宁德市马铃薯不同稻草覆盖方式对比试验

为明确稻草包芯栽培的增产效果,以紫花851为供试材料,进行了稻草覆盖免耕、稻草包芯等不同栽培方式产量、效益及其商品性的比较。结果表明,马铃薯不同覆盖栽培方式对产量、效益、商品性影响不同,稻草覆盖免耕栽培处理与当地普通栽培处理相比,产量、效益差异达极显著水平,具增产增效、省工省力等优点;稻草包芯栽培处理与当地普通栽培处理相比,产量、效益差异也达显著水平,具有增产增效、操作简便、节省稻草等优点,并较好地解决了稻田土壤板结不利于薯块膨大和裂缝引起绿薯的问题,可扩大示范推广。     

寒旱区不同覆膜栽培模式对马铃薯产量的影响

以马铃薯品种陇薯3号为试材,研究了全膜起垄侧播（地膜全覆盖种在垄的两侧,双行）、半膜起垄顶播（覆盖垄,不覆盖垄沟,种在陇上,单行）、全膜起垄沟播（全部覆盖,种在垄沟,单行）和露地起垄顶播（CK）（起垄,种在陇上）4种栽培模式对其产量的影响效果。结果表明：与对照相比较,3种覆膜栽培模式均可提高土壤含水量和土壤温度,促进马...     

秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响

地膜覆盖技术的推广应用造成了土壤与环境的污染,对旱作农业的可持续性发展带来严重挑战。为了降低农业生产对土壤、环境的污染,探索寻求新型的绿色环保覆盖高效模式,通过运用粉碎秸秆来代替地膜,设置秸秆粉碎覆盖垄作侧播处理,与当地常规种植模式对比,研究了秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理的保温保墒效果不及黑色全膜双垄侧播处理,但能明显提高马铃薯单株粒数和单株粒重,单株粒数提高0.4个/株,单株粒重提高0.05 kg/粒,从而明显提高大薯率,大薯率相比黑色全膜双垄侧播栽培模式提高6.0个百分点,进而提高马铃薯产量。秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理下产量最高,达到41339 kg/hm^2,较黑色全膜双垄侧播处理增产14.3%,较黑色半膜覆盖侧播处理增产28.1%,较露地穴播增产43.5%。因此,秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培是一项适宜半干旱区马铃薯生产种植的绿色环保覆盖高效栽培模式。     

烟草“前膜后草”双覆盖模式研究现状与展望

烟草“前膜后草”双覆盖是在地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖的基础上改进的覆盖栽培模式。综述了双覆盖模式的形成原因及其保温保湿效果，对烟株根系活力和病虫害防御、烟叶品质以及经济性状等方面的影响，并展望了“前膜后草”双覆盖模式的研究方向。     

覆盖对喷灌夏玉米植株生长和产量的影响

在夏玉米生育期间设75%、65%、55%田间持水量3个灌水控制下限,研究地膜覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对喷灌夏玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖能明显促进植株的生长,地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖量大于7 500 kg/hm2处理的增产效果相当,覆盖增产效果均随着土壤水分的降低而增加。地膜覆盖处理耗水量最小,无覆盖的最大;秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量随着覆盖量的增加呈减少趋势,土壤水分越高的处理,覆盖节水量越多。地膜覆盖处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,比不覆盖处理提高50%以上;秸秆覆盖处理的WUE随着覆盖量的增加而增加,当覆盖量达到7 500 kg/hm2时,WUE的增加幅度变小。     

玉米秸秆覆盖对春小麦田土壤物理性状的影响

为了明确生物覆盖对塔里木盆地绿洲区土壤性能的影响,采用田间试验研究了玉米秸秆不同覆盖处理方式对土壤容重、温度及含水量的影响。结果表明,覆盖处理、立秆处理都较常规处理降低了土壤容重。在春小麦播种期和分蘖期,覆盖处理的5cm土层温度最低,较常规处理的分别低2.13℃和1.79℃;15cm土层温度较常规处理的分别低2.36℃和1.90℃;土层加深10cm土壤温度的最高点和最低点都延迟3h出现。土壤含水量表现为0～10cm土层立秆、覆盖处理的土壤含水量均较常规处理的高,而10～20cm土层则表现为立秆、覆盖处理的土壤含水量均较常规处理的低。     

Effects of Mulch and Potato Hilling on Development of Foliar Blight (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>) and the Control of Tuber Blight Infection

Foliar and tuber blight caused by Phytophthora infestans accounts for significant losses in potatoes in field and storage. Nevertheless, limited research has been published on the effects of cultural practices on late blight control. Field experiments were conducted in two years on Howard gravely loam soil in New York State to evaluate the effectiveness of mulching using oat straw and hilling in preventing tuber blight infection for cvs Allegany and Katahdin. Potato hilling and mulching had little effect on foliar blight development. The cultivar affected the disease development in the foliage, with cv. Allegany showing lower foliar late blight than cv. Katahdin. Tuber blight incidence averaged 25% for cv. Allegany and 3% for cv. Katahdin in hilled plots, while in the mulched plots the incidence of tuber blight averaged 33% for cv. Allegany and 10% for cv. Katahdin. The straw hay mulch was ineffective in tuber blight control. Tubers set at a soil depth of more than 7 cm had lower tuber blight incidence than shallow tubers set at a depth of less than 7 cm. In both years, hilling provided partial protection of tubers but its effectiveness was limited in the presence of favourable conditions for late blight development. Even though large hills had proportionally a lower tuber blight incidence than medium-sized hills, the difference between the different hill sizes was not significant. These studies suggest that the use of cultivars with foliage resistance to late blight in combination with cultural practices may partially reduce the incidence of tuber blight. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation for endorsement by Cornell University or the US Department of Agriculture.     

长沙地区春马铃薯不同栽培方式比较试验

以马铃薯早熟品种东农303为试验材料,进行了春马铃薯地膜覆盖、稻草覆盖、稻草加地膜覆盖、敞土4种栽培方式比较试验,结果表明:地膜覆盖栽培无论从出苗速率、植株生长势、产量与效益方面均明显优于其它栽培方式,与敞土(CK)栽培相比,地膜覆盖增产,每667m2增收515.2元;稻草加地膜覆盖栽培增产不显著;稻草覆盖栽培反而减产16.0%。改进稻草覆盖栽培技术可提高春马铃薯的产量与效益。     

Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture, weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the chief foreign exchange earning crops for Vietnam. However, owing to lack of appropriate management practices, the production and the area under cultivation of groundnut have remained low. Mulches increase the soil temperature, retard the loss of soil moisture, and check the weed growth, which are the key factors contributing to the production of groundnut. On-farm trials were conducted in northern Vietnam to study the impact of mulch treatments and explore economically feasible and eco-friendly mulching options. The effect of three mulching materials (polythene, rice straw and chemical) on weed infestation, soil temperature, soil moisture and pod yield were studied. Polythene and straw mulch were effective in suppressing the weed infestation. Different mulching materials showed different effects on soil temperature. Polythene mulch increased the soil temperature by about 6 °C at 5 cm depth and by 4 °C at 10 cm depth. Mulches prevent soil water evaporation retaining soil moisture. Groundnut plants in polythene and straw mulched plots were generally tall, vigorous and reached early flowering. Use of straw as mulch provides an attractive and an environment friendly option in Vietnam, as it is one of the largest rice growing countries with the least use of rice straw. Besides, it recycles plant nutrients effectively.     

土壤水分与覆盖对夏玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

在防雨棚下的测坑中,采用裂区试验设计,研究土壤高水分(75%田间持水量,下同)、中水分(65%)和低水分(55%)条件下地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和不覆盖对夏玉米生长发育、产量性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数均高于不覆盖的处理;在玉米生长前期地膜覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高,在玉米生长的中后期秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高。地膜和秸秆覆盖均具有显著的增产作用,与不覆盖相比,平均分别增产8.89%和22.26%。水分利用效率(WUE)随着土壤水分的降低而增加;在相同的土壤水分条件下,秸秆覆盖处理的WUE最高,地膜覆盖的次之,不覆盖的最低;当土壤水分控制下限为田间持水量的65%时,覆盖处理的节水增产效果最好,其中地膜和秸秆覆盖处理产量比不覆盖处理分别增加12.69%和28.47%,WUE分别提高21.78%和34.65%。     

冬小麦不同种植行对秸秆覆盖响应的差异

为给玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦的合理行数以及行距配置提供理论依据,研究了小麦不同种植行（行距20 cm）对玉米秸秆覆盖的响应差异,分析了覆盖带宽及种植带行距和行数对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对麦田0~10 cm土壤表现出增温（返青、拔节和成熟期）和降温（抽穗和灌浆期）的双重效应,同时具有明显的保墒和促进植株干物质积累的作用,且随覆盖量的增加,覆盖效应呈先增后减趋势;产量、耗水量和水分利用效率对秸秆覆盖量的反应也表现出相同的趋势,但只有4 500 kg·hm^-2 覆盖量处理的产量和水分利用效率显著高于CK（不覆盖）。在同一覆盖量下,秸秆覆盖对土壤温度、水分含量、干物质积累、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响总体上随种植行离覆盖带距离的增大而减弱。在不同栽培模式中,以行距16 cm、种6行、覆盖带宽35 cm的模式产量最高。     

Guidelines for soil conservation towards integrated basin management for sustainable development: A new approach based on the assessment of soil loss risk using remote sensing and GIS

Soil suspension in the Cidanau River of western Java, Indonesia, has increased recently, perhaps because of rapid environmental change in this watershed region. The objectives of this research are to assess soil loss risk using remote sensing and GIS and to develop effective guidelines for soil conservation in this watershed. To assess soil loss risk, a new soil loss model based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was applied, in which C factor (crop management factor) was estimated using the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI); this was computed with satellite remote sensing data and used to simulate soil loss risk. The simulation showed that areas with highest risk of soil loss are on northern- and southern-facing hillsides with poor vegetation. Guidelines for soil conservation in the watershed were proposed: under these guidelines soil-loss risk is managed by evaluating the effectiveness of contour farming, belt farming, and mulch farming. Some recommended measures for soil conservation are as follows: (1) Green vegetation cover should be preserved as much as possible. (2) Vegetation coverage must be increased by forestation in steep sloped areas. (3) Belt farming and contour farming are recommended in areas with slopes under 100%, and mulch farming (more than 50% ground cover mulching is recommended) is desirable in areas with slopes over 100% and without green cover.     

不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。     

冬种马铃薯稻草包芯栽培的生长发育特性及其生理特征

南方冬种马铃薯区推广的稻草覆盖栽培有多种方式,应用前景较大。为探讨冬种马铃薯稻草包芯栽培增产机理,以无覆盖稻草(裸地)为对照,研究了稻草包芯栽培与稻草免耕覆盖栽培马铃薯的生长发育及其生理特性。结果表明,包芯栽培为每667m2产量1727.8kg,比对照增产12.04%。从产量构成因素看,其高产优势缘于该栽培方式具有较高的平均单株薯块重和薯块数,而光合能力强、根系活力高、生物产量高是其高产的生理基础,具体表现为叶面积、光合势、根系活力和生物产量分别比对照增加39.1%、68.3%、36.3%和63.7%。稻草包芯栽培操作简便,稻草用量少,农民易接受。包芯后减少杂草,保水增温,疏松土层,能有效减少裂薯率和绿薯率,提高商品率,增产显著,综合表现良好,适于在福建等南方冬种区推广。     

安定区地膜马铃薯不同覆盖方式集雨保墒增产试验

安定区是全国最大的马铃薯生产县区之一,通过对地膜马铃薯不同覆盖方式集雨节水保墒增产的试验研究,选择适宜安定区马铃薯栽培的地膜覆盖方式,研究了地膜不同覆盖方式对马铃薯生物性状和产量的影响,以双垄全膜覆盖侧播处理增产保水保墒效果为最好。与对照(CK)相比,其株粒数、株粒重、大薯率分别增加1.5个、0.3 kg、62.5%;各处理产量以双垄全膜覆盖侧播的产量为最高,11 725 kg/hm2,比对照增产2 125 kg,增产率为22.14%。     

Potato production and incidence ofVerticillium dahliae following rotation to nonhost crops and soil fumigation in the state of Washington

For three years, potato yields, tuber quality, and incidence ofVerticillium dahliae were measured in field plots previously cropped for one year to the following nonhosts: sudan grass, green peas followed by sudan grass (same year), spring wheat, spring wheat followed by sudan grass (same year), sweet corn and field corn. One year rotation to nonhosts did not reduce the population ofV. dahliae propagules in the soil and in only one of the three years wereV. dahliae propagule numbers in potato stems significantly reduced in plots following nonhost crops, compared with plots following potatoes. Verticillium wilt symptoms in potatoes were not reduced by one year rotation to any of these crops and only in one year in three was yield significantly increased. In two of three years, percent U.S. No. 1 tubers was increased following one-year rotation with green peas plus sudan grass, and in one of the two years, specific gravity was increased by rotation. Rotational cropping to nonhosts for two years between potatoes significantly reduced preplant soil populations ofV. dahliae propagules in the soil and in potato stems the following fall. However, soil populations in these two year rotational plots the spring following potato were not reduced compared to plots previously cropped to potatoes two consecutive years. Cropping to nonhosts for two years had no consistent effect on incidence of Verticillium wilt in subsequent potato crops. Two years’ rotation to nonhosts increased plant height and yield compared to continuous cropping to potato but not percent U.S. No. 1 tubers. The various nonhost crops all had about the same non-significant effect on yield. In two out of three years’ trials, fumigation significantly reduced both the incidence of Verticillium wilt and number ofV. dahliae propagules in stems in plots compared to plots non-fumigated. In only one trial, fumigation significantly increased tuber yields and percent U.S. No. 1 tubers.     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响

为了解小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培的效果,以冬小麦兰天26号为研究对象,分析了秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2)、全膜覆土穴播(PC)和无覆盖露地(CK)下旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,穗数、穗粒数和产量较CK分别增加13.4%~20.2%、26.7%~33.3%和41.3%~69.1%,但秸秆带状覆盖与PC间产量差异不显著。秸秆带状覆盖显著降低了全生育期0~25cm土壤平均温度,土温较CK低1.4~2.0℃;随着生育进程的推进和土层的加深,秸秆带状覆盖表现出增温和降温的"双重效应",SC1在返青期5cm土层和拔节期5和10cm土层增温,SC2在越冬期5和10cm土层及拔节期5cm土层增温,其余各时期各土层秸秆带状覆盖均表现出降温效应,且总体上降温效应大于增温效应;秸秆带状覆盖较PC和CK减小全生育期土壤日变化幅度;SC1、SC2的全生育期有效积温较CK分别减少86.6和69.8℃,使得秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦较CK晚熟15d。从环保和可持续发展等方面综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖较全膜覆土穴播在西北旱作区更具优越性。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

为探讨西北半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖麦田水分利用特征和增产效果,通过田间试验,以露地条播为对照(CK),研究了3种不同覆盖处理[秸秆带状覆盖常规条播(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖宽幅条播(SM2)和全膜覆土穴播(PM)]对旱地冬小麦田土壤含水量、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播均可显著改善小麦全生育期0~20cm以及开花前20~90cm土壤墒情,但开花后20~90cm以及全生育期90~200cm土壤墒情普遍不如CK。3种覆盖处理均能促进冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用,显著提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播生育期耗水量分别比CK增加4.6%和7.6%。秸秆带状覆盖在孕穗前0~200cm土壤墒情与全膜覆土穴播无显著差异,孕穗期开始则好于全膜覆土穴播;全膜覆土穴播0~200cm土壤贮水消耗量显著高于秸秆带状覆盖,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例则略低于秸秆带状覆盖。3种覆盖处理均显著提高产量和水分利用效率,PM、SM1和SM2较CK分别增产36.8%、29.7%和27.5%,水分利用效率分别提高27.3%、23.9%和22.7%。产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.97*)。覆盖处理中,全膜覆土穴播产量虽最高,但从产量、水分利用效率和经济效益角度综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖优于全膜覆土穴播。因此认为,秸秆带状覆盖是一种更加高产高效、适宜在西北半干旱雨养区推广的覆盖种植方式。     

长沙地区春马铃薯不同栽培方式比较试验

以中熟加工型马铃薯品种大西洋为试验材料,进行了春马铃薯的地膜覆盖栽培、敞土常规栽培、地膜加小拱棚覆盖栽培、稻草覆盖栽培、稻草加地膜覆盖栽培、稻草加小拱棚覆盖栽培和稻草加地膜加小拱棚覆盖栽培,共7种不同栽培方式的比较试验。结果表明:稻草加地膜覆盖栽培无论是在出苗速率,还是在植株生长势、抗病性以及产量和商品薯率等综合方面明显优于其它几种栽培方式,与敞土常规栽培(CK)相比,增产明显,达到了324.2%;其次是稻草加小拱棚覆盖栽培,增产220.3%;而地膜覆盖栽培和稻草覆盖栽培,增产则较小,分别增产42.0%和27.1%。     

覆盖方式对旱作水稻干物质积累的影响

以品种P 88S/1128为材料,设置地膜覆盖和稻草覆盖2个处理,以裸地旱作为对照,研究了不同覆盖栽培方式对旱作水稻光合产物积累的影响。试验结果表明,覆盖方式对旱作水稻的干物质积累有显著的影响,整个生育期的干物质积累以地膜覆盖处理最高,为136.31 g/穴,稻草覆盖处理为123.69 g/穴,均显著高于对照;成熟期地膜和稻草覆盖的穗部干物质积累显著提高,分别比对照提高26.46%和14.49%;另外,覆盖有效提高了叶片叶绿素含量,其产量也显著高于对照。