河川沙塘鳢(♀)×鸭绿沙塘鳢(♂)双亲及其杂交子代的核型分析

采用人工授精法以河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)为母本、鸭绿沙塘鳢(O.yaluensis)为父本进行杂交,获得正常发育的杂交子代。利用胸腔活体注射植物凝集素(PHA)和秋水仙素溶液后,取头肾细胞进行低渗处理,空气干燥法制片,对河川沙塘鳢、鸭绿沙塘鳢及其杂交子代的核型进行了比较研究。结果表明:河川沙塘鳢的核型为2n=44,2st+42t,NF=44;鸭绿沙塘鳢的核型为2n=44,2st+42t,NF=44;杂交子代的核型为2n=44,4st+40t,NF=44。经对比分析,杂交子代分别继承了双亲的一套染色体,表明杂交子代为真正的杂交种。     

河川沙塘鳢(♀)×鸭绿沙塘鳢(♂)杂交子代及其亲本营养成分比较

对河川沙塘鳢(♀)×鸭绿沙塘鳢(♂)杂交子一代(杂交沙塘鳢)肌肉中的营养成分进行了测定和分析,并与双亲的营养成分进行比较,以探讨河川沙塘鳢、鸭绿沙塘鳢及其杂交子代的营养和经济价值。结果表明:杂交沙塘鳢肌肉中的水分含量显著高于父本,粗蛋白含量高于母本低于父本,粗灰分含量则显著低于双亲(P0.05);其氨基酸总量与双亲差异不显著(P0.05),必需氨基酸总量与双亲差异显著(P0.05),呈味氨基酸总量低于双亲。其肌肉中胱氨酸的含量显著高于双亲(P0.05),且EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA均高于双亲。     

云斑尖塘鳢微卫星标记在两种虾虎鱼亚目鱼类群体间的适用性研究

利用微卫星DNA-聚合酶链式反应(STR-PCR)技术对已开发的14对云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotrismarmorata)微卫星标记在线纹尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris lineolatus)和河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)群体间进行通用性分析。结果显示,14对云斑尖塘鳢微卫星标记在线纹尖塘鳢群体均能扩增出特异性条带,在河川沙塘鳢群体中也有10对引物可稳定扩增,其中9对在线纹尖塘鳢群体中具有高度多态性,6对在河川沙塘鳢群体中具有高度多态性。通过这10对通用微卫星标记检测3个种群的平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.344 9,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.704 3,平均多态信息(PIC)含量为0.536 9。同时获得3个有着较高的通用性微卫星位点(H27、H142和H97),平均PIC值均大于0.5,具有高度多态性,在3种虾虎鱼亚目鱼类中具有较高的通用性,这3个位点在3种虾虎鱼亚目鱼类之间共检测得到6～22个不等的等位基因,并获得1个可以用于鉴别沙塘鳢科与塘鳢科特异基因型的等位基因位点(H97)。因此,通过已开发的云斑尖塘鳢微卫星标记来获得适用相近物种的微卫星标记是可行的。     

河川沙塘鳢不同家系生长性能的比较及优良亲本选择

采用巢式设计,对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)四个不同地理群体(建德、当涂、射阳和苏州)进行群体内和群体间杂交,构建了34个全同胞家系,进而分析了不同家系子代的生长性状指标,方差分析和多重比较结果显示:不同家系的子代在生长性能上差异显著。其中,在整个生长测量过程中,F36、F35、F29、F16和F1号等家系无论是全长还是体重都表现较优的生长速度和增长量,生长优势明显,由此可判断F36、F35、F29、F16和F1等家系为优秀家系,可作为该品种进一步选育的基础群体。对34个河川沙塘鳢家系亲本来源与子代生长性能的相关性分析结果表明,生长性能良好的河川沙塘鳢家系中,父本来源于建德群体的居多,母本来源于当涂群体的居多。可见建德群体适合作父本,当涂群体适合作母本。     

河川沙塘鳢仿生态繁育技术试验

总结了河川沙塘鳢仿生态繁育的池塘选择、亲本放养、育苗管理、水质调控、病害防治等关键技术要点,并结合沙塘鳢规模化繁育试验结果,探讨了提高沙塘鳢繁养殖病害防治效果及沙塘鳢繁育出苗量的主要影响因子.     

河川沙塘鳢3个不同地理群体杂交F_1代生长性能及遗传多样性

选取来自浙江建德、安徽当涂、江苏太湖3个不同地理群体的河川沙塘鳢,采用3×3完全双列杂交方式进行配组,对9个组合F1子代的生长性状及遗传多样性进行比较分析。通过对2月龄和4月龄F1子代的生长性状进行对比分析发现,建德(♂)×当涂(♀)杂交组合的全长增加率、质量增加率分别为42.58%、190.79%,建德×当涂(正反交)组合的全长杂交优势率、体质量杂交优势率分别为17.88%、66.75%,均高于其他组合。不同地理群体间的杂交F1子代的全长增加率、质量增加率、杂交优势率均高于同一地理群体间的自繁F1子代。采用8个微卫星引物分析获得9个组合F1子代的遗传分化指数平均值为0.195,表明9个组合子代间存在遗传差异与分化,其期望杂合度为0.1493~0.7971,观测杂合度为0.1562~1.0000。双列杂交子代的杂合度和遗传多样性高于自繁子代,其中建德(♂)×当涂(♀)组合的等位基因数、多态信息含量值分别为3.9和0.486,均高于其他组合。综合生长性能和遗传多样性,初步选择建德(♂)×当涂(♀)为最佳杂交组合。     

鸭绿沙塘鳢生物学研究

鸭绿沙塘鳢,别名塘鳢鱼、沙鳢、暗色杜父鱼、山胖头,在辽宁新宾太子河流域也称瞎嘎达、瞎胖头;属于鲈形目、解虎鱼亚目、塘鳢科、沙塘鳢属,     

人工配合饲料养殖河川沙塘鳢试验

河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)为鲈形目、虾虎鱼亚目、沙塘鳢科、沙塘鳢属的小型经济鱼类,中国特有种;其肉质细嫩、味道鲜美,历来为我国人民所喜食,市场价格一直居高不下,供不应求。目前国内对河川沙塘鳢的研究主要集中在生理、生态、遗传学等方面,取得了一些重要成果,生产上已基本突破规模化人工繁殖技术,为发展河川沙塘鳢人工养殖提供了重要的理论保     

河川沙塘鳢五个家系遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为解决河川沙塘鳢繁殖过程中种质退化的问题,为该鱼的种质资源保护和遗传育种改良提供相关基础数据,运用微卫星分子标记技术对河川沙塘鳢5个家系(F1、F16、F29、F35和F36)的152个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:9个微卫星位点在5个家系中总共检测到128个等位基因,每个位点检测到1~4对等位基因,有效等位基因数在1.00~3.87,平均观测杂合度值分别为0.625 6、0.661 5、0.537 2、0.477 7、0.613 7,平均期望杂合度值分别为0.570 7、0.512 0、0.541 9、0.380 7、0.402 5,平均多态信息含量分别为0.5693、0.5014、0.5244、0.4198、0.4258。5个家系均表现为中度或者高度多态,多态信息含量从大到小依次为:F1F29F16F36F35。家系间遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.177 8,表明各家系间存在一定的遗传分化。根据遗传距离采用UPGMA法对5个家系进行聚类,F16家系和F29家系遗传距离最小,并先聚为一支,F35家系和F36家系聚为另一支,F1家系则单独聚为一支。     

基于线粒体D-loop基因序列研究我国5种虾虎鱼类的系统进化关系

利用PCR技术扩增河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)、鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)、中华沙塘鳢(Odontobutis sinensis)、葛氏鲈塘鳢(Perccottus glenii)及尖头塘鳢(Eleotris oxycephala)的线粒体D-loop区并测序,获得河川沙塘鳢、鸭绿沙塘鳢、中华沙塘鳢、葛氏鲈塘鳢及尖头塘鳢线粒体D-loop区全序列分别为853bp、853bp、1028bp、852bp、848bp,结合GenBank中平头沙塘鳢(Odontobutis platycephala)、刺盖塘鳢(Eleotris acanthopoma)、黑体塘鳢(Eleotris melanosoma)、褐塘鳢(Eleotris fusca)、中华乌塘鳢(Bostrychussinensis)、云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmorata)、溪鳢(Rhyacichthys aspro))等7种虾虎鱼类同源的D-loop区序列,分析了这12种虾虎鱼类的系统发育关系。所使用的同源序列长度为832～846bp,其中保守位点452个,变异位点405个,简约信息位点258个,单态位点145个,转换/颠换平均值为0.8。基于Kimura2-parameter模型的12种虾虎鱼类遗传距离范围为0.043～0.312,在Kimura2-parameter模型构建的邻接树和非加权配对法系统树中,河川沙塘鳢、鸭绿沙塘鳢、中华沙塘鳢、平头沙塘鳢聚为一大支,刺盖塘鳢、黑体塘鳢、褐塘鳢、尖头塘鳢、溪鳢、葛氏鲈塘鳢聚为另一支。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.