加入WTO与我国新疆棉区棉花生产应对措施

通过对WTO有关棉花条款的分析,探讨了在中国加入WTO后新疆棉区棉花生产所面临的问题,提出了新疆棉区棉花生产的应对措施。     

新疆南部棉区转Bt基因棉花对棉铃虫抗性的季节性变化规律

采用ELISA检测和室内生物测定方法,测定6个转Bt基因棉花品种(系)不同生育期叶片中的Bt毒蛋白含量及其对各世代棉铃虫的抗性水平。转Bt基因棉花叶片中的Bt毒蛋白含量总体上随着棉花生育期的推进而逐渐下降,6个品种(系)叶片的Bt毒蛋白含量子叶期最高,达1 210.03～1 733.15 ng/g,与子叶期相比,三叶期、七叶期、盛蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期Bt毒蛋白含量减少幅度为2.5%～96.0%。6个品种(系)对第4代棉铃虫幼虫抗虫性较低,毒杀效果仅为19.0%～41.3%。幼虫的校正死亡率逐代下降,各棉花品种对第4代幼虫的校正死亡率仅为12.0%～36.2%。     

Bt棉对主要棉虫发生的影响及防治对策

对河南新乡棉区种植的转Ｂｔ基因棉和常规棉棉田虫情进行了定点系统调查和大田普查,结果表明：棉铃虫在两种棉田棉花上的落卵量无明显差别,而幼虫存量差异显著,Ｂｔ棉棉花上幼虫存量显著降低;Ｂｔ棉对棉蚜的发生无明显的影响,而Ｂｔ棉上棉红蜘蛛的发生比常规棉略重,同时初步研究制定出种植Ｂｔ棉后的棉虫综防对策     

新疆棉花主产区土地流入对棉花生产的影响

科学测定土地流入对棉花生产的影响,识别棉花适度经营规模范围,对推进土地流转和确保棉花产业安全具有重要意义.文中基于新疆棉花主产区591份棉花种植户的微观数据,利用倾向值匹配法测算了土地流入对棉花生产的影响.结果表明:考虑样本农户自选择和内生性问题后,土地流入使籽棉亩产量平均提升29.20kg;在现有的技术水平下,棉花种...     

Metabolic fate of bioxone in cotton

The metabolic fate of the ¹⁴C-labeled herbicide, 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (bioxone), in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. “Acala 4-42-77”) was studied using thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography, and counting. Bioxone-¹⁴C was readily metabolized by cotton tissue to 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU). Leaf discs metabolized bioxone-¹⁴C rapidly; 12 hr posttreatment, 65% of the ¹⁴C in methanol extracts was in forms other than intact herbicide. Excised leaves treated through the petiole with either heterocyclic ring-labeled or phenyl ring-labeled herbicide contained little bioxone-¹⁴C after 1 day; DCPMU was formed early then decreased with time. DCPU accounted for 55–70% of the ¹⁴C in excised leaves 3 days posttreatment. In intact plants treated via the roots, the herbicide was rapidly metabolized in the roots to DCPMU and DCPU; little or no intact herbicide was translocated to the leaves. Little radioactivity accumulated in the roots with time; the radioactivity in the leaves accounted for 80–90% of the methanol-soluble ¹⁴C 47 days posttreatment. Most of the ¹⁴C in the leaves was recovered as DCPU (50–60%) and unidentified polar metabolite(s) which remained at the origin of the thin-layer plates (30–40%). The percentage of radioactivity which remained in cotton residue after methanol extraction increased with time. Digestion of the plant residues with the proteolytic enzyme pronase indicated that some of the nonextractable ¹⁴C may be DCPMU and DCPU complexed with proteins. Similar metabolic patterns were noted after treatment with either heterocyclic ring-labeled or phenyl ring-labeled bioxone-¹⁴C. Generally, bioxone was metabolized to DCPMU which in turn was demethylated to DCPU. The herbicide and DCPMU were 20 times as toxic as DCPU to oat (Avena sativa L.), a susceptible species.     

海岛棉与陆地棉干物质积累与氮素吸收分配的特点

以新陆中75号、新陆中54号、新海35号和新海48号为材料,研究陆地棉与海岛棉在相同管理条件下干物质积累与氮素吸收分配的特点。结果表明:陆地棉干物质积累总量在全生育期内均高于海岛棉,生殖器官干物质所占比例在生育前期小于海岛棉,后期逐渐大于海岛棉;氮素积累总量在全生育期内陆地棉均大于海岛棉,生殖器官氮素积累比例在生育前期为陆地棉小于海岛棉,后期逐渐大于海岛棉。与陆地棉相比海岛棉营养器官干物质以及氮素积累比例较大,不利于生育后期生殖器官干物质的积累与分配,从而影响棉花产量。因此,在大田管理中应注意在生育后期加强对海岛棉的水肥管理。     

转BT基因抗虫棉棉田主要病虫害的发生与综合治理

本文分析了转BT基因抗虫棉棉田主要病虫害的发生特点,指出棉花品种及田间栽培管理技术的变化和气候条件的改变是引起病虫害发生变化的主要原因,提出在认真做好棉田病虫害监测的前提下,优先实施农业防治措施,因地制宜选用物理机械防治措施,适时用药开展化学防治的综合治理措施。     

抗虫棉对棉花主要害虫的抗性调查

通过对抗虫棉中棉29、中棉40和非抗虫棉湘杂棉2号田间棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、棉叶螨、棉蚜等棉花主要害虫发生量及为害情况调查，证明中棉29、中棉40对第2～5代棉铃虫、第1～3代红铃虫有良好的抗性，对斜纹夜蛾、棉叶螨、棉蚜抗性不明显。     

植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的生物防治效果

为明确植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖规律及对棉花黄萎病防治效果的影响,采用对峙培养法筛选对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.抑菌活性强的植物内生细菌,通过形态及生理生化特征并结合16S r DNA和gyr B基因分析鉴定菌株;利用抗生素标记法及盆栽试验研究其在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:共筛选到3株对大丽轮枝菌具有强抑菌活性的菌株SZ5、DP10和CCM9,其中SZ5为蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus,定殖在棉花根部、茎部和叶部,DP10和CCM9为枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis,定殖在棉花根部和茎部,3株菌在棉花根部的定殖数量均在10~3CFU/g以上;棉花苗沾根分别接入3株内生细菌10 d后再接种大丽轮枝菌孢子悬浮液,对棉花黄萎病的防治效果达79.52%~89.79%,而3株内生细菌沾根接种后立即移栽到含有大丽轮枝菌的土壤中对棉花黄萎病的防治效果为23.77%~36.03%。表明不同内生细菌菌株在棉花体内的定殖规律不同;且在棉苗中定殖一定数量后,才能对棉花黄萎病产生较高的防治效果。     

铲除田埂杂草带对棉蚜防治效果的影响

通过对新和县1999、2002两年冬季铲除田埂杂草带棉田棉花卷叶率变化情况的观测,研究铲除田埂杂草对棉砾的防治效果。结果表明:苗期、蕾期防治效果可以达到70%～90%,棉花卷叶率下降3.35～16.83倍(P<0.05)。棉蚜越冬和早春迁飞与田埂上的杂草有关可能是这项技术有效的原因。     

棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的着落量和种群数量的研究

通过田间调查棉蚜种群数量和网罩棉苗测定其不选择性,采用Duncan’s多重极差检验的数据分析方法,对棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的着落量和种群数量进行了研究。结果表明:棉蚜对8个棉花品种具有不同的选择性。对徐州142、鄂棉6号表现为明显的不选择性,对33B、SGK抗虫棉、新高抗5号的选择性较强;棉蚜在8个供试品种上的种群数量差别明显,徐州142和鄂棉6号上的蚜量远远低于33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉;同一季节不同棉花品种上的蚜量增长速率不同,33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉上蚜量增长速率明显较快。在相同的棉花生长阶段,33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉的蚜害指数明显高于其它供试棉花品种。     

噻虫嗪在棉花和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱一电喷雾串联质谱法测定噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯·噻虫嗪混剂中噻虫嗪在棉叶和土壤中的残留.结果表明,噻虫嗪在土壤中平均回收率为88.8％～97.9％,变异系数为3.1％～6.2％;噻虫嗪在棉叶中的平均回收率为84.4％～95.8％,变异系数为1.3％～5.2％.噻虫嗪在棉叶和土壤中的消解动态表明:噻虫嗪在棉叶中的降解比在土壤中快,单剂中噻虫嗪在山东省和河南省两地土壤中的消解半衰期分别为2.9d和4.8d,棉叶中的消解半衰期为1.4d和1.9d.混剂中的噻虫嗪在山东省和河南省两地棉叶中的消解半衰期分别为1.4d和1.6d.     

棉花黄萎病防治策略

黄萎病是棉花生产中的最主要病害之一,广泛分布于世界各产棉国.由于该病是土壤传播的维管束病害,防治难度较大,至今尚无特效的防治药剂,只能依靠种植抗病品种为主的综合防治措施.但是,我国目前棉花品种的抗病性只能达到抗至耐病水平,致使该病在环境条件适宜时连续流行为害.控制该病的猖獗为害,已成为棉花生产可持续发展的主要问题之一.     

棉盲蝽综合治理研究进展

随着Bt棉花的大面积种植,盲蝽已上升成为我国棉花的主要害虫。本文从防治策略、经济阈值与预测预报、防治措施等方面综述了盲蝽防治的经验,并结合我国棉盲蝽的防治现状提出了对策与建议。     

An aphid outbreak in cotton fields in Israel

The aphidAphis gossypii was previously known as a minor pest in cotton fields in Israel and it usually disappeared toward mid-season. At the end of 1983 and throughout the 1984 season an outbreak ofA. gossypii occurred in cotton fields. Aphids became the primary pest in 1984 and up to 80% of the pesticide treatments were directed against them in some cotton areas. The population returned to its normal level in 1985, but the aphids continued to appear throughout the season, rather than being an early season pest.     

新疆棉田杂草调查

采用倒置“W”九点取样法调查新疆棉田杂草结果明确,新疆棉田杂草有19科50种,其中禾本科杂草占18％,阔叶杂草占82％。相对多度达10以上的棉田杂草依次有马唐、田旋花、稗草、灰绿黎、画眉草、狗尾草、芦苇、反枝苋8种,其中双子叶杂草田旋花和灰绿黎,禾本科杂草马唐和稗草的相对多度在30以上,为新疆棉田杂草优势种群。     

棉田节肢动物群落生态学研究进展

农田节肢动物群落生态学是"以作物为中心的害虫综合治理"的理论基础。本文从棉田节肢动物群落的物种多样性、种间相互作用与协同进化、种群数量的时空动态、群落交错区边缘效应、棉田间作套种对节肢动物群落结构的影响等方面,回顾了近年来的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向和趋势作了简要展望。     

Management of resistance in Bemisia in Arizona cotton

A whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) resistance crisis climaxed in 1995 in Arizona cotton and prompted the development of an integrated resistance management strategy adapted from a program implemented in Israel in 1987. The strategy incorporated two new major elements: once-per-year use of the insect growth regulators (IGRs) pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, and measures to delay use of pyrethroids for as long into the growing season as possible. A three-stage chemical use recommendation was formulated comprising IGRs (Stage I), other non-pyrethroid insecticides (Stage II), and synergized pyrethroid insecticides (Stage III). Results from use of the strategy in the 1996 season were very promising. Insecticide use for control of whiteflies was reduced substantially. State-wide monitoring of whitefly susceptibility revealed significant reductions in resistance to synergized pyrethroids as well as increased susceptibility to amitraz. Susceptibility of Lygus bugs to key insecticides changed correspondingly with increases and decreases in whitefly resistance from 1994 through 1996. ©1997 SCI     

湖南省棉田杂草调查

对湖南省棉花主产区棉田杂草的种类、发生规律及化学除草情况进行了调查。结果发现, 湖南省棉田常见杂草包括12科, 28种, 其中禾本科杂草占25.00%, 阔叶杂草占67.86%, 莎草科占7.14%; 一年生杂草占78.57%, 多年生杂草占21.43%。相对多度10%以上的杂草有7种, 其中马唐、牛筋草、千金子、铁苋菜、小飞蓬5种杂草为湖南省棉田杂草的优势种, 相对多度分别为37.79%、33.64%、29.15%、26.23%、23.83%。杂草发生呈现3个高峰期, 分别为5月下旬, 6月中下旬, 7月下旬至8月初, 杂草防除主要采用苗前土壤处理和苗后茎叶处理相结合的化学防除方法。