雌性克氏原螯虾的生长模型与性腺发育的研究

通过观察和测量270尾雌性克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）,建立了不同规格克氏原螯虾生殖群体的平均体长、体重、性腺重及肝脏重的统计值,并利用抱卵量、抱卵指数等生态学参数建立性腺发育模型。结果表明,雌虾体长在6.5cm～11.4cm之间,体长与体重关系为W=0.021L3.343;观察到最大抱卵量为6...     

壬基酚(NP)对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长和性别分化的影响

采用外部形态观察和性腺组织学连续切片方法,确定罗氏沼虾幼虾的性别分化时期,并探讨壬基酚(NP)对罗氏沼虾幼虾(体长约1.5 cm)生长和性别分化的影响。结果表明,罗氏沼虾仔虾后15 d出现生殖原基;仔虾后24 d,部分仔虾第四至第五步足基部明显凹陷,腹甲出现皱折和突起,并出现生殖管;仔虾后45 d,部分仔虾第二游泳足内侧出现雄性附肢,性腺明显区分为精巢和卵巢。处理时间短于15 d,NP对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长无显著影响;但处理超过20 d,NP以明显的剂量依存关系显著抑制罗氏沼虾体长和体重(P<0.05)。实验结束时(30 d),对照组个体均已完成性别分化,精巢和卵巢内分别出现大量精原细胞和卵原细胞,但NP处理组无法鉴定性别的幼虾比例随NP剂量增加而增加。研究表明,罗氏沼虾幼虾外部性征出现略早于内部性征的分化,早期性别分化发生在仔虾变态后21～45 d;此外,NP可能通过干扰蜕皮及卵黄蛋白原合成从而抑制罗氏沼虾幼虾生长和精巢发育。     

雌性特异蛋白对罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育的促进作用

鱼类雌性特异蛋白(FSP)可以提高雌鱼产卵率、鱼苗孵化率以及鱼苗成活率。本文报道了在罗氏沼虾幼体食谱中添加 FSP,测定幼虾体长、鲜重、干重、蛋白量及核酸量,并观察其发育时期,证明 FSP 可促进幼虾生长以育。     

西南大西洋公海阿根廷滑柔鱼渔业生物学初探

根据2012年1-4月西南大西洋公海鱿钓渔船随机采集的666尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本,对其鱿钓渔获的群体组成、形态特征、雌雄性比、缠卵腺及性腺发育等渔业生物学进行分析。结果显示：调查期间鱿钓渔业阿根廷滑柔鱼渔获群体胴长为91～351 mm,呈双峰分布,雌、雄性平均胴长分别为243.6 mm 和214.5 mm,雌性个体显著大于雄性;雌雄性比为1.26：1,以雌性个体为主;雌性群体性成熟以Ⅱ期为主（57.9%）,Ⅲ期以上个体为42.1%;雌性性成熟度、缠卵腺发育程度与个体大小密切相关,进一步研究认为缠卵腺长与其重量存在幂函数关系,且雌性性成熟个体缠卵腺指数明显大于未成熟个体;雄性个体性腺随着个体生长逐步发育。根据个体大小和性成熟状况推测,调查期间捕获的阿根廷滑柔鱼群体以南巴塔哥尼亚种群（ SPS）为主,混有少量的夏季产卵（ SSS）群体。     

不同水系青虾交配苗种繁育及成虾养殖试验

利用太湖和长江两种不同水系的青虾进行交配,可有效改良青虾种质,增大青虾养成规格。试验分别收购天然青虾幼虾和性成熟天然青虾作亲本,进行2种方式青虾交配的苗种繁育,幼亲虾养成后交配共生产虾苗668万尾,子一代幼虾规格不整齐;性成熟亲本交配共生产虾苗295万尾,抱卵虾受精卵发育基本同步,子一代幼虾规格整齐。成虾对照养殖结果显示, 交配虾上市成虾平均体长为6．4 cm,高出天然抱卵虾子代成虾体长5．7 cm的9％,高出养殖虾仔代成虾体长4．7 cm的36％。     

鄱阳湖区克氏原螯虾捕捞种群结构分析

2013年6-8月在鄱阳湖区的鄱阳、都昌以及余干县（瑞洪镇）水域,对1683尾克氏原螯虾样本进行了生物学测定。在采集的样本中,最大体长11.2cm,最大体重64.6g;最小体长4.4cm,最小体重3.6g。数据分析结果显示：鄱阳湖区克氏原螯虾体长体重关系为式为W（综合）=0.020 L3.291（r=0.9460,n=1683）、W♂=0.013 L3.516（r=0.9482,n=762）、W♀=0.025 L3.158（r=0.9600,n=921）,雄虾生长快于雌虾;克氏原螯虾肥满度（k）平均为3.71％,雌虾肥满度平均为3.89％,雄虾肥满度平均为3.53％.雌虾的肥满席大于雄虾;在鄱阳湖区克氏原螯虾捕捞季节,其捕捞规格以7.5-8.9cm为主,占55.85％。     

闽东北外海中华管鞭虾的数量分布及其生物学特征

根据2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月在闽东北外海海域（26°00＇～28°00＇N、120°00＇～125°30＇E）开展的虾类资源调查资料,研究分析了该海域中华管鞭虾（Solenocera crassicornis）的数量分布及生物学特征。结果显示,中华管鞭虾在该调查海区分布范围较广,出现频率为31.9%,其渔获质量占虾类总渔获质量的9.8%,渔获质量平均密度指数为7.21 kg·km-2,5月、8月、11月和2月平均密度指数分别为1.45 kg·km-2、10.74 kg·km-2、12.79 kg·km-2和3.68 kg·km-2;其数量分布具有明显的季节性,以8月和11月数量为多,其渔获质量占年总渔获质量的83.0%,2月和5月数量较少;主要分布于调查海区80 m以内海域,80 m水深以外海域极少分布;渔获体长范围为36～126 mm,优势体长组为50～95 mm,占66.8%;雌虾个体明显大于雄性个体,雌虾平均体质量为7.3 g,雄虾平均体质量为3.4 g;雌雄性比为1∶0.47,雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期为主,分别占44.3%和36.3%,生殖盛期为5～8月;不同季节和性别摄食强度没有明显差异,平均摄食等级1.45。     

养殖密度对罗氏沼虾生长、性别分化与性腺发育的影响

通过比较4个养殖密度(7.50×104、12.75×104、42.00×104、97.50×104尾/hm~2)条件下罗氏沼虾的生长、存活、性别分化、性腺发育等指标,研究养殖密度对罗氏沼虾生长、性别分化和早期性腺发育的影响。结果显示,在实验密度范围内,养殖密度显著影响罗氏沼虾的生长、规格整齐度、性别分化与性腺发育,随着实验时间延长,密度对生长的抑制效应越明显;7.50×104尾/hm~2组罗氏沼虾体质量增速加速度与97.50×104尾/hm~2组的倍数由养殖10 d时的2.3上升到80 d时的3.4;低密度组罗氏沼虾性别分化与性腺发育比高密度组早约10 d,但规格显著大于高密度组;7.50×104尾/hm~2组雌虾初始平均体长(4.158±0.592)cm比97.50×104尾/hm~2组大1.09 cm;养殖密度对性别比没有影响,但对雌虾成活率影响较大。研究表明,养殖密度显著影响罗氏沼虾生长和性腺发育,合适的养殖密度是预防罗氏沼虾性早熟的有效措施。     

2种体色黄鳝性别、体长及体重之间的关联分析

为了解不同体色黄鳝的性别与体长、体重的差异,2011年5-7月,于洞庭湖地区随机采集灰色及黄色2种体色共208尾野生黄鳝,并对体长、体重及性别进行测量鉴定。样本中,雌性146尾,雄性62尾,雌雄比例为2.35∶1。其中黄色黄鳝83尾,灰色黄鳝125尾。分析结果表明,黄色黄鳝雌雄个体体重及肥满度均高于灰色群体;黄色黄鳝雌性体长大于灰色雌性,雄性小于灰色雄性。雌雄个体体重与体长的相关系数,黄色黄鳝分别为0.914、0.945,灰色黄鳝分别为0.567、0.438。黄色雌鳝比例随着体长的增加逐渐降低,雄性比例随体长的增加逐渐升高,雄鳝在35 cm以上占优势,40 cm之上雄性仅1尾。灰色雌鳝在40 cm以下占优势。2种体色黄鳝雌性比例与体重变化无明显规律。     

澄湖似刺鳊鮈的年龄和生长特征

以鳞片作为鉴定年龄的材料,对澄湖似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）种群开展鳞片与生长特征的研究。结果表明,似刺鳊鮈年轮环纹呈疏密切割或疏密碎裂型,年轮特征显著,偶见幼轮、副轮及生殖痕。种群由1-6龄共6个龄组组成,2-4龄为优势龄组,占总数的80.17%,体长分布范围在14-29.8 cm之间,集中在19-23 cm（占总数的71.49%）,体质量范围在56-538.1 g之间,其中体质量为149-242 g的个体占样本总数的67.36%;群体雌雄比为2.18∶1,在低龄阶段（1-2龄）雌雄数量基本持平,雄性略占优势;从5龄开始,雌性数量远超出同龄组雄性,6龄以上基本由雌性构成。各龄组雌、雄生长不存在显著性差异（P〉0.05）。体长与鳞径呈幂函数关系,体质量和体长的幂函数方程为：W=0.0128L^3.1587,幂指数接近3,属于匀速生长类型,拟合Von Bertalanffy生长方程为：Lt =30.62（1-e^-0.1578（t＋3.788 7））;Wt =632.49（1-e^-0.1578（t＋3.7887））^3.1587。渐近体长L∞=30.62 cm,渐近体质量W∞=632.49 g,生长拐点时间t=3.55龄,此时的体长和体质量分别为Lt=20.99 cm,Wt=192.24 g。澄湖似刺鳊鮈的总体生长性能优于其他生境种群。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.