美国国家动物卫生实验室网络组建与发展现状

2002年,为提升动物外来病入侵和生物恐怖袭击的应对能力,美国以联邦、州立和大学动物卫生诊断实验室为基础,组建了国家动物卫生实验室网络(NAHLN)。十多年来,NAHLN几乎覆盖了美国所有公立动物疫病诊断实验室,网络体系趋于完善;通过联邦和各州持续投资,NAHLN实验室强化了生物安全设施、标准化快检技术、质量体系、电子报告系统、人员素质和应急监测预案等6方面建设,能力大幅提升;按照早发现、快反应、有序恢复(无疫)的理念,设置了风险监测、应急监测、无疫监测3种模式,对10余种优先防范和控制病种实施分类监测,在发现疫情和证实无疫方面发挥了重要作用,HANLN的名字由此得到了美国政府、国会和行业的认可。同时,HANLN也面临着经费支持不足、被动监测组织性不够等问题。     

Genetic diversity and thermotolerance in Holstein cows: Pathway analysis and marker development using whole-genome sequencing

Heat stress causes extensive losses in the dairy sector, due to negative effects on milk production and reproduction. Cows have evolved a series of protective mechanisms, (physiological, biochemical, behavioural) to cope with the thermostressing environments, which have allowed the preservation of productive and reproductive potential of specific animals during summer; these animals are considered thermotolerant and could be used to design programs of selective breeding. These programs, targeting the generations of a population of heat-resistant animals, would increase the frequency of the desired phenotypes, tackling the financial losses on one hand and reducing the carbon footprints of the dairy sector on the other. The development of genomics techniques has enabled genome wide variant calling, to detect SNPs associated with the desired phenotypes. In this study, we used a comparative genomics approach to detect genetic variation associated with thermotolerance and to design molecular markers for characterizing the animals as tolerant/sensitive. A total of 40 cows from each group were split in four sequencing pools and a whole-genome sequencing approach was used. Results and conclusion: Genome-wide genetic variation between groups was characterized and enrichment analysis revealed specific pathways which participate in the adaptive mechanisms of thermotolerance, implicated into systemic and cellular responses, including the immune system functionality, Heat Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. The markers made a promising set of results, as specific SNPs in five genes encoding for Heat Shock Proteins were significantly associated with thermotolerance.     

畜牧养殖中动物疾病病因及防控

畜牧养殖是山东省无棣县车王镇的重点产业,近年发展速度较快,显著促进了地区居民的增收致富。在畜牧养殖过程中,动物疾病防控是关键管理环节。为提升动物疾病防控成效,需深入分析动物疾病的出现原因,采取针对性的解决对策,最大程度控制动物疾病的发生与影响。     

生物信息学在动物科学领域的研究动态和发展前景

随着计算机科学和生物科学的迅猛发展,由此而诞生的生物信息学逐渐发展成为一门独立的学科。它已经成为21世纪动物科学中的重要研究领域之一。生物信息学涉及的内容随着研究的深入而不断扩大,在动物科学上的应用也越来越广泛。但是,生物信息学也有新的挑战,这主要集中于数据分析上。作者简单介绍了生物信息学的产生、发展及其在动物科学领域的研究动态和发展前景。     

动物疫病与人类健康

人类健康和生命安全正面临动物疫源性疾病、动物性食品安全、动物源性耐药菌、兽药生态毒理作用、养殖污染、生物剂及生物恐怖袭击的威胁,尤其是人畜共患病的增加,动物疫病已上升为影响公共安全的一个重大社会问题。针对我国现行公共卫生体系存在的不足,应建立动物医学、动物科学与人医学一体化的公共卫生体系和长效运行机制。     

动物寄生虫病的综合防治研究进展

动物寄生虫病是由寄生于动物体的各种病原性寄生虫引发的疾病,由于寄生虫常以一种极为隐蔽的方式对动物进行慢性消耗,因而严重影响畜牧业的快速发展。因为单一防治措施对寄生虫病的控制和消灭很难凑效,所以综合防治措施的发展愈来愈重要。本文就动物寄生虫病对动物的危害、抗动物寄生虫药物的新剂型和综合防治措施等方面进行了综述。     

海南美兰机场动物卫生监督检查机制

介绍了美兰机场省际动物卫生监督检查站的机构设置、人员配备、监管依据、工作程序、联防联控等监督检查机制。     

论生态环境与畜禽健康——饲料卫生与畜禽健康

介绍了饲料中主要有毒物质对畜禽健康的影响，讨论了饲料质量鉴定的概念和方法，指出降低饲料中有害物质是提高畜产品质量和增强我国畜产品市场竞争力的重要措施。     

Next-generation sequencing for the genetic characterization of Maedi/Visna virus isolated from the northwest of China

BackgroundMaedi/Visna virus (MVV) is a contagious viral pathogen that causes considerable economic losses to the sheep industry worldwide.ObjectivesIn China, MVV has been detected in several regions, but its molecular characteristics and genetic variations were not thoroughly investigated.MethodsTherefore, in this study, we conducted next-generation sequencing on an MVV strain obtained from northwest China to reveal its genetic evolution via phylogenetic analysis.ResultsA MVV strain obtained from Inner Mongolia (NM) of China was identified. Sequence analysis indicated that its whole-genome length is 9193 bp. Homology comparison of nucleotides between the NM strain and reference strains showed that the sequence homology of gag and env were 77.1%–86.8% and 67.7%–75.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NM strain was closely related to the reference strains isolated from America, which belong to the A2 type. Notably, there were 5 amino acid insertions in variable region 4 and a highly variable motif at the C-terminal of the surface glycoprotein (SU5).ConclusionsThe present study is the first to show the whole-genome sequence of an MVV obtained from China. The detailed analyses provide essential information for understanding the genetic characteristics of MVV, and the results enrich the MVV library.     

SPF级实验动物房的设计与建设

SPF级实验动物是生命科学研究中广泛认可的标准实验动物,生物医学的进步发展有赖于高品质的实验动物,而实验动物房及设施的规范建设和健康运行,则是提供SPF级实验动物的前提条件。初步制定西南大学家蚕基因组生物学国家重点实验室SPF级实验动物房的设计与建设规划,旨在通过科学合理的设计、设施完善的建设和严格规范的管理,确保SPF级实验动物房建成后的正常运行,为科学研究提供高质量的实验动物,满足各项科研工作的需求。     

动物性食品安全问题与公共卫生

动物性食品安全问题是食品安全的重大问题之一,关系到人类健康和公共卫生安全.通过对人兽共患病、化学污染、动物食物链污染、动物性食品加工过程污染等影响动物性食品卫生与安全的主要问题进行系统的阐述,同时对防范动物性食品安全问题采取的措施和公共卫生安全方面进行论述,从而为动物性食品安全的防范提供理论依据.     

浅谈动物营养与饲料科学专业实验室的建设

从动物营养与饲料科学专业实验室教师队伍和功能实验室建设两个方面详细阐述了实验室建设过程中的建议和体会。     

Animal Biowarfare Research: Historical Perspective and Potential Future Attacks

A biological attack on livestock or poultry could result in the loss of valuable animals, costs related to the containment of outbreaks and the disposal of carcasses, lost trade and other economic effects involving suppliers, transporters, distributors and restaurants; however, it is not possible to secure all livestock, and livestock are much less well guarded than human targets. Thus, the vulnerability of the livestock industry to the introduction of biological agents varies for the following reasons: (i) the majority of lethal and contagious biological agents are environmentally resilient, endemic in foreign countries and harmless to humans, making it easier for terrorists to acquire, handle and deploy these pathogens, (ii) with animals concentrated in fewer production facilities and frequently transported between these facilities, a single pathogen introduction could cause widespread infection and (iii) the extent of human travel around the globe makes it difficult to exclude exotic animal diseases as possible biological agents. Historically, many governments have developed and planned to use biological agents for direct attacks on livestock or poultry. In the past, developed nations have actively developed biological weapons to target animals. The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from isolated acts against individuals by individuals to tactical and strategic military attacks and state‐sponsored international terrorism intended to cause mass casualties in animals, humans or both. This review provides an overview of the past development and use of biological weapons and describes potential future attacks.     

Community Animal Health Services for Improving Household Wealth and Health Status of Low-income Farmers

Community animal health services (CAHS) have been promoted since the 1970s by aid organizations in low-income countries to improve the health of animals. They are also thought to improve directly the wealth and health or livelihood of their owners. We have systematically searched for observational studies of basic preventive and curative animal health services provided by a community animal health worker in communities in low-income countries. The objective was to summarize the available research on the effects of CAHS on indicators for household wealth and health. Studies for inclusion were assessed independently according to predefined eligibility criteria, the methodological quality of the studies examined, and data extracted. Fourteen studies of varying methodological quality met the inclusion criteria. The results were unclear in four studies, and in the remaining studies it was difficult to summarize the results because they reported different outcomes. However, the studies report that CAHS has a considerable potential for improving human health and wealth as well as animal health and productivity. Given the amount of money and time invested in this area, these observations need to be confirmed in the context of a well-designed study using standard pragmatic outcomes.     

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method

The genomic surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is based on sequencing of the ORF5 gene of the virus, which covers only 4% of the entire viral genome. It is expected that PRRSV whole-genome sequencing (WGS) will improve PRRSV genomic data and allow better understanding of clinical discrepancies observed in the field when using ORF5 sequencing. Our main objective was to implement an efficient method for WGS of PRRSV from clinical samples. The viral genome was purified using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method and sequenced using Illumina technology. We tested 149 PRRSV-positive samples: 80 sera, 33 lungs, 33 pools of tissues, 2 oral fluids, and 1 processing fluid (i.e., castration liquid). Overall, WGS of 67.1% of PRRSV-positive cases was successful. The viral load, in particular for tissues, had a major impact on the PRRSV WGS success rate. Serum was the most efficient type of sample to conduct PRRSV WGS poly(A)-tail assays, with a success rate of 76.3%, and this result can be explained by improved sequencing reads dispersion matching throughout the entire viral genome. WGS was unsuccessful for all pools of tissue and lung samples with Cq values > 26.5, whereas it could still be successful with sera at Cq ≤ 34.1. Evaluation of results of highly qualified personnel confirmed that laboratory skills could affect PRRSV WGS efficiency. Oral fluid samples seem very promising and merit further investigation because, with only 2 samples of low viral load (Cq = 28.8, 32.8), PRRSV WGS was successful.     

Performance of Community-based Animal Health Workers in the Delivery of Livestock Health Services

Since the liberalization of animal health services in Kenya in the early 1990s, community-based animal health workers (CBAHWs) have become an important alternative animal health delivery channel in the country's marginal areas. However, professional veterinary practitioners have questioned the effectiveness of CBAHW programmes in animal health service delivery in Kenya. This is partly due to lack of information about their performance and partly because CBAHW programmes were implemented before the necessary changes in the existing legal, policy and institutional frameworks had been made. This study was designed to provide such information. In this regard, the productivity of livestock herds among farmers who utilized the services of CBAHWs was compared to that of livestock belonging to farmers who utilized the services of professional veterinarians. The annual live births per mature female (birth ratio) and the proportion of young stock to mature females (breeding index) was computed over a period of 3 years in cattle and goat herds under care of CBAHWs and professional veterinarians. The birth ratios in cattle and goats under CBAHWs were not significantly different from those under the care of professional veterinarians (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the breeding index of cattle and goats under the two categories was not statistically different. Besides the CBAHWs providing clinical services, they also created positive externalities through participatory learning enjoyed by neighbouring livestock keepers, who later dispensed with their services. Policy attention is therefore needed to enhance the participation of CBAHWs in animal health service delivery and to appropriately integrate their activities into the existing formal animal health delivery system in Kenya. Interventions that improve the professional development of these workers, with emphasis on areas pertaining to care of young stock, would not only promote the sustainability of CBAHW programmes but would also improve livestock productivity in the country's marginal areas.     

河南省动物卫生监督暨畜牧兽医执法标准化建设实践

近年来,河南省努力推进动物卫生监督暨畜牧兽医执法标准化建设,在工作机制、机构建设、队伍建设、工作实效等方面取得了显著成效,但也存在着资金投入不足、工作开展不均衡、执法难度大等难题。本文从标准研究、财政支持、队伍管理、执法办案等提出发展建议,以期为深化综合执法改革,全面提升基层执法能力提供参考。     

高职学校畜牧兽医专业实验室管理

为了加强高职院校实验室管理,通过制订和完善实验室管理制度,如实验室技术人员管理、仪器设备的采购和实验用药品的管理、对学生的管理、创新实验项目的实验室管理、实验室网络平台和实验室对外技术服务的管理、病原微生物的保存与处理、病死动物的无害化处理、实验室应急事件处理等措施,实现统筹规划和资源共享,培养学生的实验兴趣,使学生初步掌握畜牧兽医专业实验研究的基本方法和实验操作的基本技能,促进实验室的科学化、规范化、制度化的管理,以达到全面提升学生实践操作技能的目的。     

单细胞转录组测序技术及其在动物繁殖中的应用进展

动物繁殖在动物种群发展和生命进化的过程中起到群落延续、物种演化、进化变异等至关重要的作用。繁殖是各种生殖细胞的动态变化和互作效应的结果,对生殖细胞动态变化机制进行解析是了解动物繁殖过程的基础。单细胞转录组测序技术在群体细胞中以单细胞维度深入解读信息,逐步成为解读细胞类群异质性、关键基因筛选、相关通路表达、细胞互作等具有复杂性、多样性、动态性的生物学问题的首要选择。目前,单细胞转录组测序技术已经开始从动物生殖细胞的角度对动物繁殖的相关机制进行更深入的探究,以此进一步研究动物繁殖的相关过程。因此,本文主要对单细胞转录组测序技术的相关内容以及其在动物繁殖中的相关应用进行总结。     

实验动物饲养教学模式改革探索

传统的实验动物饲养教学模式不利于培养学生的学习能力和提高学生的学习兴趣,因此,实验动物饲养学需要新的技术手段和方法来展现其中的教学内容。针对实验动物饲养的教学现状,探讨了在实验动物饲养学教学过程中,如何进行实验动物项目课程建设,利用学校实验室和校外实训基地设置情境教学和进行现场教学,并充分利用多媒体技术和网络资源,注重培养学生的独立性和自主性,引导学生在实践中学习主动思考,使学习成为在教师指导下的主动的、富有个性的过程,培养和提高学生的实践操作能力和创新能力,培养具有良好职业素养和创业素质的高素质技能型人才。