Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

Use of soil nitrogen parameters and texture for spatially-variable nitrogen fertilization

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO₃–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO₃–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO₃–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO₃–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

Soil spatial variability and site-specific fertilization maps in an apple orchard

In the present study, the spatial variability of some soil physical and chemical properties in a 0.8 ha apple orchard were studied. Sixty soil samples were taken from two sampling depths: 0–0.3 m and 0.3–0.6 m. The soil samples were analyzed for the following soil properties: soil texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and NO₃–N, NH₄–N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B and organic matter content. Data analysis indicated that most of the nutrients were at sufficient levels. The site-specific application map for N was created based on the amount of N that was removed from the soil with the yield of the previous year. By applying N site-specifically, 38% of N could be saved compared to uniform application.     

利用膜进样质谱仪测定水稻土几种厌氧氮转化速率

为了在同一体系下区分和测定水稻土反硝化、厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)和硝酸根异化还原成铵(DNRA)过程发生速率和相互关系,并获取近似原位情况下的净脱氮速率,本研究通过将~(15)NH_4~+化学氧化法测定DNRA速率和添加尿素模拟原位土柱测定净脱氮速率与膜进样质谱法(MIMS)进行联用,完善了一套基于膜进样质谱法(MIMS)的稻田硝态氮转化测定方法体系,利用该方法测定了5种典型的水稻土[辽宁营口(YK)、江苏宜兴(YX)、浙江金华(JH)、广西桂林(GL)和四川广安(GA)]的反硝化、Anammox、DNRA和净脱氮4种氮转化速率。结果显示:基于MIMS的方法体系可实现对水稻土中反硝化、Anammox、DNRA和净脱氮速率的测定,5种水稻土反硝化、Anammox、DNRA和净脱氮速率范围分别为(358.63±25.37)～(479.96±22.12)、(-14.81±0.22)～(5.29±1.22)、(25.76±12.71)～(109.87±3.88)g N·hm~(-2)·h~(-1)和(33.33±11.16)～(72.74±14.18)g N·hm~(-2)·h~(-1),相关结果与其他方法研究结果具有可比性。相关性分析显示:水稻土NO_3~-、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤Fe~(2+)含量是反硝化过程的主要限制因素;NO_3~-是Anammox的关键限制因素;而土壤DOC和Fe~(2+)含量是DNRA过程的主要限制因素。基于MIMS的方法体系可以在短时间内(1周)测定水稻土四种厌氧氮转化速率,且所需样品量低、精确度高,在稻田或湿地土壤厌氧氮转化过程研究中有很好的应用前景。     

增氮对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤甲烷吸收的早期影响

研究大气氮沉降对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CH₄吸收的影响,对于揭示氮素调节土壤CH₄吸收的机制和评价氮沉降增加背景下大气CH₄收支平衡至关重要。通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,测定土壤CH₄净交换通量和相关土壤理化性质,分析高寒草甸土壤CH₄通量变化特征及其主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:自然状态下高寒草甸土壤是大气CH₄汇,CH₄平均吸收量为(35.40±1.92)μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤CH₄吸收主要受水分驱动,其次为土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。NH₄⁺-N抑制CH₄吸收,NO₃^--N促进CH₄吸收;不同剂量氮素输入对土壤CH₄吸收影响也不尽相同,低氮处理促进土壤CH₄吸收,而中氮和高氮处理抑制土壤CH₄吸收。结果显示青藏高原高寒草甸土壤是重要的大气CH₄汇,在未来大气氮沉降加倍的情景下CH₄汇功能增强,但当氮沉降量增加两倍以上时CH₄汇功能将会减弱。     

减量施氮对雨养区春玉米产量和环境效应的影响

通过3年田间试验,研究了减量施氮(N)对雨养区春玉米产量、温室气体排放、土壤硝态氮(NO_3~--N)残留的影响。试验于2013年4月至2015年9月在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行,供试作物为春玉米,半覆膜种植,设常规施氮(N200)和减量施氮(N150)2个处理,定期测定土壤矿质N和氧化亚氮(N_2O)气体含量。结果表明:虽然N150处理较N200处理施N量减少了25%,但玉米产量无显著变化(P0.05),三年平均为13.4(N200)、13.3(N150)t·hm~(-2);N150处理N2O累积排放量较N200处理降低24.3%;N200处理0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N残留量平均为210.2 kg·hm~(-2),N150处理则低至115.1 kg·hm~(-2);N200和N150处理的生育期耗水量差异不显著(P0.05)。在渭北雨养农业区,春玉米在常规施N的基础上减量25%,不仅能维持作物产量,还能有效降低N_2O排放和NO_3~--N的残留。     

黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期土壤硝态氮淋溶与降水年型间的关系

【目的】冬小麦-夏休闲是旱地重要的轮作模式之一,随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后土壤中残留的硝态氮含量不断增加,夏季休闲期间集中降水的特点是否会导致硝态氮淋溶损失,这一问题值得关注。【方法】连续3年(2013—2015年)采集黄土高原南部长武和杨凌两地夏季休闲前后0—200 cm土壤剖面样品,测定土壤硝态氮含量,研究不同降水年和不同施氮量下黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期间土壤剖面硝态氮累积及淋溶特性。【结果】小麦收获后,长武0—200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在97—328 kg·hm~(-2),平均193 kg·hm~(-2);杨凌施氮量为120kg N·hm~(-2)及240 kg N·hm~(-2)时,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量分别为156 kg·hm~(-2)及366 kg·hm~(-2),增加施氮量土壤剖面累积硝态氮量显著增加。不同降水年夏季休闲前后硝态氮在土壤剖面的淋溶与降水量密切相关,长武降水量高的丰水年2013年(296 mm)休闲前位于40—60 cm深度的硝态氮累积峰在休闲后到达80 cm以下,淋溶作用明显。而降水量少的欠水年2014年(157 mm)休闲后土壤剖面未发生硝态氮的淋溶。降水量一般的平水年2015年(200mm)休闲后在0—100 cm土壤剖面会发生硝态氮向下淋溶,但是迁移深度不大。在降水量高的2013年夏季休闲后100—200 cm土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量是0—100 cm的2.5倍,而2014年夏季休闲后土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量主要出现在0—100 cm土壤剖面。杨凌2013年试验期间降水量低(仅220 mm,属欠水年),休闲后两个施氮处理的土壤剖面硝态氮累积峰甚至出现轻微上移;同为欠水年,2015年降水量有所增加(288 mm),休闲后0—100 cm土壤剖面中发生硝态氮下移达到20—40 cm。而降水量更高的2014年(346 mm,平水年),休闲后土壤剖面中硝态氮累积峰较休闲前下移了60—80 cm。相比休闲前,降水量低的2013年夏季休闲后土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量主要出现在0—100 cm土壤剖面,淋溶作用弱。而降水量高的2014年施氮处理100—200 cm土层硝态氮的累积增加量显著高于0—100 cm土层,其中施氮240 kg N·hm~(-2)处理0—100 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量显著下降,有大量硝态氮被淋溶到100—200 cm土层。【结论】黄土高原旱地小麦收获后0—200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量高。夏季休闲期间降水量是影响黄土高原旱地土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶的关键因素,降水量高的年份土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶作用明显。夏季休闲期间长武遇上丰水年土壤中硝态氮淋溶风险大,而杨凌遇上平水年就会出现硝态氮淋溶风险。     

Dynamics of soil water content under different tillage systems in agro-pastural eco-zone

The dynamics of soil water content under different tillage systems was studied throughout the growing period of oat (Avena sativa L.). The treatments included tillage system (zero tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage), residue cover (with and without cover), and crop rotation (continuous cropping and crop rotation). The results indicated that soil water content and crop water use efficiency were improved under zero tillage with cover. When crop stubble was removed, soil water content under zero tillage was reduced, especially in the surface soil layer. Compared to conventional tillage, minimum tillage increased soil water content and its storage, either with cover or without cover. For all the three tillage treatments, soil water content with cover was significantly higher than that of without cover. Furthermore, soil water content and crop water use efficiency under crop rotation was consistently higher than continuous cropping. Therefore, it is concluded that minimum tillage with cover is the optimum management system in this area. At present, however, a combination of crop rotation and minimum tillage is a viable option, since there are not enough crop residues available for cover of land. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(6): 2523–2530 [译自: 生态学报]     

Deep chiseling of soil under irrigation conditions

The advantage of fall soil tillage by loosening with an experimental chisel implement to a depth of 40–42 cm compared with moldboard plowing with a share plow to a depth of 25–27 cm is shown. Original Russian Text ? V.I. Pyndak, V.F. Loboiko, V.N. Pavlenko, 2009, published in Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Sel’skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk, 2009, No. 2, pp. 54–55.     

保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的影响研究进展

作物产量的高低主要取决于土壤肥力,如何保持并提高土壤肥力是确保我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要任务,也是众多学者关注的焦点。土壤有机碳和氮素是评价土壤质量的重要指标,其动态平衡直接影响土壤肥力和作物产量。随着全球气候变化及环境污染问题的愈加突出,农田土壤固碳及提高氮效率成为各界科学家研究的热点。目前,保护性耕作已成为发展可持续农业的重要技术之一,对土壤固碳及氮素的利用具有很大的影响。深入了解保护性耕作对土壤有机碳固持与氮素利用效率提高的影响机制,对于正确评价土壤肥力有着重要意义。但由于气候、土壤及种植制度等条件不一致,关于保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应结论不一。阐述了国际上保护性耕作对农田系统土壤有机碳含量变化及其分解排放(如CO₂和CH₄)、氮素变化及其矿化损失(如NH₃挥发、N₂O排放与氮淋失)和碳氮素相互关系(如C/N层化率)影响的研究进展,并分析了其影响因素和相关机理。尽管国内保护性耕作的研究已进行30 多年,但在土壤有机碳与氮素方面与国外相比依然有较大的差距。保护性耕作对土壤固碳与氮素利用的影响机制,碳素和氮素在土壤-植株-大气系统中的转移变化,及结合农事管理等综合评价其生态效应的研究很少。在此基础上,提出未来我国保护性耕作在土壤有机碳固定和氮素利用方面的重点研究方向:(1)在定位试验基础上进一步探讨保护性耕作对土壤有机碳及氮素利用的影响机制;(2)深入研究土壤有机碳和氮素的相互关系及其对土壤肥力的影响;(3)结合环境保护与土壤可持续管理对保护性耕作农田土壤固碳及氮素高效利用的系统评价研究;(4)加强保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的宏观研究,合理评价保护性耕措施下对农田碳、氮综合效应。     

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi as an ecology indicator for evaluating desert soil conditions

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are the most common underground symbiosis. They can form vesicles and arbuscules in the roots of about 80% of plant species. In this paper, using the arbuscular mycorrhiza’s colonization as an evaluating indicator in combination with other experimental indicators, we composed a system of evaluating various indices to analyze desert soil conditions. A fuzzy optimization system model was introduced to analyze the experimental results. The results showed that the soil quality was Yulin > Ecology Station > Yanchi > Shapotou > Dingbian. ‘μ _i ’, an indicator of soil quality, was the greatest in the topmost layer of soil, in the 0–10 cm soil, at the sampling sites Yulin, Ecology Station, Yanchi and Dingbian. However, at Shapotou the maximum value of μ _i was found in the 10–20 cm soil layer. The weight value of the AM fungal index ranged from 37% to 95% at different sites.     

减肥条件下生物炭施用方式对土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

为研究生物炭逐年施加和一次性施入4年后对土壤肥力和酶活性的影响,采用定位试验设置100%（F1）、80%（F2）和60%（F3）推荐施肥量的三种施肥水平×四种施炭量（CK：0 t·hm^-2,B1：2.6 t·hm^-2·a^-1,B2：13 t·hm^-2,B3：26 t·hm^-2）共12个处理,分析土壤氮磷钾养分含量和酶活性指标的变化,其中B1处理逐年施加,B2和B3处理一次性施加。结果表明生物炭对土壤氮素提高效果显著,其中全氮含量较对照处理提高23.08%~52.25%,硝态氮含量是对照的1.80~2.46倍,并随施炭量提高而增加,提升效果优于铵态氮。60%推荐施肥条件下,施加13 t·hm^-2和26 t·hm^-2生物炭土壤速效磷含量分别高于不施炭对照84.99%和159.23%。土壤全钾含量未因生物炭加入发生显著变化,但是速效钾含量较对照提高了18.99%~61.24%。土壤酶活性主要受生物炭施加方式的影响：逐年施加生物炭（B1）显著提高了酸性磷酸酶活性,但降低了土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而一次性施炭可提高土壤脲酶活性。研究表明,生物炭对土壤氮磷肥力和速效钾肥力均有一定的提升效果,其中对氮素的提高效果最理想,可弥补减肥40%引起的土壤氮素降低。逐年施炭对土壤酶活性影响显著,新鲜生物炭中所含物质是影响酶活性的主要因素。     

猕猴桃园氮素投入特点及硝态氮累积和迁移特性研究

为指导果园科学施肥及合理评价施肥对环境的影响,2014年对该区域的陕西省周至县俞家河小流域氮素投入状况进行了调查,并采集猕猴桃园土壤样品进行测定,评价了猕猴桃园土壤硝态氮(NO_3~--N)累积及降雨对坡地猕猴桃园NO_3~--N迁移特性的影响。结果表明:该区域猕猴桃园氮素投入量过高,盈余量高达1195 kg·hm~(-2),0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量高达827kg·hm~(-2),且52.1%的NO_3~--N累积在100~200 cm土层;对于坡地猕猴桃园,坡下部0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量明显高于坡上部,在经过一个雨季后,0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N发生明显的向深层土壤淋溶现象且坡下部与坡上部0~200 cm土壤剖面NO_3~--N累积量差异增大。俞家河小流域猕猴桃园大量氮素盈余,造成土壤NO_3~--N过分累积,在集中降雨条件下,NO_3~--N出现明显的向深层土壤淋溶且可能存在顺坡向下迁移的趋势,不仅造成氮肥的损失,而且对地表及地下水环境构成潜在威胁。     

减氮适墒对冬小麦土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区过量施氮的现象,研究了适量减氮在不同土壤墒情下硝态氮分布以及冬小麦对氮素吸收利用效率和籽粒产量的变化,为该地区小麦生产上科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2014—2015和2015—2016两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置3个灌水处理,自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)和3个施氮量处理(不施氮,N1;减氮施肥,N2:195 kg·hm~(-2);常规高量氮肥,N3:270 kg·hm~(-2)),测定了0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量、冬小麦植株氮素吸收转运量和籽粒产量。【结果】0—60 cm土层硝态氮(NO_3-N)的分布随土层加深而减少,随施氮量增加而提高,随土壤墒情的增大而减少;60 cm又出现不同程度的回升,尤其是足墒(W3)加大了NO_3-N的淋溶,N2、N3水平下80—100 cm土层W3平均比W1高出了3.8 mg·kg~(-1)和4.2 mg·kg~(-1);减氮处理(N2)促进了NO_3-N吸收,成熟期0—20 cm土层NO_3-N比开花期平均降幅为2.3 mg·kg~(-1),高氮处理(N3)收获后土层中NO_3-N却有较多的富集。减氮适墒处理(W2N2)显著增加了开花期营养器官氮素积累量(P0.05),并促进氮素向籽粒的有效转运,尤其表现在叶片中;花前氮素转移量和对籽粒的贡献率均达最大,籽粒产量和籽粒中的氮素积累量分别比其他处理平均高出15.4%、27.3%,从而极显著提高了氮素吸收率和生产效率(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量195 kg·hm~(-2),拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%,是兼顾产量、氮肥吸收和生产效率的最佳处理。     

A 15N-Labeling Study of the Capture of Deep Soil Nitrate from Different Plant Systems

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of different plant systems in capturing deep soil nitrate (NO₃⁻) to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching in a field plot experiment using ¹⁵N labelling. The study was conducted on a calcareous alluvial soil on the North China Plains and the plant systems evaluated included alfalfa (Medicago sativa), American black poplar (Populus nigra) and cocksfoot (Dactylis). ¹⁵N-labelled N fertilizer was injected to 90 cm depth to determine the recovery of ¹⁵N by the plants. With conventional water and nutrient management, the total recovery of ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃⁻-N was 23.4% by alfalfa after two consecutive growth years. The recovery was significantly higher than those by American black poplar (12.3%) and cocksfoot (11.4%). The highest proportion of soil residual ¹⁵N from the labeled fertilizer N (%Ndff) was detected around 90 cm soil depth at the time of the 1st year harvest and at 110-130 cm soil depth at time of the 2nd year harvest. Soil %Ndff in 0-80 cm depth was significantly higher in the alfalfa treatment than those in all the other treatments. The soil %Ndff below 100 cm depth was much lower in the alfalfa than those in all the other treatments. These results indicated that ¹⁵N leaching losses in the alfalfa treatment were significantly lower than by those in the black poplar and cocksfoot treatments, due to the higher root density located in nitrate labeling zone of soil profile. In conclusion, alfalfa may be used as a plant to capture deep soil NO₃⁻ left from previous crops to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching in high intensity crop cultivation systems of North China Plain.     

Evaluating hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimating nitrogen concentration of winter wheat at different growth stages

Many hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) have been developed to estimate crop nitrogen (N) status at leaf and canopy levels. However, most of these indices have not been evaluated for estimating plant N concentration (PNC) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages using a common on-farm dataset. The objective of this study was to evaluate published VIs for estimating PNC of winter wheat in the North China Plain for different growth stages and years using data from both N experiments and farmers’ fields, and to identify alternative promising hyperspectral VIs through a thorough evaluation of all possible two band combinations in the range of 350–1075 nm. Three field experiments involving different winter wheat cultivars and 4–6 N rates were conducted with cooperative farmers from 2005 to 2007 in Shandong Province, China. Data from 69 farmers’ fields were also collected to evaluate further the published and newly identified hyperspectral VIs. The results indicated that best performing published and newly identified VIs could explain 51% (R₇₀₀/R₆₇₀) and 57% (R₄₁₈/R₄₀₅), respectively, of the variation in PNC at later growth stages (Feekes 8–10), but only 22% (modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index, MCARI) and 43% (R₇₆₃/R₇₆₁), respectively, at the early stages (Feekes 4–7). Red edge and near infrared (NIR) bands were more effective for PNC estimation at Feekes 4–7, but visible bands, especially ultraviolet, violet and blue bands, were more sensitive at Feekes 8–10. Across site-years, cultivars and growth stages, the combination of R₃₇₀ and R₄₀₀ as either simple ratio or a normalized difference index performed most consistently in both experimental (R ² = 0.58) and farmers’ fields (R ² = 0.51). We conclude that growth stage has a significant influence on the performance of different vegetation indices and the selection of sensitive wavelengths for PNC estimation, and new approaches need to be developed for monitoring N status at early growth stages.     

不同覆盖作物对砂姜黑土剖面硝态氮动态的影响

为探究不同覆盖作物整个生育期内[覆盖作物播种后（2021年11月5日）、营养生长期（2022年3月12日）和生殖生长期（2022年5月5日）]砂姜黑土剖面中硝态氮的动态变化,本研究在安徽省龙亢农场典型砂姜黑土区设置压实（Compacted,C）与不压实（Non-compacted,NC）处理,并裂区设置冬季休闲（Con）、苜蓿（Alf）、油菜（Rap）、萝卜+毛苕子混播（Rhv）4个处理,动态监测0～120 cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量、储量和植株地上地下生物量及其氮素积累量。结果表明：整个覆盖作物生长季,Alf、Rap、Rhv处理土壤硝态氮含量持续下降,各处理0～120 cm土层平均分别下降43.3%、53.9%、57.5%。营养生长期与生殖生长期3个覆盖作物处理（除生殖生长期不压实条件下Rhv处理）硝态氮储量均较Con处理降低（P<0.05）,且营养生长期的平均降幅（压实52.7%,不压实60.7%）高于生殖生长期（压实40.2%,不压实35.6%）。营养生长期,不压实条件下Alf处理土壤硝态氮储量是Rap和Rhv处理的1.41倍（P<0.05）。生殖生长期,压实与不压实条...     

长期施用有机肥对潮土土壤肥力及硝态氮运移规律的影响

以连续不同年限定位施用有机肥的小麦-玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个处理:连续施用化肥(长期施用化肥,未施用有机肥);3年连续施用有机肥(不施化肥);5年连续施用有机肥(不施化肥);20年连续施用有机肥(不施化肥),探索不同年限连续有机施肥下土壤肥力、小麦产量和土体硝态氮累积量分布的变化。结果表明,连续施用有机肥可显著降低土壤容重、增加土壤中速效养分含量,且年限越长,效果越明显。化肥处理的小麦产量显著高于有机肥处理,有机肥处理中小麦产量随施肥年限的增加而降低,但无显著性差异。不同土壤深度硝态氮累积量表现为有机肥处理大于无机肥处理,小麦季大于玉米季;随着土壤深度增加土壤硝态氮累积量呈现先降低后增加的趋势,且各土层硝态氮累积量随施用有机肥年限增加而增加;通过分析80~100 cm土层硝态氮累积量发现,20年连续施用有机肥处理在此层的累积量最大达240 kg·hm~(-2)。由此可见,连续施用有机肥可降低小麦产量,连续20年施用有机肥土壤硝态氮总累积量和土体下层累积量均达到最大,具有一定的硝态氮淋失风险。因此,需采取一定的措施来增加作物产量,减少硝态氮累积,防止地下水硝态氮污染。     

填闲种植对棚室菜田累积氮素消减及黄瓜生长的影响

【目的】在中国集约化蔬菜种植区,传统的高水肥投入导致土壤氮素大量累积,致使氮素淋洗到土壤深层或进入地下水,造成地下水硝酸盐污染。种植填闲作物可控制和减少土壤深层硝态氮的累积,因此,本研究探讨不同填闲作物种类对消减土壤剖面累积硝态氮及下季作物生长的影响,筛选出适宜的填闲作物种类。【方法】以华北平原传统棚室黄瓜菜田为对象,在蔬菜休闲期通过种植深根型填闲作物,利用其根系发达、生长迅速、吸氮量大的特点,促使土层中硝态氮大量消耗,以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积和降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N淋失。以此为目标,设置甜玉米、苋菜、甜高粱及休闲田间小区试验,采集测定土壤、植株及根系样品,分析不同填闲作物的消减效果。【结果】在这3种填闲作物中,甜玉米的生物量和吸氮量最大,整体根长密度大于其它填闲种类。从对土壤剖面NO₃^--N的消减能力来说,甜玉米的消减能力最高。2008、2009及2010年,甜玉米对0-200 cm土层土壤NO₃^--N的消减量分别为153.8、605.7和56.3 kg·hm^-2。3年休闲期后,第一季前茬休闲处理的黄瓜产量、生物量及吸氮量均最高,在产量、吸氮量上与其他处理差异显著;第二季、第三季,前茬休闲的产量、生物量和吸氮量与其他处理差异不显著;填闲作物的种植并没有对黄瓜产量造成影响,并且黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量明显降低。氮素表观平衡中0-200 cm土层,甜玉米-黄瓜的氮素亏缺量较大,说明甜玉米能显著降低土壤NO₃^--N的残留。种植填闲作物能够达到经济效益和生态效益的双赢,甜玉米、苋菜与甜高粱可分别为农民带来39 467、497和16 522元/hm²的净收入。【结论】棚室菜田夏季种植填闲作物不仅可以消减土壤剖面根层NO₃^--N累积,而且对下茬黄瓜产量未造成显著影响,黄瓜收获后土壤NO₃^--N含量也会明显降低;在设施蔬菜轮作体系中引入填闲作物具有可行性,甜玉米为较佳的填闲作物。