。本文研究了杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁内花色苷在不同pH值和不同加热温度下的热稳定性。花色苷降解动力学数据的分析结果表明：杨梅花色苷热降解属动力学一级反应,随着pH值和温度的升高,杨梅花色苷降解的半衰期(t_1/2)和热降解活化能(Ea)显著下降,即花色苷的降解速度增大;同一处理条件下,浓缩果汁的t_1/2明显低于澄清汁。而反应速率常数k和Ea值大于澄清果汁,说明澄清汁花色苷的热稳定性优于浓缩汁。     

Calcium sprays,time of harvest,and duration in cold storage affects fruit quality of d'Anjou pears in a critical year

Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) sprays increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in d'Anjou fruit (Pyrus communis L.), reduced the incidence of cork spot and improved shelf‐life by increasing fruit firmness in a critical year that had lower fruit Ca concentrations due to record high spring and late season temperatures. The third and final harvest in late September resulted in larger fruit size, lower fruit Ca concentrations, higher incidence of cork spot, more extractable juice and yellow fruit skin color, higher soluble solids and sucrose concentrations, but lower acidity than earlier harvested fruits. Fruit held longer in cold storage (145 days) had higher concentrations of fruit Ca, lower concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ethylene (C₂H₄), less fruit firmness, soluble solids and acidity, lower concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose, and less green color of fruit skin than short term storage (45 days). Shelf‐life of CaCl₂‐sprayed fruit was improved because of higher concentrations of fruit Ca that resulted in a lower incidence of cork spot and brown core, fruit firmness was higher, levels of CO₂ and C₂H₄ were lower, and soluble solids, acidity, and extractable juices were affected less for ripened fruit.     

Analysis of the Thermal Energy Requirements for the Extraction of Leaf Protein Concentrate from some Green Plants

Extraction of protein from the leaves of green plants is very important because of the high cost of conventional forms of protein such as meat, milk and fish. In order to design machinery for this extraction, and also to embark on leaf protein concentrate extraction, it is necessary to measure and analyse the energy requirements to carry out each process involved in the extraction, using different plant species.Experiments were carried out to determine the amount of crude protein, and the thermal energy required to extract leaf protein concentrate, from juices obtained from the leaves of some plant species. Leaves from the following plants were selected: cassava (Manihot esculanta), Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata) and thorny tree (Hura crepetans). The leaves from the plant species were macerated in a laboratory pulper. Juice was obtained from the samples using perforated cylinders and a hydraulic press. The specific heat capacity of the juices was determined using the cooling curve method. The values of the heat capacities were used to calculate the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of each juice from its normal temperature of about 25°C to a total protein coagulation temperature of about 80°C. The crude protein content of the extract was determined using the Kjeldal method.Results indicate that the green coagulum extracted from all the juices all have a protein content of at least 37%. The thermal energy required to coagulate protein from the juices ranges from 1·59 kJ kg⁻¹ for Hura crepetans to 2·7 kJ kg⁻¹ for Vernonia amygdalina. The energy requirement to obtain crude protein (CP) ranges from 8 kJ kg⁻¹ [CP] with Hura crepetans to 182 kJ kg⁻¹ [CP] with Vernonia amygdalina. Both results are statistically significant at the 0·01 confidence interval. It is concluded that the choice of plant species can significantly lower the thermal energy requirement for the extraction of leaf protein concentrate.     

石榴汁花色苷热稳定性及其降解动力学研究

为了对石榴汁花色苷热降解的动力学进行了了解,测定了不同温度对石榴汁花色苷含量、色差的影响.结果表明,石榴汁花色苷对热不稳定,其色品指数a*.(Hunter a*)值随加热时间和温度升高呈下降趋势,而色品指数b*(Hunterb*)值呈上升趋势:石榴汁花色苷降解符合动力学一级反应,其反应活化能E0为52.67 kJ/mol,反应常数K0为6.37×106,得出了石榴汁花色苷降解的预测模型.经验证,模型与实测值拟合较好,表明该模型是合理的.     

阿维菌素亚致死剂量下2种色型豌豆蚜解毒酶活力的研究

采用室内培养方法研究了阿维菌素亚致死剂量分别处理红色和绿色型豌豆蚜后,其乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)比活力在不同时间内的变化。结果表明,亚致死剂量LC20、LC10和LC5分别处理2种色型豌豆蚜24 h后,3种酶比活力均高于对照,且GSTs和MFO比活力均随亚致死剂量升高而增大,但AChE比活力表现为2种色型均在LC10处理后达到最大值,分别为13.93 nmol·min-1·mg-1(pro)和53.93nmol·min-1·mg-1(pro)。各处理表现为AChE比活力绿色型大于红色型,GSTs比活力与前者相反,而MFO比活力红、绿色型间无明显规律。随着处理后取样时间的变化,对红、绿色型豌豆蚜AChE、GSTs和MFO比活力的影响均表现为诱导或抑制作用,其中,GSTs比活力绿色型在0 h均达到最大值[nmol·min-1·mg-1(pro)]且显著高于其余时间,分别为49.84(CK)、48.87(LC5)、42.74(LC10)和45.35(LC20)。2种色型豌豆蚜体内AChE、GSTs和MFO比活力变化不但受阿维菌素不同亚致死剂量的影响,还表现出明显的时间效应。     

Physical,Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Antioxidant‐Enriched Raw and Cooked Rice by Vacuum‐Drying Impregnation in a Semidry State

Vacuum drying was employed with a vacuum impregnation technique in a semidry state to enrich rice with antioxidants of beetroot juice. The properties of the vacuum‐dried raw and cooked rice grains were characterized. The various raw rice grains (three varieties and two storage time periods) exhibited a significant absorption of beetroot juice, which was evident from the red‐violet beetroot color of the rice, as distinguished from the white color of the control. The color increase (ΔE= 20−40) was linear with the juice content (R² = 0.96−0.99). Their total phenolic (TP) contents and 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activities were enhanced (ΔTP = 21−260 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of rice db and ΔDPPH = 22−64 mg of vitamin C equivalents/100 g of rice db). Their grain integrity was reduced (Δforce = −1 to −63), which was potentially associated with the formation of grain surface cracks (linear relationship of %crack and %juice with R² = 0.94−0.98). After cooking, the enriched rice grains were linearly elongated with added juice (R² = 0.88−0.97, up to 1.6‐, 2.0‐, and 2.0‐fold for Sanpatong 1, Khao Dawk Mali 105, and Chainart 1 rice samples, respectively), and the overall volume of the cooked rice was increased (likely not linear, up to 3.2‐, 4.3‐, and 4.8‐fold for Sanpatong 1, Khao Dawk Mali 105, and Chainart 1 rice samples, respectively). Such improvements in cooking qualities were obtained by this simple vacuum‐drying technique, in comparison to existing rice‐aging processes that are more time consuming. The sensorial scores of the resultant rice products were excellent. Vacuum drying is an effective tool to improve the antioxidant value of rice as well as its cooking quality, and the raw quality remains appreciable. It is a simple and rapid process that could be practical for manufacturing healthy rice products.     

Simulation of the Mathematical Model of Composting Process of Sewage Sludge

An integrated model was developed to simulate the temporal change and spatial variation of temperature and spatial distribution of TM (total mass) and MC (moisture content) of the final compost for composting process of sewage sludge. The model included biodegradation kinetics of organic matter and balance equations of energy and mass. First-order assumption was applied to describe the biodegradation process with correction functions of temperature, oxygen, MC, and FAS (free air space). The transfer process was considered in balance equations of energy and mass. A finite difference method was used to solve the model. Two trials of 0.21 m³ were run to estimate parameters and evaluate the simulation. The model could predict TM and VS (volatile solid) of the final compost well, temporal trend of oxygen concentration and water removal, and also a good fitting of the temporal and spatial change of temperature. H_rx (reaction enthalpy of biodegradable volatile solid) and η_BVS (mass fraction of biodegradable volatile solid) were considered the most sensitive parameters based on the sensitivity analysis. Future research was suggested to focus on reasonable humidity assumption, measuring accurate value of thermodynamics and kinetics parameters of sewage sludge, and simulating the composting process with different aeration modes and turning of the pile.     

Fungal Susceptibility at Four Temperature‐Moisture Combinations and Carbon Dioxide Kit Color Reader Evaluation

The susceptibility of shelled corn to invasion by storage fungi was assessed using a carbon dioxide (CO₂) test kit. Shelled corn samples were rewetted to either 16 or 21% wb moisture content (MC) and incubated ≤80 hr at either 24 or 30°C in sealed glass jars. CO₂ concentration in the jars was quantified using the color number (0–5) of an indicator gel, which was determined either by visual comparison to a color card (VR) or using a Digital Color Reader (DCR). Plots of DCR color numbers versus time were smoother than those for VR color numbers. The DCR was better able to distinguish differences among samples, especially when color numbers were <2.0. The highest coefficients of determination (r²) for linear regressions of color number versus ergosterol difference were 0.75 for the DCR readings and 0.73 for the VR readings. Rankings of fungal susceptibility were similar at all four temperature‐MC combinations and many r² values for linear regressions comparing readings at other conditions with those at 21% MC and 24°C were statistically significant (α ≤ 0.05). Incubation conditions and time of prior storage had a noticeable yet relatively minor effect on which fungi infected the kernels.     

不同贮藏条件下荷花粉脂质氧化与色泽降解动力学模型

为了减少干燥后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质的劣变,该研究选用可真空和避光的包装材料,分别研究了30 d贮藏过程中温度(4、20、30℃)、光照(避光、非避光)和氧气(真空、常压)对荷花粉黄色度值(b*值)、过氧化氢值(peroxide value,POV)和硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBArs)变化动力学的影响;同时,采用零阶和一阶数学模型对试验数据进行模拟。结果表明:贮藏温度对荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变具有显著影响。在避光真空包装条件下,温度为20和30℃贮藏30 d,与4℃贮藏条件相比,荷花粉黄色度值显著降低(P0.05),POV值和TBArs值显著上升(P0.05);贮藏温度为4℃,真空包装贮藏发现,光照对荷花粉POV值的影响不显著(P0.05),但明显加快了脂质氧化的传播速度,非避光条件下贮藏30 d,TBArs值上升了7.42 mg/kg;零阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中脂质TBArs值的变化,一阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中黄色度和脂质POV值的变化规律。研究结果为脱水后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变规律的探索及贮藏条件的选择提供了一定的基础。     

杀菌方式对石榴浊汁微生物和色泽的影响

为探讨不同杀菌方式对石榴浊汁在4℃冷藏期间微生物和色泽品质的影响,本研究采用超高压技术(HPP,450 MPa/1 min、450 MPa/5 min、550 MPa/1 min、550 MPa/5 min)、巴氏杀菌技术(PT,85℃/30 s)和高温短时杀菌技术(HTST,110℃/8.6 s)对石榴浊汁进行杀菌处理,并重点研究了抗坏血酸和色泽参数变化的动力学特征。结果表明,冷藏期间,HPP和HTST处理石榴浊汁微生物在标准范围内。HPP处理能较好地保留石榴浊汁中脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA)的含量,而PT和HTST处理后DHAA含量较未处理样品(第0天)分别降低了21%和35%;冷藏期间不同杀菌方式处理后DHAA含量均呈下降趋势;经一级动力学模型拟合发现,HPP处理组DHAA的降解速率常数k值高于PT和HTST处理组。与热处理(PT和HTST)相比,冷藏前期,HPP处理能保持石榴浊汁较高的L^*、a^*、b^*值和较低的ΔE值,保持较优的色泽品质;采用一级分数转换动力学模型对L^*、a^*和ΔE值进行拟合,发现HPP处理样品色泽参数在冷藏过程中的k值同样高于热处理样品,即随着冷藏时间的延长,HPP处理组色泽品质逐渐降低。综上所述,HPP处理能在保证石榴浊汁冷藏期间微生物安全的同时,较好地保持其色泽品质。本研究为石榴浊汁工业化生产中杀菌方式的选择提供了理论依据。