堆肥过程中各种有机污染物的氮矿化势

The objectives of this work were to determine the potential mineralization of various organic pollutants that are likely found in compostable materials during composting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation composting phases in pollutant mineralization. Four composts were used: a biowaste compost (BioW), a municipal solid waste compost (MSW), a green waste compost (GW) and a co-compost of green waste and sludge (GW+S). In each composting plant, two samples were withdrawn: one in the thermophilic phase (fresh compost) and one in the maturation phase (mature compost) to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralization of 5 organic pollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene), 1 herbicide (dicamba) and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB, congener 52), was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 ℃ in fresh composts and at 28 ℃ in mature composts. All molecules were 14 C-labeled, which allowed the mineralization of the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralization of the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh compost. Phenanthrene mineralization of up to 60% in the fresh GW+S compost was the only exception. Mineralization of PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature composts. Benzo(a)pyrene was mineralized (30%) only in the MSW mature compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized (30%-40%). Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 ℃. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.     

淮南粉煤灰处置场周围土壤中若干金属污染调查

通过系统采集高皇和上窑两个贮灰场周围土壤样品,采用ICP-AES分析方法,调查土壤中若干金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量,评价淮南市三大热电厂大体积粉煤灰长期处置导致土壤金属污染状况。结果表明:这些元素在土壤中表现积累性富集,Cu、Cd、Cr具有相对高的迁移性。但土壤金属含量除Cu外,均没有超过国家土壤一级质量标准,土壤属无污染或轻微污染类型。因此,有效处置管理措施能够控制淮南粉煤灰中有害金属的环境影响。     

在温室和室外管理措施下有机和矿物肥料对土壤物理性质的长期效应研究

To evaluate the use of organic amendments as an alternative to conventional fertilization,a 10-year experiment on a loam soil was conducted under a crop rotation system in both greenhouse and outdoor plots applied with chemical fertilizers (NPK) and vegetal compost (organic fertilizer) in the Guadalquivir River Valley,Spain.The effect of these two different fertilization regimes on the soil physical properties was evaluated.Soil organic carbon (OC),soil bulk density (BD),soil water retention (WR),available water content (AWC),aggregate stability (AS),and soil physical quality (Dexter’s index,S) were determined.The use of organic fertilizer increased OC and resulted in a significant increase in AS and a decrease in BD compared to the mineral fertilizer application in both greenhouse and outdoor plots.The outdoor plots showed the lowest BD values whereas the greenhouse plots showed the highest AS values.In the last years of the 10-year experiment the S parameter was significantly higher in organic fertilizer plots,especially for greenhouse plots.At the end of the study period,there were no significant differences in WR at field capacity (FC) between treatments in both systems;the AWC was also similar in the greenhouse plots but higher in the mineral outdoor plots.In mineral fertilizer treatments,a small improvement in the physical properties was also observed due to the utilization of less aggressive tillage compared with the previous intensive cropping system.Physical soil properties were correlated with soil OC.The sustainable management techniques such as the use of organic amendments and low or no tillage improved soil physical properties,despite the differences in management that logically significantly affected the results.     

金属污染土壤中锌铜交互作用对锌吸附和植物有效性的影响

In a previous greenhouse experiment,we showed that there was an interaction between cu and Zn,which affected growth and metal uptake by young barley plants grown on soil to which Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn had been added.We suggested that the underlying mechanism was the control of the amount of plant-available Zn by competitive adsorption between Cu and Zn,In order to test this hypothesis,the adsorption of Zn alone,and in the presence of added Cd,Cu and Pb,has been measured using the same soil.Following adsorption,the extractability of the Zn in CaCl2 solution was measured .The adsorption isotherms showed that of the added metals only Cu had a large effect on Zn adsorption.The effect of Cu was to reduce Zn adsoption and to increase the amount of CaCl2-extractable(i.e.plant-available) Zn,in agreement with the conclusions from the greenhouse experiment.The magnitude of the effect of Cu on plant-avalilable Zn was similar in both experiments.     

钢渣施用对多金属复合污染土壤的改良效果及水稻吸收重金属的影响

通过盆栽实验和大田实验研究了钢渣施用对多金属复合污染土壤pH、有效硅、有效态重金属含量（镉、铅、铜、锌）以及水稻吸收重金属的影响。盆栽实验设置5个处理,分别是CK（无钢渣）、SS3和SS6（分别加入3g·kg-1和6g·kg-1100目钢渣）、FSS3和FSS6（分别加入3g·kg-1和6g·kg-1180目钢渣）;大田实验设置两个处理：CK（无钢渣）和SS（加入3g·kg-1100目钢渣）。结果表明,盆栽实验土壤pH值及有效硅含量随钢渣施用量的增加和粒径的减小显著上升,土壤有效态重金属含量则出现显著下降。水稻地上部重金属浓度在施加钢渣后均显著降低,并且远低于地下部浓度;大部分钢渣施加处理对降低地下部重金属浓度也有显著效果。大田实验结果显示,钢渣改良的处理,不仅提高了水稻产量,稻米中的重金属浓度也得到了大幅降低,并达到了国家食品安全标准。综合来看,施用钢渣可有效改良多金属复合污染土壤的性质,抑制水稻对重金属的吸收和转运,降低水稻特别是其地上部的重金属浓度。     

酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究

在无植物栽培的条件下通过肥料在土壤中的扩散试验研究酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤 pH值、有效铁含量的影响 ,利用盆栽试验验证对石灰性土壤上花生缺铁失绿黄化症的矫正效果。结果表明 ,酸性根际肥 (pH 1.0～ 2 .0 )中的酸在土壤中扩散的影响半径可达 6cm ,但对土壤pH降低作用最显著的是在距肥料 2cm内 ;在施肥 2 8d内 ,距肥料 2cm处 ,土壤 pH值降低了 0 .9个单位 ,土壤铁有效性 (DTPA浸提量 )增加了 5 .9mg kg ;施用酸性根际肥可使花生叶绿素SPAD值与叶片活性铁含量显著提高 ,克服了花生缺铁黄化症状 ,使施肥区 (肥料周围 2cm内 )土壤pH值显著降低 ,并显著提高了该区土壤铁的有效性和花生对土壤Fe的吸收量。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

长期施肥对酸性土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为明确长期施肥对集约化果园土壤磷形态、分布特征及其有效性的影响，本研究对琯溪蜜柚主产区29个果园的土壤进行调查研究，采用张守敬和Jackson的酸性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究蜜柚果园土壤磷素累积对土壤磷形态及有效性的影响。结果表明：在集约化蜜柚果园中，土壤磷素累积丰富，随树龄增加土壤速效磷含量上升显著，且土壤磷形态在不同土层存在显著性差异；当全磷含量≤0.5 g/kg时，土壤磷形态主要以有机磷、铁磷为主，随着全磷含量的上升，铝磷含量、占比均显著上升；多元线性回归和逐步回归分析结果表明本试验中铝磷与速效磷相关性最好。果园土壤已经形成一个巨大的磷库，且有效性较高，可适当减少磷肥投入，降低土壤磷含量，减少经济成本，提高生态效益。     

硅藻土有机肥对Cd-Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验研究硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响。结果表明,添加硅藻土有机肥可提高Cd、Zn复合污染土壤的pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量。硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤Cd、Zn形态有明显的影响,表现为明显降低土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn含量,提高紧结有机态和残渣态Cd、Zn含量。相关分析表明,土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn的含量与土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量均呈极显著相关,氧化锰结合态Cd与土壤有效态Cd含量显著相关。硅藻土有机肥用量(土壤重量的5%和10%)对土壤有效态Cd、Zn和不同形态Cd、Zn含量无显著差异。     

通过土壤泥浆中的过氧化氢处理三氯乙烯污染的土壤

Chlordecone, one of the most persistent organochlorine pesticides, was applied between 1972 and 1993 in banana fields in the French West Indies, which results in long-term pollution of soils and contamination of waters, aquatic biota, and crops. As human exposure to chlordecone is mainly due to food contamination, early research was focused on chlordecone transfer to crops. Field trials were conducted to investigate chlordecone contamination of yam, sweet potato, turnip, and radish grown on a ferralic Nitisol polluted by chlordecone. We also carried out trials on yam, courgette, and tomato under greenhouse conditions with homogenized Andosol and Nitisol, polluted by chlordecone to various extents. Our results indicated that i) all tubers were contaminated in accordance with the chlordecone content of the soils; ii) the contamination capacity of the Nitisol was greater than that of the Andosol; and iii) whatever the soil type, tuber contamination was related to the soil volumetric content of dissolved chlordecone. Nevertheless, no tubers showed sufficient chlordecone uptake for efficient soil decontamination by means of plant extraction. Soil contact accounted for most of the root crop contamination, which was inversely proportional to the tuber size. Internal transfer might also increase root crop contamination when the root central cylinder contained raw sap flow, as in the case of turnip or radish. Courgette fruits showed high contamination without soil contact. Thus, further research is needed to explore the pattern of both below- and aboveground plant chlordecone contamination and assess the hypothesis of its correlation with sap flow. Finally, we used our results to build a decision-making tool for farmers, relating soil pollution with the maximal contamination of the harvested organs to predict crop contamination and thus assisting farmers in making crop choices at planting in order to conform with the European Union’s regulations.     

粉煤灰改良重金属污染农田的修复效果植物甄别

为了评判粉煤灰作为重金属钝化剂在实际重金属污染土壤改良修复中的应用潜力,该试验以潼关县某村庄因散户冶炼黄金导致的重金属污染农田为研究对象,运用粉煤灰化学改良工程手段对污染土壤进行了原位修复,并通过种植植物甄别对修复效果进行了进一步分析评价。结果表明,试验区农田土壤中重金属Cd污染最为严重,其次为Hg和Pb,3种重金属的质量分数分别介于1.29~6.13,0.53~4.14和63.19~448.97 mg/kg之间,平均含量分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准值的6.17、1.64、0.33倍,其中Cd全部超出国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准,Cd、Hg、Pb污染超标率分别为100%、64.28%、7.14%。土壤Pb和Cd的生物有效性与总量呈显著正相关关系。经粉煤灰改良后,土壤Hg、Cd和Pb有效态质量分数平均值分别降低28.57%、24.36%、31.83%,粉煤灰对重金属Hg和Pb有一定的钝化作用。但植物甄别试验中,所有植物均吸收了一定的Cd,但植株中Cd含量没有达到Cd超富集植物的标准,其中曼陀罗对Cd的单株吸收量最高,为0.1498 mg/株。单位面积中繁穗苋对Cd的吸收量最高,为68.04 g/hm2,说明经粉煤灰化学改良的重金属污染农田土壤中重金属仍具有较高的生物可利用性。研究表明,采用粉煤灰进行重金属污染农田改良的手段仍需进一步研究,使修复后的土壤种植模式改变或种植低累积植物物种以阻隔Cd向作物可食部位的迁移。     

Nitrogen mineralization in soil amended with sewage sludge and fly ash

Summary The effect of fly ash on N mineralization in sewage sludge was studied during a 5-week aerobic incubation of soil-waste mixtures at different loading rates under controlled conditions. Periodically, the mixtures were leached with distilled water and the inorganic N released was determined in the percolates. The data were tested by an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significant differences were found among different incubation periods and also between different treatments. The net N mineralization, expressed as a percentage of organic N added in the sludge, was drastically reduced when higher rates (500 Mg ha^-1) of fly ash were added.     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况，通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法，对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现：以土壤本底值作为评价标准时，粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中，表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重；粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作，不适合用作水田；随着复垦时间的增加，表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。     

The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m⁻¹, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)^−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m⁻¹. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣高强混凝土抗渗性和抗冻性试验

采用粉煤灰和矿渣2种掺合料的40%和50%2种质量比例掺量,制备了高掺合料C50高强混凝土,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术分析了高比例掺合料对高强混凝土强度的影响,最后通过抗氯离子渗透试验和快速冻融试验综合分析了高掺合料C50高强混凝土的耐久性。结果表明:当复掺掺合料总质量占胶凝材料总质量的50%时,随着粉煤灰与矿渣掺入量比值的减小混凝土养护28 d强度有所增加;在掺合料总质量不变的情况下,混凝土的抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性能均随着粉煤灰掺入量的增加和矿渣掺入量的减小而逐渐提升,但掺合料总质量的增加会降低抗氯离子渗透性能;采用抗冻耐久性指数与电通量的比值法可较好的综合评价高掺合料高强混凝土的耐久性,耐久性较好的适宜配合比为掺合料总量50%,粉煤灰与矿渣掺量比为4:1。研究可为高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣在高强混凝土中的应用提供依据,同时达到提高高强混凝土的经济性和节约资源的目的。     

茶皂素对潮土重金属污染的淋洗修复作用

为了探讨茶皂素淋洗修复土壤重金属污染的可行性,该文采用振荡提取和土柱淋洗的方法,研究了茶皂素对污染土壤中重金属的去除作用。结果表明,茶皂素溶液的浓度和土壤的pH值对重金属去除率有明显影响。土柱淋洗试验中,采用质量分数7%茶皂素溶液作淋洗液,pH 5.0±0.1、土液质量体积比1：4为最佳淋洗修复条件,此时,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的去除率分别为6.74%、42.38%、13.07%、8.75%,去除率的大小顺序为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb。茶皂素淋洗能有效去除酸溶态和可还原态的重金属,从而大大降低了重金属的环境风险,同时说明茶皂素用于土壤重金属污染淋洗修复有较大潜力。     

不同氮肥处理对污染红壤中铜有效性的影响

通过室内培养试验,发现不同氮肥处理对污染红壤中铜有效性有显著影响。在培养前期(0~15 d),施用尿素显著降低了红壤水溶态铜和有效态铜含量,而施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙则显著提高了水溶态铜含量,且硝酸钙的作用显著大于硫酸铵,但这两种氮肥对红壤有效态铜含量影响较小;培养60 d后,尿素对该红壤两种形态铜的抑制效应逐渐转为正效应,且硫酸铵的促进作用更为显著;硝酸钙对红壤两种形态铜的促进作用不如尿素。氮肥的施用量对两种形态铜也具有显著影响。同一施氮水平下,水溶态铜含量和有效态铜含量在不同氮肥处理间均达显著差异(硫酸铵>尿素>硝酸钙)。不同氮肥影响红壤铜有效性的主要机制是土壤pH的变化,红壤水溶态铜和有效态铜含量均与pH呈极显著负相关。     

Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in a sandy soil amended with high rates of coal fly ash

Abstract

Amending sandy, drought‐prone soils with high rates of coal fly ash has the potential to improve plant growth by enhancing soil moisture relations. However, some studies have questioned the plant availability of native and fertilizer phosphorus (P) in ash‐amended soils. We used a batch adsorption study and a 42 day incubation study to examine the effects of amending an Evesboro loamy sand with fly ash (0–30%, w:w) on P availability and adsorption‐desorption. Fly ash increased soil test P from 13 mg/kg (soil) to 34 mg/kg (30% ash) but had little effect on readily desorbable P. The adsorption or desorption of P was not markedly influenced by fly ash in either batch or incubation studies except at the highest ash and P rates. In the batch study, the greatest increases in P adsorption were seen at the 20% and 30% ash rates and P equilibium concentrations >20 mg/L. Immediate and long‐term decreases in P desorption occurred in the incubation study at all ash rates when ≥500 mg P/kg were added but fly ash had little effect on P desorption at P rates ≤250 mg P/kg.