气相抽提法（SVE）去除土壤中挥发性有机污染物的试验研究

通过模拟土壤气相抽提技术（Soil Vapor Extraction,SVE）通风处理甲苯、乙苯、正丙苯混合污染的黄棕壤,研究了不同通风流量、不同土壤含水率、间歇通风等因素对目标污染物去除率的影响。结果表明,通风流量和含水率是影响去除率的重要因素。当柱径14 cm、土壤粒径为10目连续通风时,最佳通风流量为0.15 L.min-1,最佳含水率约17.98%条件下,甲苯、乙苯、正丙苯的去除率分别为99.84%、99.45%、98.25%,总挥发性有机物（Total VOCs,TVOCs）去除率达到了99.30%,且优于间歇通风;含水率为6.01%、24.73%时,TVOCs的去除率仅为63.03%、89.03%,表明含水率过高或过低都不利于VOCs的去除;苯环上支链越长,分子量越大,沸点越高,越难以被脱附去除,反之亦然,表明有机物的分子结构和大小也是影响通风效果的重要因素。     

土壤中石油类污染物的化学氧化去除研究

用H2O2氧化处理柴油重度污染土壤,研究了土壤初始含油量、H2O2投加量、土壤pH值以及催化剂等的影响.结果表明,室温条件下向油污土壤中直接投加氧化剂的修复方法可行;H2O2的经济添加量为400 ml/kg土,低含油(20000 mg/kg)污土的去除率可达70.0%以上,高含油(50000 mg/kg)污土的去除率可达96.0%以上:pH 5～8范围内土壤介质对该法的应用影响不大;如用芬顿试剂处理高含油(50000 mg/kg))污土,H2O2只需100 ml/kg土或200 ml/kg土,就能达到85.0%以上的去油效果.     

通风速率对土壤中四氯化碳污染物去除效率的影响研究

某重要岩溶地下水源地受到四氯化碳的严重污染,为此采用土柱通风试验模拟土壤气相抽提（SVE）净化四氯化碳污染物的过程,对通风速率为40mL·min-1和70mL·min-1两种条件下土壤四氯化碳的去除过程进行了试验模拟研究。结果表明,土柱通风能有效去除土壤中的四氯化碳污染物,通风条件下土壤中四氯化碳的去除过程符合一级反应动力学,土壤中四氯化碳浓度C的对数值ln[C（/μg·L-1）]与时间t呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均在0.95以上。通风速率为40mL·min-1的土柱A各取样口四氯化碳去除反应速率常数k值在0.0132～0.0155h-1之间,通风速率为70mL·min-1的土柱B各取样口k值在0.0178～0.0222h-1之间,说明增大通风速率能提高土壤中四氯化碳污染物的去除效率。     

工业污染土壤中不同粒径下的三种典型有机污染物的分布规律研究

采集六氯苯(HCB)、滴滴涕(DDT)、多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的工业场地土壤,筛分为六个粒径等级(500~1000μm、250~500μm、125~250μm、106~125μm、75~106μm、75μm),测定土壤各个粒径下比表面积(SSA),以及总有机碳(TOC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)和相应污染物的含量。HCB、DDT、PAHs土样SSA和TOC含量随粒径大小而变化,各土样中的SSA变化范围分别为31.1~49.1 m2g-1、43.2~52.1 m2g-1、29.7~43.3 m2g-1,TOC含量分别为5.7~10.7 g kg-1、3.5~11.4 g kg-1、7.4~9.2 g kg-1,DOC与TOC间有显著的一致性(R2=1,P0.05),DOC约占TOC 13%。HCB含量随粒径减小先降低后升高,在粗颗粒(500~1000μm)中分布最多,其含量为3.27 mg kg-1;与HCB分布规律相似,低环和高环PAHs的最大值也分布在500~1000μm粒径中,ΣPAHS最大值为650.03 mg kg-1。与HCB和PAHS相反,ΣDDT及其同系物(ppDDE(dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene)、DDDs(dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane)、DDTs(dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane)含量均随粒径减小先升高后降低,ppDDE和DDDs在125~250μm粒径下含量最高,DDTs和∑DDT在250~500μm粒径下含量最高,∑DDT的最大含量为215.81 mg kg-1。相关性分析表明,土壤SSA仅与HCB间存在显著的正相关性,而土壤总有机碳的含量与污染物总量之间未显示出较强的相关性。     

Evaluation of organic matter stabilization in sewage sludge

Abstract

The ratio between non‐humified and humified fractions in pyrophosphate extracts is shown to vary during maturation of sewage sludge. The ratio is higher than 1 in the raw materials but lowers at 1 or less than 1 with the aging of sludge and is assumed to reflect quantitatively the degree of stabilization of organic matter in the sludge. Analytical isoelectrofocusing (IEF) experiments showed that humified fractions in raw sludge focalize only in the pH gradient regions lower than 5.0, whilst in older sludge samples a progressive strengthening of bands occurs in the region between pH 6.5 and 5.0, approaching at least partially IEF patterns of soil organic matter. IEF patterns are suggested to reflect the stabilization of organic matter in sewage sludge from a qualitative point of view.     

Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land: fate and effects of organic contaminants, and impact on soil fertility

Effective use of organic wastes for agricultural production requires that risks and benefits be documented. Two types of sewage sludge, household compost and solid pig manure were studied under field and greenhouse conditions to describe their fertilizer value and effects on soil properties and soil biota, the fate of selected organic contaminants, and their potential for plant uptake. A 3-year field trial on two soil types showed no adverse effects of waste amendment on crop growth, and a significant fertilizer value of one sludge type. Accumulation of N and P_i was indicated, as well as some stimulation of biological activity and micro-arthropod populations, but these effects differed between soil types. There was no detectable accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), nonylphenol and ethoxylates (NP+NPE) or linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) after three repeated waste applications, and no plant uptake was suggested by analysis of the third crop. A plot experiment with banded sludge was conducted to examine sludge turnover and toxicity in detail. Less than 5% of NP or LAS applied in organic wastes was recovered after 6 months, and less than 6% of DEHP applied was recovered after 12 months. Potential ammonium oxidation (PAO) at 0–1 cm distance from the banded sludge was stimulated despite toxic concentrations in the sludge, which suggested that contaminants were degraded inside sludge particles. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles suggested a gradual shift in the composition of the microbial community within sludge, partly due to a depletion of degradable substrates. A pot experiment with sludge-amended soil and soil spiked with contaminants showed no plant uptake of NP, DEHP or LAS. Degradation of LAS and NP added in sludge was delayed and the degradation of DEHP was faster than when the contaminants were added directly to the soil. In conclusion, adverse effects of organic waste application on soil or crop were not found in this study, and for some waste products positive effects were observed.     

Washing agents from sewage sludge: efficiency of Cd removal from highly contaminated soils and effect on soil organic balance

Purpose

To compare Cd removal from different soils with three washing agents recovered from sewage sludge (dissolved organic matter (DOM), soluble humic-like substances (HLS), soluble humic substances (SHS)). Also, to investigate how washing with these agents changes soil organic-matter composition (OM).

Materials and methods

Sandy clay loam (S1) and clay (S2) highly contaminated with Cd (300 mg kg^?1) were washed with DOM, HLS, or SHS solutions at various pHs, and with various washing times and washing modes (single or double). Cd distribution and OM composition were determined (including content of humic substances (HS), fulvic fraction (FF), labile humic acids (L-HA), and stable humic acids (S-HA)).

Results and discussion

Cd removal proceeded with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium was reached in 30 min (S1) and 60 min (S2). DOM, HLS, and SHS removed 75–82% of Cd from S1, and 80–87% from S2. The most mobile fraction of Cd was removed after one wash. S2 retained more OM, including HS, than S1. Although washing did not change the HA/FF ratio in most variants, washing with DOM and HLS increased the percentage of L-HA in both soils. Washing with SHS increased S-HA content in both soils, but the percent content of S-HA was similar to that in the unwashed soil.

Conclusions

DOM, HLS, and SHS derived from sewage sludge can effectively remediate clay and sandy clay soils highly contaminated with Cd. Washing with an SHS solution can increase the content of the most stable carbon forms (HA), which is beneficial for carbon sequestration in remediated soils.

     

Potential of earthworms to accelerate removal of organic contaminants from soil: A review

Earthworms can accelerate the removal of contaminants from soil. Earthworms change the physical and chemical properties of soil by mixing it with organic material and through their burrowing they improve aeration and render contaminants available for microorganisms. The presence of earthworms in contaminated soil indicate that they can survive a wide range of different organic contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and crude oil, at least when concentrations of the contaminant are not too high. The improvement of the soil due to their activity and the microorganisms in their digestive track can contribute to the accelerated removal of contaminants from soil, but sometimes their casts adsorb the pollutant so that its dissipation is delayed. There are limits, however, on how earthworms can be used to remediate soil, which will be discussed in this review.     

碱稳定污泥污水对土壤可提取有机碳和铜的影响

An incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for water contamination with sludge-derived organic substances and copper following land application of alkaline-stabilised sewage sludge. Two contrasting sludge-amended soils were studied. Both soils were previously treated with urban and ruralalkaline biosolids separately at sludge application rates of 0, 30 and 120 t ha^-1 fresh product. The air-driedsoil/sludge mixtures were wetted with distilled water, maintained at 40 % of water-holding capacity and equilibrated for three weeks at 4 ℃ before extraction. Subsamples were extracted with either distilled wateror 0.5 mol L^-1 K₂SO₄ solution. The concentrations of organic C in the aqueous and chemical extracts were determined directly with a total organic carbon (TOC) analyser. The concentrations of Cu in the twoextracts were also determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry The relationship between the two extractable organic C fractions was examined, together with that between extractable organic C concentration and extractable Cu concentration. Application of alkaline biosolids increased the concentrations of soil mobile organic substances and Cu. The results are discussed in terms of a possible increase in the potential for leaching of sludge-derived organics and Cu in the sludge-amended soils.     

Labile and stable pools of organic matter in soil amended with sewage sludge biochar

One of the main advantages of using biochar for agricultural purposes is its ability to store carbon (C) in soil for a long-term. Studies of labile and stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) may be a good indicator of the dynamics of biochar in soils. This study evaluated the effects of applying sewage sludge biochar (SSB) in combination with mineral fertilizer on fractions of SOM. To conduct this evaluation, 15 Mg ha^?1 of SSB combined or not with mineral fertilizer (NPK) was applied to the soil in two cropping seasons. Apart from total organic C (TOC), the labile and stable fractions of SOM were also determined. The combined use of SSB and NPK resulted in higher TOC, a 22% to 40% increase compared to the control and to the NPK treatments, respectively. The SSB produced at a lower temperature increased the labile fractions of SOM, especially the microbial biomass C, showing its capacity to supply nutrients in the short-term. The stable pools of SOM are increased after adding SSB produced at a higher temperature. It was concluded that pyrolysis temperature is a key-factor that determines the potential of SSB to accumulate C in labile and stable fractions of SOM.     

污泥反硝化除磷-诱导磷结晶工艺中硝化池内的微生物特性

为了探究双污泥系统下反硝化除磷-诱导磷结晶工艺中硝化池内微生物特性,该文利用原位荧光杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）技术、电子显微镜扫描（scanning electron micrograph,SEM）方法和Image-Pro Plus（IPP）软件考察了该工艺中硝化细菌的种群结构、形态和硝化污泥微观三维结构图。结果表明：该工艺中硝化池内氨氧化细菌（ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB）数量要多于亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,NOB）,占总细菌的比例分别为46.2%,28.5%,且AOB处于污泥颗粒外层而NOB处于污泥颗粒内层,可能由于NOB利用AOB的代谢产物所致;工艺中硝化细菌多以球形或短杆菌为主,NOB生长时多以几个细胞形成小团聚体,而AOB生长时则形成大的团聚体;通过硝化污泥微观三维结构发现,污泥外层呈密实状而内层较疏松且有空洞存在,可能由于污泥外层和内层微生物的丰度差异、营养物质和溶解氧的浓度差异所致。此外,与传统的单污泥污水处理工艺相比,双污泥工艺明显地增强了硝化细菌的生长和富集能力。     

Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol

Our aim was to establish the long-term effects of repeated applications after 20 y of organic amendments (farmyard manure at 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, and urban sewage sludge at two different rates, 10 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and 100 t ha⁻¹ every 2 y) on the quality of a sandy and poorly buffered soil (Fluvisol, pH 6). Chemical characteristics and biodegradability of the labile organic matter, which is mainly derived from microbial biomass and biodegradation products of organic residues, were chosen as indicators for soil quality. The organic C content had reached a maximal value (30.6 g C kg⁻¹ in the 100 t sludge-treated soil), i.e. about 2.5 times that in the control. Six years after the last application, the organic C content and the microbial biomass content remained higher in sludge-treated soils than in the control. In contrast, the proportion of labile organic matter was significantly lower in sludge-treated soils than in manure-treated and control soils. The labile organic matter of sludge extracts appeared less humified than that of manure-treated and control soils.     

Effects of a cadmium-contaminated sewage sludge compost on dynamics of organic matter and microbial activity in an arid soil

 An incubation experiment lasting 120 days was carried out to ascertain the effect on the soil microbial activity and organic matter mineralization of adding a sewage sludge compost contaminated with two different levels of Cd to an arid soil. Two composts, with a low (2 mg kg^–1) and high (815 mg kg^–1) Cd content, respectively, were used in this experiment. Both composts increased the total organic C, humic substance and water-soluble C contents, the beneficial effects still being noticeable after 120 days of incubation. The most labile C fraction (water-soluble C) was the most sensitive to the high Cd content. The high Cd concentration decreased soil microbial biomass C and stimulated the metabolic activity of the microbial biomass, the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) revealing itself to be a very sensitive index of the stress that the incorporation of a Cd-contaminated sewage sludge compost causes in a soil. The effect of Cd contamination on enzyme activities (urease, protease that hydrolyse N-α-benzoil-l-arginamide, phosphatase, and β-glucosidase) depended on the enzyme studied. Received: 10 September 1997     

Behaviour and assessment of bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil: relevance for risk assessment and remediation

Abstract. Soils contaminated with organic chemicals are now widespread in industrialized and developing countries, and the risk assessment and remediation of such contaminated sites is a priority. However, containment and remediation strategies are complicated in many cases by the range of contaminants present and the historical nature of the contamination. Research has increased our understanding of the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil and the factors that control their behaviour. There is a fundamental need to understand and, where possible, quantify the bioavailable fraction as well as the total concentration of contaminant present in soil: the bioavailable fraction is key to toxicity or biodegradation. To quantify these fractions, a large number of techniques have been employed, ranging from organic and aqueous based solvent extractions to the use of biota. Many studies have been carried out investigating the use of chemical techniques to describe bioavailability, which could be used in the assessment and remediation of contaminated land. The aim of this review is to consider the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil, highlighting issues of bioavailability, and then to discuss the relevance of the various methods for assessing risk and potential remediation of organic contaminants in soil.