利用结构基因座分析中国蒙古羊系统内部分不同生态型绵羊品种遗传分化关系及距离隔离机制

 【目的】探讨蒙古羊系统内部分品种间的遗传分化关系,揭示蒙古羊系统内主要不同生态型地方绵羊品种形成的地理距离隔离机制。【方法】以中国蒙古羊系统内5个地方绵羊品种,湖羊、同羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊和洼地绵羊为研究对象,以多座位电泳法检测5个地方绵羊品种的20个结构基因座（包括Al、Gc、Tf、Cp、Alp、Ary-Es、Lap、Hb-α、Hb-β、Xp、CA、Dia-I、Dia-Ⅱ、MDH、GPI、EsD、α2-M、Cat、Ly和Ke）的变异。【结果】5个绵羊群体间的系统发生关系不满足距离隔离模式,绵羊群体间的遗传分化关系的远近与其地理分布并未表现出紧密的线性相关。【结论】5个绵羊品种分别起源于不同时期的蒙古羊始祖群体,同时在品种间存在一定程度的基因交流,并在各自特有的生态环境中经历不同程度的自然选择和人为选择培育而成。     

粤黄鸡分化品系血液蛋白质多态性基因频率的变化

本试验采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳和聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳方法测定了粤黄鸡4个分化品系(群体)以及石歧杂鸡和杏花鸡的血液蛋白质多态性,观察了多态性血液蛋白质基因频率的变化,根据基因频率计算出6个群体相互之间的相似系数和标准遗传距离及各群的平均杂合度,分别以系统聚类分析和主分量分析方法对这种变化进行研究。结果表明,4个粤黄鸡分化品系大多数多态性血液蛋白质基因频率相近,少数出现品系(群体)间差异,而相似系数和遗传距离说明品系(群体)间分化与选育目的相符;系统聚类分析显示4个粤黄鸡分化品系(群体)与石歧杂鸡间关系较为密切;与杏花鸡相对地较为疏远,主分量分析却清楚地表明了粤黄鸡从石岐杂鸡中的分化以及与杏花鸡的区别。这两种分析方法结果相互补充,而两者的不一致有待进一步研究。另外,平均杂合度似乎也表明了品系(群体)选育程度的差异。     

红壳色文蛤选育群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

【目的】了解群体选育过程中红壳色文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）选育群体的遗传多样性变化及世代遗传分化情况,为文蛤育种计划的可持续性提供理论依据。【方法】以江苏黄文蛤原种（SY）、江苏红文蛤原种（SR）及5个红壳色文蛤选育群体（SRF₁~SR5F₅）为研究对象,利用15对微卫星引物对各文蛤群体基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,然后通过Gel-Pro32 4.0、PopGen 32和MEGA 6.0等在线软件分析7个文蛤群体的遗传多样性。【结果】从7个文蛤群体中共检测出766个等位基因,每个微卫星位点在每个群体中检测出3~18个等位基因,且等位基因数（Na）随选育世代增加呈下降趋势。15个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量（PIC）在0.575~0.630,均属于高度多态性位点。7个文蛤群体的平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0.442~0.502,平均期望杂合度（He）为0.629~0.680,群体中63.81%的微卫星位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,表明各微卫星位点存在一定程度的杂合子缺失;群体内近交系数（F_is）范围为-0.0157~0.7409,平均为0.2777,表明文蛤群体内存在一定程度的近交水平;群体间遗传分化系数（F_st）平均为0.0455,即文蛤群体变异中仅有4.55%是由不同群体间的基因差异所产生,而95.45%的变异来源于群体内部;各群体的基因流（Nm）为0.9002~18.9478,平均为8.8065,说明7个文蛤群体间的遗传分化较低。UPMGA聚类分析发现7个文蛤群体聚类呈两大支,江苏红文蛤原种及其选育群体聚为一支,而江苏黄文蛤原种（SY）独自聚为一支。【结论】经过5代人工选育的红壳色文蛤选育群体虽然较基础群体其遗传多样性指数略有下降,但并未导致各选育群体的遗传结构发生改变,仍具有较高的遗传多样性。在连续的选择育种计划中,应增加亲本养殖环境多样化,避免因人工繁育的亲本和养殖群体规模较小引起遗传漂移或近交衰退而致使某些等位基因缺失,导致后代的遗传结构发生改变。     

墨白964群体5轮混合选择遗传变异的分子生物学研究

 【目的】研究控制双亲的混合选择法对墨白964群体在四川生态条件下经过5轮适应性改良的效果。【方法】采用性状表型分析和SSR分子标记技术。【结果】经过5轮混合选择后，开花期性状有显著的选择增益, 多数性状的表型变异系数随着选择世代的增加有所下降。40对SSR引物在各轮群体中扩增出418个等位位点，有88.5%的遗传多样性分布于群体内，有11.5%分布于群体间。群体内的遗传多样性大于群体间的遗传多样性，且群体内的遗传差异随着选择的增加呈下降趋势。基因杂合度、多态性位点数和多态性位点百分率都呈递减趋势。原始群体C0的基因型种类多，为418种，且频率分布较散，选择后的高代群体C4、C5的基因型种类少且频率分布较集中。【结论】选择群体的遗传变异逐渐减小，这可能是由于连续对开花期性状定向选择的结果，也可能还与群体的有效含量较小和选择强度大所引起的遗传漂变有关。     

基于SSR技术分析玉米PX群体遗传多样性

基于SSR标记方法分析西北农林科技大学农学院玉米课题组组建的PX群体在5个世代、5个地点的遗传变异规律。结果表明,PX群体不同世代多态性位点数和多态性位点比例为Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ;多态性条带数、多态性条带百分率、有效等位基因数、基因多样性指数、Shannon信息指数表现为Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ。PX群体5个世代聚类分析可分为2大类,第1类包括Ⅰ和Ⅲ世代,第2类包括Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ世代。5个地点选择的材料可划分为杨凌和宝鸡、安康和汉中、延安3类。说明选择材料生态条件的相似性决定了群体遗传特征一致性,多元化的生态环境选择是扩大群体遗传多样性的重要手段。     

中国及中亚以东南部分绵羊群体的遗传多样性

以中心产区典型群简单随机抽样的方法,抽样检测65只同羊、63只湖羊的5项体尺、5项形态特征、6项生态特征及10个血液蛋白质结构基因座基因频率,引用国内外相关研究资料。(1)对国内的6个绵羊群体的17项指标进行主成分分析,并根据各群体主成分值进行聚类,结果表明,国内6个绵羊群体被明显分为牧区、农牧交错区的蒙古羊、滩羊和农区的大尾寒羊、小尾寒羊、湖羊、同羊两大类。(2)在10个结构基因座基因频率基础上,计算中亚以东南12个绵羊群体平均座位纯合度和杂合度,比较其遗传多样性,依杂合度的高低分为3类。结果表明:绵羊的4项生态指标、2项形态特征及4项体尺对绵羊品种间差异起决定作用;湖羊、同羊及蒙古羊系统的另两个群体Kh和Ub具丰富的遗传多样性。     

Genetic Diversity of Maize Populations Developed by Two Kinds of Recurrent Selection Methods Investigated with SSR Markers

Two cycles of biparental mass selection （MS） and one cycle of half-sib-S3 family combining selection （HS-S3） for yield were carried out in 2 synthetic maize populations P4C0 and P5C0 synchronously. The genetic diversity of 8 maize populations, including both the basic populations and their developed populations, were evaluated by 30 SSR primers. On the 30 SSR loci, a total of 184 alleles had been detected in these populations. At each locus, the number of alleles varied from 2 to 14, with an average of 6.13. The number and ratio of polymorphic loci in both the basic populations were higher than those of their developed populations, respectively. There was nearly no difference after MS but decreased after HS-S3 in both the basic populations in the mean gene heterozygosity. The mean genetic distance changed slightly after MS but decreased in a bigger degree after HS-S3 in both the basic populations. Analyses on the distribution of genetic distances showed that the ranges of the genetic distance were wider after MS and most of the genetic distances in populations developed by HS-S3 were smaller than those in both the basic populations. The number of genotypes increased after MS but decreased after HS-S3 in both the basic populations. The genetic diversity of intra-population was much more than genetic diversity of inter-population in both the basic populations. All these indexes demonstrated that the genetic diversity of populations after MS was similar to their basic populations, and the genetic diversity was maintained during MS, whereas the genetic diversity of populations decreased after HS-S3. This result indicated that heterogeneity between some of the individuals in the developed populations increased after MS, whereas the populations become more homozygotic after HS-S3.     

红皮云杉等位酶群体遗传的多样性分析

在红皮去杉（Picea koraiensis）分布区内，选取了有代表性的12个群体（含170个单株种子的1042粒胚乳和300粒混合群体的胚乳）进行遗传分化分析。结果表明，11个酶系统21个位点中约有27.2％的基因位点是多态的，群体间的变异量只占总变异量的15.2％，84.8％的变异存在于群体内。红皮去杉群体等位酶多态位点的比率在去杉属中处于较低的水平，群体间的分化与去杉其它树种相比处于较高的水平。红皮去杉遗传改良工作在充分利用群体间（种源）变异的情况下，应加大红皮去杉群体内及个体选择的力度，以创造出更加优良的高产品种。     

Morphological and ISSR molecular markers reveal genetic diversity of wild hawthorns(Crataegus songorica K.Koch.) in Xinjiang,China

The wild hawthorn species,Crataegus songorica K.Koch.,is an important wild germplasm resource in Xinjiang,China that has been endangered in recent years.The genetic diversity of C.songorica K.Koch.germplasm in five populations from Daxigou,Xinjiang,China were evaluated based on phenotypic traits and ISSR molecular markers to provide basic information on resource protection,rational utilization and genetic improvement.The F-value for the phenotypic differentiation coefficient of the 33 traits measured ranged from 0.266 to 15.128,and mean value was 13.85%.The variation among populations was found to be lower than that within population.A total of 303 loci were detected within the five populations by 12 primers.Within 298 polymorphic loci,the polymorphism was 98.35%,showing a high genetic diversity in C.songorica K.Koch.The gene diversity within population,total population genetic diversity,genetic differentiation coefficient and gene flow were 0.2779,0.3235,0.1408,and 3.0511,respectively.Our results showed that C.songorica K.Koch.from Xinjiang has a high level of genetic diversity at both the phenotypic and molecular levels.Significant genetic differentiation existed within population and the differentiation trend showed a regional association.And in this study,in situ and ex situ conservation approaches were raised for wild hawthorn protection utilization.     

Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles

Major phenotypic changes evolve in parallel in nature by molecular mechanisms that are largely unknown. Here, we use positional cloning methods to identify the major chromosome locus controlling armor plate patterning in wild threespine sticklebacks. Mapping, sequencing, and transgenic studies show that the Ectodysplasin (EDA) signaling pathway plays a key role in evolutionary change in natural populations and that parallel evolution of stickleback low-plated phenotypes at most freshwater locations around the world has occurred by repeated selection of Eda alleles derived from an ancestral low-plated haplotype that first appeared more than two million years ago. Members of this clade of low-plated alleles are present at low frequencies in marine fish, which suggests that standing genetic variation can provide a molecular basis for rapid, parallel evolution of dramatic phenotypic change in nature.     

引进肉用配套鸡种群体遗传结构分析

采集3个现代肉用配套鸡种祖代鸡的血样,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。测定血浆中脂酶(ES-1)、碱性磷酸酶(Akp)、淀粉酶(Amy)的遗传多态型。得到了这3个位点在各鸡种中的表现型和基因频率的分布情况,计算出遗传距离,对3个鸡种的群体遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:血浆中碱性磷酸酶表现型频率的测定可作为杂交配套组合时确定亲本应处位置的辅助手段,3个鸡种祖代鸡的聚类分析表明可作为配合力测定前预选亲本的手段。     

基于SSR标记的玉米群体豫综5号遗传多样性分析

以玉米群体豫综5号轮回选择改良群体的6个世代为材料,通过SSR标记技术对豫综5号群体的6个世代的多态性位点比例、位点的平均杂合度、遗传距离以及基因频率和基因型种类等进行了比较分析,结果表明豫综5号经过改良后,群体仍具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

选择牵连效应分析：发掘重要基因的新思路

作物在长期进化过程中，除自然选择外，还经历了两次大的人工选择，即人工驯化选择和育种选择，使栽培种与野生种之间、现代品种与古老的地方品种之间在群体遗传结构及性状上形成了很大的差异；在基因组中，一些承受强选择作用的基因在群体中的多样性显著降低，同时这些基因附近区域的遗传多样性也明显下降。在遗传学中将这种对个别基因的选择导致其侧翼区域遗传多样性降低的现象称之为选择牵连效应（Hitchhiking effect，也称选择搭载效应）。通过大群体多位点的扫描分析，可找到一些发生选择牵连效应的基因组区段，利用标记/性状关联分析（Marker/Trait association analysis），就可发现这些区段所控制的重要性状；对这些区段进行精细扫描和分析，即可找到一些决定重要农艺性状的基因，并发现优异等位变异，从而为重要基因的克隆和作物品种的分子设计奠定基础。各大作物高密度分子标记连锁图谱的绘制完成、高通量基因型分析技术体系的建立，为利用选择牵连效应分析、通过标记/性状之间的关联，寻找和定位一些重要基因奠定了基础。本文在查阅文献的基础上，结合作者的研究，以小麦株高、千粒重、磷的吸收和利用等性状为例，就选择牵连效应分析的基本思路、方法进行了讨论，以起到抛砖引玉之作用。     

云南保种乳用圭山羊遗传多样性蛋白电泳研究

 采用水平式淀粉胶蛋白电泳技术,对路南保种乳用圭山羊33个个体的46个遗传座位的血液蛋白及同工酶的多态性进行了研究.结果发现AKP,LAP,CES-I,ESD,ME和Pa6个座位具多态性,多态座位的基因AKP⁰,LAP^A,CES-I¹,ME^B,ESD¹和Pa^A的基因频率较高;多态座位百分比P=0.1304,平均杂合度H=0.0501.在Tf座位,出现两种表型AA,AB,但多态性贫乏;LDH谱带中发现一种不同的类型.结果表明,该品种山羊与已检测的其它山羊比较,蛋白多态水平较高,遗传背景较丰富.     

控制双亲混合选择对2个玉米窄基群体主要性状的改良效果

【目的】研究5轮控制双亲混合选择对2个玉米人工合成窄基群体P3C0和P4C0的改良效果,为玉米群体的有效改良及育种利用提供理论依据。【方法】在不同生态条件下,对群体主要性状进行表型鉴定,并按不完全双列杂交模型进行配合力测定。【结果】控制双亲混合选择对群体单株产量和主要构成性状及其一般配合力(GCA)改良效果明显,但对群体与测验种的特殊配合力(SCA)却没有明显的改良效果。基础群体P3C0及其改良后代,粒深和穗行数均以C0为最小,C5为最大,其GCA分别以C2和C5为最大;单株产量及其GCA都以C0为最小,分别以C4和C2为最大。基础群体P4C0及其改良群体,粒深和穗行数均以C0为最小,分别以C5和C4为最大,其GCA都以C4为最大,单株产量及其GCA都以C0为最小,分别以C2和C4为最大。改良群体其它多数性状及其GCA也都大于C0,不同群体的同一性状及同一群体的不同性状,在不同的改良轮次,其改良效果不尽相同。总体趋势表现为,控制双亲混合选择进行到一定世代后,群体一些性状及其GCA能得到同步有效改良,有些性状自身及其GCA的改良效果却不同步。当选择响应到达最大以后,持续的控制双亲混合选择则会导致窄基群体的选择增益下降,甚至出现负增益。此外,在群体容量为600株,入选率为10%的情况下,经5轮选择后,群体仍保持了较丰富的遗传变异。【结论】在改良窄基群体时,除应适当控制改良轮次外,还应处理好各性状的关系,做到有主有从,主从结合,并定期研究群体改良效果,针对群体存在问题,适当调整改良方案。对于产量和相关性状及其GCA已得到较好改良的群体,可根据杂优模式将群体配对,采用群体间相互轮回选择,在改良群体GCA和SCA同时,使种质改良与杂交种选育紧密结合,以提高群体改良利用效率。     

棉花重要数量性状基因定位研究进展

棉花是重要的经济作物,是天然纤维的主要来源之一,也是优质蛋白和食用油的潜在资源。通过各种分子标记技术和数量性状基因(quantitative trait loci, QTL)的定位方法将控制棉花数量性状的基因定位到相应的遗传连锁图谱或染色体上,为研究棉花诸多QTL的图位克隆、抗性机制的遗传揭示、分子标记辅助选择(molecular marker-assisted selection, MAS)、有利基因的定向转移及基因聚合育种等奠定了坚实的基础。综述了近年来棉花重要QTLs定位研究的最新进展,并对研究中存在的主要问题进行了分析和展望。     

撒坝猪日增重生化遗传标记的筛选

 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对撒坝猪的前白蛋白(Pa)、转铁蛋白(Tf)、酯酶(Es)、淀粉酶(Am) 和碱性磷酸酶(Akp) 等5个血清蛋白(或酶) 座位的多态性进行了检测,采用多座位广义线性模型(GLM)对血清蛋白多态性与生长速度的关系进行了分析。结果表明,所检测的5个血清蛋白(或酶) 多态座位的基因频率均处于Hardy Weinberg 平衡状态; Pa,Es,Am 和Akp 4个座位对部分阶段日增重的基因型效应均达到了显着水平,其中,一些基因型具有显着提高或降低某一阶段日增重的效应,显示了血清蛋白多态性用作猪生长速度的遗传标记以进行标记辅助选择的可能性。同时,还对广义线性模型用于筛选猪经济性状生化遗传标记的问题进行了一些初步的探讨。     

Structure of Allozymatic Diversity of Ten Temperate and Adapted Exotic Breeding Populations of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Ten temperate and adapted exotic breeding populations of maize were studied with electrophoretic techniques. Three isozyme systems coded by nine allozyme loci were used for evaluating the genetic variability within and among populations.The results revealed that 78.57% of allozyme loci were polymorphic. Low allelic variation with a mean number of 1.84 alleles per locus per population was detected. But, these populations still maintained higher level of heterozygosity;moreover, the exotic populations had greater gene diversity than the temperate populations. All the populations were non-panmictic with negative Wright's fixation indexes (-0.091- -0.424). The tropical BS16 was typified by maximum allelic richness, percent of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity. More than 93% of the gene diversity maintained within populations, and the genetic differentiation among populations was low (0.002-0.191). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the tropical BS29 diverged from other populations in the reverse direction. The temperate BS9 and tropical BS 16 were divergent each other, and highly differentiated from other temperate and tropical populations, consequently, these two populations would be analogically postulated as potential germplasms to establish new heterotic groups for temperate maize breeding programs.     

Structure of AIIozymatic Diversity of Ten Temperate and Adapted Exotic Breeding Populations of Maize （Zea mays L.）

Ten temperate and adapted exotic breeding populations of maize were studied with electrophoretic techniques. Three isozyme systems coded by nine allozyme loci were used for evaluating the genetic variability within and among populations. The results revealed that 78.57% of allozyme loci were polymorphic. Low allelic variation with a mean number of 1.84 alleles per locus per population was detected. But, these populations still maintained higher level of heterozygosity; moreover, the exotic populations had greater gene diversity than the temperate populations. All the populations were non-panmictic with negative Wright＇s fixation indexes （-0.091— -0.424）. The tropical BS 16 was typified by maximum allelic richness, percent of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity. More than 93% of the gene diversity maintained within populations, and the genetic differentiation among populations was low （0.002—0.191）. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the tropical BS29 diverged from other populations in the reverse direction. The temperate BS9 and tropical BS16 were divergent each other, and highly differentiated from other temperate and tropical populations, consequently, these two populations would be analogically postulated as potential germplasms to establish new heterotic groups for temperate maize breeding programs.     

四川省珍稀濒危植物延龄草遗传多样性分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对延龄草7个自然居群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了研究。用12个引物对7个居群共105个样品进行了扩增,共得到135条清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点46个,多态位点百分率（PPB）为34.07％。POPGENE分析结果表明:同其他一些濒危植物相比,延龄草具有较低的遗传多样性(He＝0.075 9,Ho＝0.120 0)。卧龙居群的遗传多样性水平最高（PPB＝18.52％,He＝0.041 7,Ho＝0.068 4）,大坝子居群的遗传多样性水平最低（PPB=8.89%,He＝0.022 0,Ho＝0.034 8）。Neis遗传多样性分析和AMOVA分析表明:7个自然居群间出现了一定程度的遗传分化（Gst分别为0.555 4和0.525 3）,可能是基因流障碍和遗传漂变引起的; 而居群间的限制性基因流（Nm=0.400 2）可能由种子的有限传播距离、居群的地理隔离或自交等因素导致. 通过对延龄草居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析,结合群落学调查研究,该文提出了一些保护策略.