Early selection in eucalypt breeding in Australia – optimum selection age to minimise the total cost of kraft pulp production

Optimum ages for early combined-trait selection were derived for a breeding objective of reducing the total cost of unbleached eucalypt kraft pulp, assuming typical heritabilities and age-age genetic correlations for basic density and growth. The optimum biological selection age, the selection age where average annual gain is maximised, was four years for an assumed rotation age of 15 years. The optimum economic selection age, the selection age where the present value of all future gains is maximised, was three years. These conclusions were relatively robust to changes in assumptions used in analysis.     

山地木麻黄种源在海南临高的遗传变异及选择

[目的]研究山地木麻黄种源间抗风性、生长及形质性状的遗传变异规律,为山地木麻黄的良种选育和种质资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]以27个山地木麻黄种源为试验材料,于造林后2、5、7 a时测定山地木麻黄种源的树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率等数量性状,并于造林后7 a时调查主干分叉习性(AP)、主干通直度(SFS)、侧枝密度(DPB)、侧枝直径(TPB)、绿色小枝长度(LDB)、侧枝分枝角(APB)、侧枝长度(LPB)等形质性状以及抗风性(RES),通过方差分析、相关性分析及遗传参数估算揭示其遗传变异规律。应用坐标综合评定法对山地木麻黄种源进行综合评定。[结果]表明:造林后2、5、7 a时,27个山地木麻黄种源间保存率和抗风性差异显著(P0.05);对造林后7 a时保存率较高的18个种源进一步分析显示,上述3个年份各种源间树高、胸径和单株材积等生长性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01);7 a时,TPB、APB、LDB、AP和SFS等形质性状在种源间亦存在显著或极显著差异;生长性状的种源遗传力明显高于形质性状,二者分别受中度或中度偏下和低度遗传控制;随着林龄的增长,树高的遗传变异系数变化不大,而胸径和单株材积的遗传变异系数呈先增加后降低的趋势,树高、胸径、单株材积的遗传变异系数分别为11.89%~12.30%、11.67%~13.67%、30.20%~38.11%;7 a时,形质性状的遗传变异系数为3.84×10~(-5)%~5.56%。性状间相关分析表明:树高作为山地木麻黄早期选择性状较适宜。[结论]依据坐标综合评定法,筛选出17877、19489和19490等3个优良种源,可在生产上大面积推广。     

湿地松生长性状遗传参数的年度变化趋势

对广东省台山市红岭种子园内由60个自由授粉家系所建立的湿地松（Pinus elliottii）子代测定林开展了多年度持续观测,根据其2 a、4 a、6 a、17 a、20 a、22 a生的生长性状数据,分析了该林分的生长表现并估算了树高、胸径和材积的遗传参数。主要结果如下：湿地松子代测定林树高、胸径和材积遗传变异系数分别为3.14%～6.87%、3.87%～5.49%、10.12%～14.62%,年度变化趋势表现出较高的一致性;树高、胸径、材积生长受中等程度的遗传控制,其单株狭义遗传力分别为0.27～0.46、0.21～0.38、0.25～0.40,家系平均遗传力分别为0.56～0.74、0.50～0.75、0.56～0.76。总体上生长性状在成熟期（17 a、20 a、22 a生）的遗传力大于在幼龄期（4 a、6 a生）的遗传力; 6 a生树高、胸径、材积与成熟期相同性状的年-年遗传相关系数为0.57～0.74,成熟期树高、胸径、材积的年-年遗传相关系数为0.99～1.00。如果以22 a生材积作为目标性状,4 a生前根据树高,之后根据材积作早期选择,可期望获得较高的选择效益。     

Age trends in the genetic parameters of wood density and the relationship with growth rates in hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) F1

Age trends in variance components and heritability of overall wood density, earlywood and latewood density, and latewood proportion were investigated in 29-year-old trees of 19 full-sib families of hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) F₁. The age–age correlation and optimum selection age for these traits were also estimated and genetic and phenotypic correlations between wood density and radial growth rate were calculated for each growth ring. Intraring wood density data were obtained using X-ray densitometry. The coefficient of additive genetic variance was stable over all ages, whereas the coefficient of environmental variances gradually decreased with increasing age, resulting in increases in heritability estimates with age for overall density. The latewood proportion had the highest heritability estimates at all ages, ranging from 0.44 to 0.66. Overall density and its various components at 28 years of age showed strong genetic correlations with their respective traits at all younger ages. Optimum selection ages for the wood density traits ranged from 8 to 14 years, at which point maximum gain efficiencies per year were obtained. There were negative correlations between wood density and radial growth rate at early ages, although these relationships tended to be weaker with increasing age. These results suggest that selection at a young age is effective for wood density, but particular care must be taken in selecting trees with an improved radial growth rate because rapid growth will result in a low-density wood product, especially in the early growth period.     

Provenance and family variation in growth performance of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) in a provenance cum progeny trial in Midnapore, India

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. is an important species for agroforestry and commercial plantations in India. Results of a combined provenance–progeny trial of E. tereticornis laid out in 2002 at Midnapore (West Bengal) located in eastern tropical region of India are reported and discussed. Twelve provenances representing 70 families from Australia and Papua New Guinea were evaluated up to the age of 3 years. As a local seed source open-pollinated seed collected from a land race, i.e., Mysore gum (commonly known as Eucalyptus hybrid) was used to serve as check material (control). Significant variation in plant height, clean stem height, girth at breast height (GBH) and field survival was observed due to provenances, as well as families within provenances. This offers an ample scope to a breeder for increasing the growth and productivity in E. tereticornis through selection of provenances and families having potential for higher productivity. Heritability (narrow sense) values were appreciable for growth traits. Within provenance individual tree heritability estimates for height, clean stem length, GBH and number of branches at age 3 years were 0.318, 0.215, 0.269 and 0.231, respectively (assuming a coefficient of relationship of 0.4 for open-pollinated families of E. tereticornis). Provenance of Walsh River, Queensland Australia performed best for plant height, clean stem height, GBH, number of branches and field survival. Apart from this, the provenance from Oro bay to Emo, Papua New Guinea and Burdekin river, Queensland also showed good performance. Provenance from Yurammie, SF from New South Wales performed poorest for growth and survival. Correlations on growth traits were high and statistically significant, indicating that substantial gains could be achieved through indirect selection for one trait based on the direct selection for another. Age–age genetic correlations between age 1 and 3 years for the growth traits were highly significant and positive. Geographic clinal variation pattern was observed as latitude was negatively correlated with height and GBH (P < 0.05); longitude with number of branches (negative, P < 0.05). Fair differences were observed between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability.     

Age trends of genetic parameters of spiral grain in hybrid larch F1 and implications for efficiency of early selection

Age trends in variance components and heritability were estimated from the spiral grain angle of rings 2–25, as counted from the pith in hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) F₁. Age-age genetic and phenotypic correlations and the optimum selection age for spiral grain were also calculated. Wood samples were collected from 95 29-year-old trees belonging to 19 full-sib families in a progeny test plantation in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Spiral grain angle data were obtained by the splitting method. Mean grain angles at growth rings used for the analyses were calculated as the arithmetic mean of angles up to respective rings. Generally, the additive genetic variance for mean grain angle decreased with increasing ring number. Although dominance variance was comparatively high near the pith, it decreased to zero in subsequent growth rings. Highest heritability estimates of mean grain angle occurred at ring 4 and then declined with age, ranging from 0.45 down to 0.20. Age-age phenotypic correlations were higher than genetic correlations, especially those involving early growth rings. Optimum selection ages for spiral grain based on genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated as 3 and 4 years (cambial age), respectively, in which maximum gain efficiency per year were obtained.     

Optimum age for selection based on a time trend of genetic parameters related to diameter growth in seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita in Indonesia

The time trend of genetic parameters related to diameter growth was investigated using data at ages from 1 to 6 years to determine the optimum age for selection in four seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita in South Kalimantan and Riau (Sumatra), Indonesia. The seed orchards at each location were from three geographically distinct provenances from Papua New Guinea. The pooled sum of squares and sum of cross products derived from an analysis of variance of growth of the three provenance populations were used to estimate genetic parameters at each location. Because the genetic parameters at rotation age, 8 years in this study, were not available, they were estimated using functions derived from their time trends. Phenotypic variances and genetic variances calculated at each age were converted to the corresponding square roots, and then analyzed by the linear regression using means as independent variables. The trend of juvenile–mature correlation was fitted by a modified Richards function with the ratio of the older diameter mean to the juvenile diameter as an independent variable. Early selection always resulted in more genetic gain per year than selection at rotation age, and the optimum age for selection, where genetic gain per year was maximized, was found to be 4 and 5 years in the two locations.     

北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律及早期选择可行性探究

[目的]北美鹅掌楸为优良的珍贵用材树种,研究其生长发育规律及生长性状早晚期相关对于北美鹅掌楸人工林高效培育有重要的指导意义。[方法]本文利用树干解析的方法对江苏句容24年生的北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律研究,并在此基础上进行胸径、树高和材积性状的年年相关分析以及早期选择效率评价。[结果]研究结果表明:北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高从6 a进入快速生长期,持续到17 a,而材积则在1 10 a增长缓慢,12 a后进入速生期,生长速率在20 a达到最大,22 a后逐渐降低,林分接近数量成熟。生长性状的年年相关及早期选择效率分析结果表明:胸径、树高在6 a与18 a显著相关,材积在6 a与16 a达到显著相关,且此时选择效率最高;若以24 a为伐期年龄早晚相关分析,胸径、材积在16 a与24 a生长量达到显著相关水平,而树高则为14 a。[结论]北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高早期增速较快,进入中壮龄阶段竞争加剧,个体间分化增大。随着林分年龄的增长,研究获得的早期选择年龄也相应地延迟。从加速育种角度,在6 a进行早期选择较为合理,而在培育大径材北美鹅掌楸方面可以16 a之后再进行疏伐选择。     

香椿无性系苗期生长及早期选择研究

[目的]对香椿无性系的苗期生长进行分析,筛选优良香椿无性系,奠定遗传改良的基础。[方法]以49个香椿无性系为对象,分别于2015、2016、2017年测量其1、2、3 a生株高、胸径,计算材积,对表型性状及其增长量进行方差分析和遗传参数估算,采用独立淘汰法筛选排名前20%的无性系为优良,对中选无性系进行遗传增益等参数估算,并将试验地不同年份特征气象因子与无性系表型性状进行相关分析。[结果]株高、胸径及材积的生长连续3 a在无性系间存在显著差异,且生长性状的遗传变异系数、表型变异系数逐年减小,而变异幅度、重复力逐年增大;3 a生时,株高、胸径及材积的无性系重复力分别为0.55、0.50、0.67,重复力高。2015—2017年,49个香椿无性系之间胸径、材积增长量分别呈显著、极显著差异,3 a生材积与材积、胸径增长量呈高度正相关关系。以3 a生香椿无性系材积及其增长量为2组指标,独立筛选出优良无性系10个,中选无性系群体平均材积大于0.010 4 m~3·株~(-1),增长量大于0.009 7 m~3·株~(-1)。3 a生材积的遗传增益为17.38%,中选香椿无性系的稳定性系数b值均大于1,对年份环境敏感。气象因子-表型性状相关性分析显示,材积与年总降水量、日均降水量有显著正相关关系。[结论]参试香椿无性系间材积差异极显著,选择潜力大;中选的优良香椿无性系遗传增益超过15%,但其在不同年份差异大且稳定性差,这可能与年份降水量有关。     

Quantitative genetics of cold hardiness and growth in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> as estimated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">E.</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urophylla</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. tereticornis</Emphasis> hybrids

Interspecific hybrids of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake × E. tereticornis Smith were used for quantitative genetic analysis of cold hardiness (CH) and growth traits height (H), diameter at breast height (D) and volume (V) at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 years of age. The effect of E. tereticornis male variance was significant (P < 0.05) for CH as well as 2.5- and 4-year-old growth except for H ₄, and E. urophylla female × E. tereticornis male interaction was significant for 0.5- and 1.5-year-old growth and CH except for CH _0.5, whereas E. urophylla female effect was not significant for the majority of traits analyzed. Both additive and dominance gene action were present in the genetics of all the traits measured at most ages, indicating that those traits may be improved by hybrid breeding. The σ _D ²/σ _A ² ratios tended to decline after 1.5 years of age in CH and growth traits, implying that breeding value predictions derived from older performance might be more reliable. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h ² ) for CH and growth ranged from 0.03 ± 0.05 to 0.28 ± 0.13, depending on trait and age. Additive genetic correlations between CH and V were 0.28 ± 0.48 and 0.69 ± 0.30 at ages 1.5 and 2.5, respectively, suggesting that selection for growth would cause a favorable increase in cold hardiness in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis hybrids.     

Efficiency of early selection for rotation-aged wood quality traits in radiata pine

A total of 360 bark-to-bark-through-pith wood strips were sampled at breast height from 180 trees in 30 open-pollinated families from two rotation-aged genetic trials to study inheritance, age-age genetic correlation, and early selection efficiency for wood quality traits in radiata pine. Wood strips were evaluated by SilviScan® and annual pattern and genetic parameters for growth, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness (modulus of elasticity: MOE) for early to rotation ages were estimated. Annual ring growth was the largest between ages 2–5 years from pith, and decreased linearly to ages 9–10. Annual growth was similar and consistent at later ages. Wood density was the lowest near the pith, increased steadily to age 11–15 years, then was relatively stable after these ages. MFA was highest (35°) near the pith and reduced to about 10° at age 10–15 years. MFA was almost unchanged at later ages. MOE increased from about 2.5 GPa near the pith to about 20 GPa at ages 11–15 years. MOE was relatively unchanged at later ages. Wood density and MOE were inversely related to MFA. Heritability increased from zero near the pith and stabilised at ages 4 or 5 for all four growth and wood quality traits (DBH, density, MFA and MOE). Across age classes, heritability was the highest for area-weighted density and MFA, lowest for DBH, and intermediate for MOE. Age-age genetic correlations were high for the four traits studied. The genetic correlation reached 0.8 after age 7 for most traits. Early selection for density, MFA and MOE were very effective. Selection at age 7–8 has similar effectiveness as selection conducted at rotation age for MFA and MOE and at least 80% effective for wood density.     

Variation analysis and fine family selection on half-sib progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana

Variation of traits that include height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume, crown width, straightness, wood basic density, tracheid length and width of open-pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was analyzed. Differences in traits such as growth, tree form and wood quality among families was significant, which indicated that the improvement potential was notable. Heritability of height and wood basic density reached 0.691 and 0.640, respectively. According to a correlation analysis between traits, stem straightness could be improved indirectly when growth traits are improved; growth traits were significantly correlated with wood basic density; and wood basic density was not significantly correlated with length and width of the tracheid. Under the selection ratio of 10%, genetic gains were 19.74% and 19.32% respectively, and selected families from the progeny test stands at the age of five years and eight years were the same. Genetic correlation of height, DBH and stem volume was also significant at the level of 0.01. These show that selection of the short rotation of P. massoniana for pulp and paper use would be efficient for five-year-old trees. According to the comparison of the heritability of all the traits and taking into account the result of canonical correlation analysis, height could be considered as the most important index for selection. Given wood quality of all the families, and flowering and fruit settings of the clones in a seed orchard, twelve fine families were selected at 10% selection ratio of height growth and stem volume. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 43–49 [译自: 林业科学]     

尾叶桉 × 细叶桉多年生生长及其与材性相关的遗传分析

目的 了解尾叶桉 × 细叶桉多年生生长的遗传规律,为大径材良种培育的早期选择年龄的确定提供可靠依据。 方法 对10株尾叶桉 × 10株细叶桉不完全析因交配产生的59个杂种组合13、16年生树高、胸径和材积采用混合线性模型估算母本、父本和母本 × 父本互作的方差分量,计算狭义遗传力,检测与早期生长及10年生材性性状间的表型相关和加性遗传相关,并基于遗传相关和主成分回归分析进行生长性状早期选择年龄的确定。 结果 尾细桉 × 细叶桉杂种组合13、16年生树高、胸径和材积均高于母本自由授粉家系,16年生时1个组合和47株单株的胸径达到≥28 cm的大径材标准;母本效应对2个年龄的树高、胸径和材积均显著,但父本效应仅对材积显著,母本 × 父本互作仅对13年生树高显著,表明母本对杂种生长的影响明显大于父本;2个年龄的树高、胸径和材积的狭义遗传力为0.17～0.23,均属中等偏低的水平;16年生树高、胸径和材积与之前年龄（0.5、1.5、2.5、4、7.5、10和13年生）的相应生长性状的表型相关和加性遗传相关均达0.01或0.001的显著水平(与1.5年生材积的相关除外),2.5年生开始加性遗传相关即较稳定。16年生与早期生长性状的回归分析显示：2.5年生能够分别解释16年生树高、胸径和材积变异的73.9%、71.9%和66.2%;13年生和16年生的生长与10年生木材基本密度均呈显著的正相关,而与木质素含量均呈显著的负相关（H16除外）。 结论 尾叶桉 × 细叶桉13、16年生生长具有一定的杂种优势,可用于选育大径材良种;生长性状持续受母本效应的显著影响,父本效应对晚期材积亦影响显著,需要重视优良杂交母本和父本的选择;早晚期生长显著相关,早期选择可在2.5年生时进行;晚期生长与10年生木材基本密度和木质素含量分别呈显著的正和负相关,可进行间接选择。     

Growth and wood basic density of acacia hybrid clones at three locations in Vietnam

Field trials testing a total of 27 clones of the interspecific hybrid Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis and seedling controls of the parental species were established at Ba Vi and Yen Thanh in the north of Vietnam and Long Thanh in the south. At both Ba Vi and Yen Thanh there were significant (P < 0.001) differences in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) among 22 tested clones at 4 years. At Long Thanh, twelve hybrid clones did not differ significantly in DBH at age 3 years, but did (P < 0.001) at age 5 years. At the two northern sites the acacia hybrid clones had significantly greater DBH than control seedlots of the parental species. At Long Thanh, DBH of the hybrid clones and A. mangium was similar, with a genetically improved seedlot of A. mangium displaying the best DBH. Mean wood basic density at breast height of the acacia hybrid clones was 539 kg m⁻³ at Yen Thanh at age 8 years, and 473 kg m⁻³ at Long Thanh at age 5 years; density for A. mangium at Long Thanh was only slightly lower than the hybrid clones at 461 kg m⁻³. Linear regressions of Pilodyn penetration (PP) at breast height on wood basic density explained 60% of the variance in density of treatments (clones and control seedlots) at Yen Thanh and 36% at Long Thanh. There were significant differences between hybrid clones in PP at all three trial sites. Clonal DBH performance was not strongly correlated across the three trial sites; Pearson correlations of clone mean DBH between pairs of sites ranged from −0.47 to 0.20. Clonal rankings for PP were more stable, with Pearson correlations between pairs of sites ranging from r = 0.71 to 0.78.     

尾叶桉与赤桉正反析因交配杂种F_1材性遗传参数的估算

[目的]通过尾叶桉与赤桉杂种F1材质性状的遗传参数估算及其分析,为桉树杂交育种材性改良亲本选配和交配设计提供理论依据。[方法]以尾叶桉与赤桉6×6正反析因交配杂种F1测定林为材料,并以相应亲本自由授粉的半同胞子代作对照。9年生时,对各小区的杂种和家系(5株小区,6次重复)选取2株平均木,在胸高1. 3 m处沿南北向钻取木芯,共984个,测定木材基本密度、纤维长、纤维宽和纤维长宽比,利用ASReml-R估算4个材质指标的特殊配合力、杂种优势、父母本单株狭义遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关系数。[结果]表明:尾叶桉与赤桉正反交的杂种木材基本密度优于对照,呈明显的杂种优势;反交组合杂种其木材基本密度优于正交组合杂种,正交组合杂种的纤维特性优于反交组合的;在正交组合杂种中,木材基本密度、纤维长和纤维长宽比的母本效应低于父本效应;而反交组合杂种中,4个材质指标的母本效应均高于父本效应。木材基本密度和纤维特性指标受中至低遗传控制。正反交组合杂种中,除纤维长宽比外,其余3个材质指标的显性效应大于加性效应。对于遗传相关,杂种的木材基本密度与纤维宽呈极显著的负相关,与纤维长宽比呈极显著的正相关,与纤维长呈不显著负相关,纤维长与纤维宽呈显著正相关。对于表型相关,除纤维宽与纤维长宽比呈不显著正相关外,其余性状间均呈极显著正相关。[结论]尾叶桉与赤桉杂种的材质性状遗传差异因亲本和交配方式而异,表明通过种间杂交和正向选择进行材质性状的遗传改良具有潜力。     

Dry matter partitions and specific leaf weight of soybean change with tree competition in an intercropping system

In 2004 and 2005, the yield, leaf area, dry weight and dry weight partitions of soybeans were determined at the Agroforestry Research Site (ARS) (est. 1987, Ontario, Canada). Soybean was intercropped with poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-177 L., 556 m³crown tree⁻¹), silver maple (Acer saccharinum L., 308 m³), black walnut (Juglans nigra L., 148 m³) and pecan (Carya illinoensis Wangenh., 114 m³), or grown alone (monoculture). Yield of soybean was not different in either year between the monoculture and the black walnut or pecan intercrops. In the poplar and silver maple treatments, yield was 66 and 85% (2004 and 2005) lower than in the monoculture. Despite the fact that different tree species were used, there was a significant negative linear regression between yield and tree crown volume (R ² = 0.76, P = 0.0049 and R ² = 0.93, P < 0.0001 in 2004 and 2005, respectively). With increasing tree crown volume, soybean tended to partition more dry matter to the photosynthetic and reproductive parts and less to structural tissue and petiole. This demonstrates the phenotypic flexibility of the crop component in agroforestry systems. Contrary to theoretical predictions, soybean leaves were thicker as shade increased (increase by 6.2 × 10⁻⁴–1.2 × 10⁻³ mg cm⁻², per unit of crown volume), pointing to competitive interactions specific to tree-based intercrops.     

尾叶桉×细叶桉木材密度与生长的联合选择

[目的]评估Resistograph钻刺法间接测定尾叶桉×细叶桉木材密度的可靠性,检测杂交亲本对子代表型的效应以及生长与木材密度的相关,评选速生、优质的尾细桉杂种。[方法]基于10株尾叶桉与10株细叶桉不完全析因交配产生的56个杂交组合的7.5年生试验林,利用79株分析容积法与Resistograph钻刺法测定的木材密度的相关,通过方差分析检测亲本对杂种生长和木材密度的效应,结合多重比较和独立淘汰法进行材积和木材密度的联合选择。[结果]容积法与Resistograph钻刺法测定的木材密度的表型相关系数为0.52(P0.001),遗传相关系数为0.55(P0.05);树高、胸径及材积的母本间和父本间均呈极显著差异(P0.001或0.01),但母本×父本互作的效应不显著;对钻刺木材密度,父本间呈极显著差异(P0.001),母本×父本互作显著(P0.05),但母本间差异不显著;树高、胸径和材积间的表型相关和遗传相关均极显著(P0.001),其与钻刺木材密度的表型相关极显著(P0.001),但遗传相关不显著;评选出速生、木材密度较高的杂交组合14个、单株17株。[结论]Resistograph钻刺法是一种间接测定尾细桉木材密度的简便、经济和可靠的方法;母本和父本选择以及母本与父本的组配对培育速生、材质优良的尾细桉杂种均较重要;尾细桉生长与木材密度的遗传相关不显著,需要对这两类性状分别进行选择;评选的尾细桉杂交组合和单株为培育速生、优质的桉树良种提供了有用的材料。     

Estimation of whole-stem respiration,incorporating vertical and seasonal variations in stem CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> efflux rate,of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> trees

We examined vertical and seasonal variations in stem respiration rates in a 50-year-old plantation of Japanese cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., in central Japan, and discuss a practical and precise method to scale a point-measured stem CO₂ efflux rate up to whole-stem respiration. For five selected trees, stem CO₂ efflux rates were measured at breast height (1.3 m) and at five or six points above breast height (at approximately 2 m intervals) every 1 or 2 months over two consecutive years. Daily total stem respiration rate (surface area basis) was greater inside the crown than below the crown, especially during the growing season. By incorporating the vertical profile of the respiration rate, annual whole-stem respiration was estimated for each sample tree (R _y). We then compared this estimate (R _y) with another estimate of annual whole-stem respiration (R′_y) obtained using a conventional method; it is assumed that the area-based respiration rate at breast height is constant throughout the stem. The ratio of these two estimates (R′_y/R _y) was usually less than 1, indicating that the assumptions used to calculate R′_y underestimate annual whole-stem respiration. We found that R′_y/R _y was negatively correlated with the ratio of crown length to tree height (crown ratio). These results suggest that annual whole-stem respiration in this C. obtusa plantation is substantially affected by the relative proportion of within-crown stem with higher respiratory activity. Methodologically, our results imply that incorporating the crown ratio into the conventional method would improve the accuracy of annual whole-stem respiration estimates.     

青海云杉自由授粉家系遗传评价与选择

[目的]通过对青海云杉1代无性系种子园自由授粉家系开展遗传评价,利用遗传测定结果提升青海云杉造林的良种化水平及提高良种使用率。[方法]本文以青海云杉初级种子园自由授粉家系测定林为研究材料,对13年生青海云杉家系树高、新梢长、保存率和11年生的主、侧梢冻害率进行了遗传评价,采用综合指数选择优良家系和最佳线性无偏预测方法预测单株育种值选择二代优树。[结果]研究结果表明:家系13年生的树高、新梢长、保存率和11年生主、侧梢冻害率的表型变异系数是24. 06%84%,遗传变异系数是3. 28%19. 31%。家系、家系和区组互作效应显著影响了13年生青海云杉树高和新梢长。树高和新梢长的家系遗传力分别是42. 5%和34. 2%,而单株遗传力是3. 00%,家系遗传力高于单株遗传力。采用综合指数选择法进行生长和抗性性状的综合选择,根据综合指数基于多样性和遗传增益进行平衡选择,有21个家系入选,入选家系的树高、保存率、主梢冻害率现实遗传增益分别为5. 66%、12. 59%和12. 96%。根据家系内单株13年生的树高育种值从1 103个单株中选择二代优树111个,单株入选率为10. 06%,入选二代优树树高的期望遗传增益是20. 10%。[结论]青海云杉13年生树高和新梢长在家系间存在显著变异,且还受家系与环境互作效应的影响,说明青海云杉家系的生长不仅受遗传的控制,还受遗传和环境的互作影响。根据各家系13年生树高和保存率和11年生主、侧梢冻害率综合指数值按35%的入选率综合选择21个家系,入选的家系不仅生长好,且抗性能力强,可用于回选优良无性系用于改扩建1代种子园或建立1. 5代种子园。     

Optimal timing of early genetic selection for sawn timber traits in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>

In breeding Norway spruce, selection for improved growth and survival is performed at age 10–15 years in order to optimize genetic gain per year. We investigated whether a selection based on wood traits such as density and grain angle, measured under bark in the field at the same age would be informative enough with respect to structural quality traits of sawn boards. To achieve this objective, a sawing study was conducted on the butt logs of 401 trees from a 34-year-old Norway spruce progeny trial situated in southern Sweden. Stem discs were excised from the top of the logs and radial profile data of grain angle, and wood density was recorded for specific annual rings. The sawn and dried boards were assessed for structural traits such as twist, board density, bending stiffness (static modulus of elasticity, sMoE) and bending strength (modulus of rupture, MoR). Additive genetic correlations (r_a) between single annual ring density measurements and board density, sMoE and MoR were consistently strong (r_a>?0.7) for annual rings 5–13. Genetic correlations of similar magnitude between grain angle and board twist were estimated for all investigated annual rings (from 2 to around 26 under bark). Consequently, it was found that indirect selection for wood density and grain angle at the tree age 10–16 years would result in more genetic gain per year than selection at later ages. This makes it feasible to perform simultaneous selection of progeny in the field for both growth and wood traits at similar ages.