辣木叶总黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化能力研究

为考察辣木叶总黄酮的可利用性,利用响应面分析法对乙醇-超声法提取辣木叶总黄酮的工艺进行优化,并研究总黄酮的抗氧化能力。结果表明,辣木叶总黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶51(w/v)、浸提时间88 min、浸提温度61℃,在此条件下,辣木叶总黄酮得率的预测值为5.17%,验证试验所得总黄酮得率为5.21%±0.03%,所得回归模型拟合良好。辣木叶总黄酮清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基以及DPPH自由基的IC50分别为0.0936、0.2962、0.017 mg·m L-1,表现出较强的抗氧化能力。本研究结果为辣木叶总黄酮的开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

双频超声协同强化提取黑米黑色素的试验研究

为进一步提高超声辅助提取黑米黑色素的效果,研究探讨了双频超声协同强化提取的方法。通过对pH值、提取时间、提取温度、液料比、乙醇浓度进行单因素试验,考察各因素对黑色素提取效果的影响,利用正交试验,优化其工艺条件。试验结果表明：各因素对黑米黑色素提取的影响大小依次为：pH＞乙醇浓度＞液料比＞温度＞时间。优化后的提取工艺条件为：pH值为2、超声时间为30?min、提取温度为50℃、液料比为30?mL/g、乙醇浓度为70%。在此条件下,得出平均提取率为6.85%。对比浸渍法、加热回流提取法,超声法提取黑米黑色素具有工艺简单、节省提取时间、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、减少黑色素损失的优点。     

响应面优化花生叶可溶性蛋白提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

为确定花生叶可溶性蛋白提取最佳工艺,本试验以花生叶为材料,利用碱溶酸沉法提取花生叶可溶性蛋白,分析浸提pH值、料液比及提取时间对蛋白提取率的影响;在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(RSM)优化花生叶可溶性蛋白提取条件,并对所得蛋白进行抗氧化活性分析。结果表明,各影响因素主次顺序为浸提pH值>提取时间>料液比,最佳提取条件为料液比1∶20(w/v)、提取时间40 min、浸提pH值 9.0,以此条件建立的响应面试验回归模型拟合性好(R²=0.992 7),花生叶可溶性蛋白理论提取率为52.8%,实际提取率为54.2%,纯度为63.8%。花生叶可溶性蛋白具有较强的DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,以及较好的还原能力。本研究结果为花生叶的开发利用及花生产业链的延长提供了一定的数据支持。     

响应面法优化提取花椒籽蛋白质工艺研究

本研究以花椒籽为原料,采用盐提法提取花椒籽中蛋白质。在单因素实验基础上,根据Central-Composite中心组合实验设计原理,采用响应面分析法,考察NaCl浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比、pH值对蛋白质得率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化所得的最佳工艺条件可靠,其最佳工艺条件为:NaCl浓度0.79mol·L-1,提取时间60min,提取温度35℃,料液比1∶17.5,pH值8.78。在此最佳工艺条件下花椒籽粗蛋白得率为18.92%。     

苦菜总黄酮超声波辅助提取及抗氧化能力研究

为开发和利用苦菜中的黄酮资源,采用超声波辅助法提取苦菜总黄酮,通过响应面分析法对苦菜总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺条件进行优化,并对最佳提取条件下苦菜总黄酮提取液的抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,苦菜总黄酮超声泼辅助提取最优工艺参数为:乙醇浓度49%、浸提温度69℃、浸提时间162 min、料液比1∶62(m/v),此条件下苦菜黄酮得率为3.73%±0.03%。最优提取条件下,苦菜总黄酮提取液清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的IC₅₀分别为0.005 9、0.153、0.024 8 mg·mL^-1,表现出较强的抗氧化能力。本研究结果为苦菜黄酮的开发应用提供了理论基础。     

微波辅助提取黄皮果肉果胶工艺参数优化

为优化微波辅助提取黄皮果肉中果胶的工艺,采用均匀设计法,考察了微波功率、提取时间、液料比及提取液pH值4个因子对黄皮果胶得率的影响。利用SAS软件对试验数据进行模型拟合和回归分析,确定提取时间和液料比是影响果胶得率的重要因子,并最终获得微波辅助提取黄皮果胶的最优工艺参数为:微波功率600W,提取时间8min,液料比24:1mL/g,提取液pH值2.0。在此条件下果胶得率为3.59%。通过对果胶基本特性的测定分析,该工艺提取的黄皮果胶品质基本符合国家标准,可为黄皮果胶提取的工业化放大提供参考。     

苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮提取工艺及其数学模型研究

为充分利用荞麦资源,该文测定了苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量,对苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的提取工艺及其数学模型进行了研究。试验结果表明：苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量为6.01%;乙醇提取法的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80%,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶50,提取时间2.5 h,该工艺条件下总黄酮提取率达94.01%;建立了以总黄酮提取率为目标值,以各提取工艺参数为因子的二次多项式模型,经验证计算值与试验值拟合良好。     

基于抗氧化能力的牛血红蛋白的分步酶解工艺参数优化

为探究牛血加工利用新技术,提高牛血蛋白资源利用率。该研究采用分步酶解法提取牛血红蛋白的抗氧化肽粗提物,从6种蛋白酶中筛选出最适蛋白酶组合,通过单因素试验优化温度、pH值、料液比、酶添加量和酶解时间,并通过响应面设计进一步优化酶添加量和酶解时间,得到牛血红蛋白抗氧化肽粗提物的最佳酶解工艺。结果表明：牛血红蛋白分步酶解的最佳工艺为：料液比40 g/L,一次酶解：风味蛋白酶添加量3 800 U/g、时间130 min、温度50 ℃、pH值7.5;二次酶解：碱性蛋白酶添加量2 900 U/g、时间60 min、温度40 ℃、pH值9.0。此工艺条件下的牛血红蛋白抗氧化肽粗提物的ABTS自由基清除能力为（333.62±6.29）μmol /g,具有优良的抗氧化活性,可作为食源性抗氧化肽的来源。该研究为牛血等副产物的综合加工利用提供了新思路,同时为食源性抗氧化肽的研发提供理论基础。     

勐库大叶茶中总黄酮最佳提取工艺的研究

黄酮类化合物具有多种药理作用,勐库大叶茶中含有丰富的黄酮类物质。本试验采用乙醇恒温浸提的方法提取勐库大叶茶中的总黄酮,并结合正交试验选择出最佳的提取工艺条件。结果表明4因素对勐库大叶茶中总黄酮提取得率影响的主次顺序为乙醇浓度>固液比>提取温度>提取时间,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1g:30 mL、提取温度85℃、提取时间2.0 h,在此条件下总黄酮的提取率为2.096%。     

苦荞茶中黄酮提取工艺优化及不同品牌苦荞茶黄酮含量比较

研究苦荞茶中黄酮提取的最佳工艺,比较不同类型苦荞茶的黄酮含量。通过单因素试验考察乙醇溶液体积分数、料液比、提取时间和提取温度4个因素对黄酮得率的影响。通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺,并在此基础上对不同类型苦荞茶黄酮含量进行比较。结果表明:各因素对苦荞茶中黄酮类物质得率的影响由大到小分别为温度、提取时间、乙醇溶液体积分数和料液比。优化得到苦荞茶中黄酮类物质的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇溶液体积分数70%,料液比1∶25,提取时间4 h,温度70℃,此条件下苦荞茶中总黄酮得率为1.98%;基于该条件下,分析8个品牌19种苦荞茶(11种造粒茶、6种全麦茶、2种全株茶)的黄酮含量,结果表明三类苦荞茶总黄酮含量平均值高低依次是全株茶造粒茶全麦茶;同类型苦荞茶之间,总黄酮含量差异最大的是造粒茶,其次是全麦茶,最小的是全株茶。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.