GIS支持下东圳库区水土流失景观因子分异研究

以东圳库区的法国SPOT-5遥感影像和相关图件为源数据,以影响水土流失的土地利用类型、地貌、坡度、坡向、土壤等景观因子为研究对象,运用GIS技术,提取各因子特征信息,采用侵蚀强度系数、多样化指数、集中化指数3种数值评价指标方法,分析各景观因子类型的水土流失强度分异特征与变化规律,为库区重要水源地水土流失综合治理及景观因子的生态调控提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的重要水源地东圳库区土壤侵蚀与景观格局分析

以重要水源地东圳库区的法国SPOT-5影像图和土壤侵蚀强度图为源数据,运用GIS的信息管理、空间数据处理分析功能,以土地利用景观为研究对象,提取景观空间格局特征信息,选取景观格局分析指标,对土地利用景观空间格局进行定量化研究,寻求一定的规律,探讨景观格局和水土流失过程之间的关系以及人类活动对景观格局和生态过程的影响。研究表明：库区景观类型和生态系统分布不均;随着侵蚀级别的增加,多样性指数减小,优势明显,均匀度降低;库区的园地和耕地景观破碎程度较大,是造成水土流失的主要原因。     

影响福建土壤侵蚀的景观因子分析

应用福建省5类因子分布图和福建省土壤侵蚀强度图，以地理信息系统为依托，建立了全省各因子图形数据库，在此基础上，采用3种不同的数值方式计算出各因子类型的侵蚀强度系数，多样化指和集中化指数，分析了它们的因子分异，得出各因子类型的土壤蚀强度特征分异，为进行福建省土壤侵蚀景观系统分类提供依据。     

二滩库区(盐边)土地利用景观格局及水土流失动态研究

利用1988,1999和2003年3个时段的TM,ETM＋遥感数据,在GIS和FRAGSTAT景观分析软件的支持下,对二滩库区（盐边）的土地利用景观格局和水土流失动态特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,（1）耕地面积减少,所占百分比呈下降趋势,而有林地、灌木林地、草地所占百分比呈上升趋势。（2）耕地的斑块数目增加,平均斑块面积在减少,斑块密度上升;有林地的斑块数目减少,平均斑块面积增加,斑块密度下降;草地的斑块数目不断增加,平均斑块面积增加,斑块密度下降。说明耕地向不断破碎化发展而有林地、草地呈现持续扩张的空间集中化特征。（3）耕地、有林地、灌木林地、疏林地面积加权的平均斑块形状指数略有下降,斑块形状趋于简单化,而草地的该指数上升,斑块形状趋于复杂化。（4）从景观水平上看,景观格局变化总体特征是斑块数增加,拼块平均面积减少,斑块密度增加,最大斑块指数减少,说明景观破碎度增加。蔓延度降低,散布与并列指数增加,说明景观类型的相互关系变得复杂,镶嵌度增加。（5）景观多样性指数和土地利用相对合理指数增加,坡度较大的地区,耕地面积明显减少,相应地林地、草地面积明显增加,整体上土地利用结构趋于合理。（6）研究区强度以上水土流失面积15a来减少了23．02km2,减少率为15．13％,水土流失强度向低层次转变。说明随着水库的修建蓄水,加上天然林保护工程、退耕还林工程的实施,二滩库区的水土流失明显好转,生态环境逐渐得到改善。     

重要水源地东圳库区土地利用与水土流失特征空间关系分析

选取重要水源地东圳库区为研究区,利用GIS和SPSS技术,通过不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀综合指数和主成分分析两种方法进行定量分析与对比研究。结果表明:①不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀综合指数从强到弱的顺序是园地>耕地>未利用地>居民地>草地>林地;②不同土地利用的水土流失强度主成分分析得出各相关因子贡献率从大到小的顺序为:园地>耕地>未利用地>居民地>草地>林地;③通过土壤侵蚀强度综合指数和主成分分析两种方法得出的结论基本相同。最后,通过分析结果对研究区的水土流失防治提出了建议,研究结果可为东圳库区水土流失综合治理提供理论依据。     

建立三峡库区坡耕地管理信息系统的探讨

三峡库区 2 0 0万hm2 耕地中 ,坡度大于 2 5°的坡耕地占 2 5 %以上。库区内坡耕地水土流失强度大多为中度、轻度 ,少数地方达到强度 ,坡耕地年产沙量约为 80 0 0万t。管理信息系统以三峡库区土壤类型图和三峡库区土地利用现状图作为工作底图 ,建立各土壤类型允许极限侵蚀量数据库、各土壤类型标准侵蚀量数据库 ,根据各类型坡耕地水蚀因子 ,结合专家知识库 ,对坡耕地利用方式进行评价 ,提出合理的坡耕地利用模式     

三峡库区水土流失类型划分及防治对策

在对三峡库区水土流失现状调查的基础上,按照相似性与差异性原则对库区水土流失进行了类型划分,将三峡库区划分为三峡库区东段中低山、中段低山丘陵、西段低山丘陵3个水土流失类型一级区,将3个一级区又划分为9个二级水土流失类型区,并结合各水土流失区域特征提出了分区进行水土流失防治的对策。     

玉溪市南盘江流域石灰岩地区景观格局变化研究--以江川县路居片区小流域为例

以江川县路居片区小流域1987-2003年土地利用现状图和万分之一地形图为基础，在地理信息系统软件MapGis6．6工作平台支持下．处理各种属性数据、图形数据等信息．建立空间信息库，提取相关土地利用现状和水土流失现状数据，建立各种数据信息库。选取了斑块数、平均斑块面积、斑块形状指数、破碎化指数、分维数、景观异质性指数和景观均匀度指数等指标进行研究分析。研究结果表明：17年间．景观斑块从124个增加到162个．土地利用现状类型增加较为明显的是坡耕地、疏幼林、岩石裸露地三种类型；水土流失现状各类型都有不同程度的增加．土壤侵蚀面积共增加了289．9hm^2。景观斑块个数增加，斑块平均面积出现不同程度的减少，景观斑块平均面积减少了5．7hm^2，景观破碎化指数1987年为0．914，2003年为0．922．破碎化指数增加，景观破碎程度加大。水土流失景观向多元化及破碎化方向发展。     

黄河三角洲人类活动强度的湿地景观格局梯度响应

为了研究黄河三角洲湿地景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,该文基于土地科学和景观生态学原理,在RS、Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件支持下,以1989、1999、2009和2014年四期遥感影像为数据源,利用人工目视解译方法构建研究区景观类型图。基于解译结果,选取耕地、工矿用地、居民点和交通用地等土地利用指标来反映人类活动强度,采用自然间断法将人类活动强度从强到弱分带。文章分析了黄河三角洲不同人类活动强度样带不同时期的湿地景观格局变化特征,以及2014年主要景观类型的格局特征对人类活动强度的梯度响应。结果表明:人类的干扰活动使得不同景观类型在人类活动强度各样带表现出明显的空间差异。在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的降低,样带景观的丰富度和斑块数增加,2009年斑块数量达到8 000个;多样性和均匀度指数呈先增后减趋势,景观聚集度和连通性持续增加,在第10样带达到99.42%,破碎化程度不断降低;在类型水平上,水库坑塘、水产养殖场、盐田和未利用地在梯度带中较好地反映了景观格局的变化特征,其中各景观类型的形状指数和分维数随人类活动强度的梯度变化呈现明显的变化趋势,景观形状趋于复杂化,面积比例、斑块密度和最大斑块指数的梯度变化较大,波动明显,盐田在人类干扰最大时斑块指数达到26%。该文揭示了景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区湿地生态恢复及可持续利用提供参考。     

库区生态公益林改造对林地水土流失的影响研究倡

以福建永安安砂库区生态公益林为研究对象,通过设置径流小区,分别在坡度25°和32°的林地中,设计4种不同间伐强度处理(不间伐、20%、40%、60%间伐强度),研究不同间伐强度及间伐后补植枫香两种改造措施对库区生态公益林林地水土流失的影响.结果表明:40%及60%间伐强度林地的水土流失量大于不间伐处理,中高强度间伐后套种枫香的改造措施同样加大了库区生态公益林地的水土流失,但小于间伐措施的流失量,且水土流失量随着坡度的增加而加大.而在适当的低强度间伐(20%间伐强度)条件下,实施两种改造措施之后的库区生态公益林的水土流失量与不间伐处理之间差异并不明显.因此,选择在低坡度(25°)进行适当的低强度(20%间伐强度)间伐并套种枫香等阔叶树种,可达到在兼顾生态效益的同时,科学合理地利用生态公益林的林木和景观资源的目的     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.