果树体内的铁及其再利用

果树缺铁失绿叶片中的叶绿素含量与总铁含量常无明显关系 ,但与活性铁的含量密切相关。质外体铁库和铁蛋白是植物体内铁的主要贮藏形式 ,是铁再利用的物质基础。果树对铁胁迫非常敏感 ,但铁进入树体内的方式也比较多 ,果树体内铁的再利用可能成为矫正果树缺铁失绿症的主要途径     

果树营养诊断讲座(五)——六、果树铁、锌、锰、铜的仪器分析法

<正> 果树对铁、锌、锰、铜的需要量虽然较小,但它们都是果树不可缺少的元素,当其缺乏时,果树就不能进行正常的生长和生殖,而且在它们严重缺乏时,都会出现特殊的症状,只有供给所缺乏的营养元素,才能使果树恢复正常生育,其他元素不能代替。铁在植物体内是许多酶的辅基成分,在这些酶分子中,铁可以发生Fe~(3+)和Fe~(2+)可逆反应,在呼吸作用的电子传递中起着重要作用。铁还是叶绿素合成的必要元素,果树缺铁其叶子表现出明显的脉间失绿,亦即表现黄叶症。锌在果树生理上可以影响氮的代谢,使缺锌果树色氨酸减少,而色氨酸则是     

缺铁和重碳酸盐胁迫对枳实生苗矿质元素的影响

采用盆栽沙培试验,研究了缺铁及重碳酸盐胁迫对枳实生苗矿质元素及植株铁营养的影响.结果表明:pH 7.0和8.0的重碳酸盐胁迫提高了枳实生苗P、K和Ca的含量,降低了叶片Fe、Mg、Zn和Cu的含量;pH 8.0的重碳酸盐胁迫降低了根系三价铁螯合物还原酶以及叶片Fe/Mn与K/Ca的比值,提高了根系总酚含量,说明重碳酸盐胁迫严重降低柑橘铁营养.     

椪柑品质因树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分含量的关系

以树龄5、8、13和18年的椪柑为对象,测定、分析果实品质、叶片养分及土壤养分,旨在揭示椪柑果实品质随树龄的变化及与叶片-土壤养分的关系。结果表明,13年树龄的果实单果质量较小而果形指数较大,即种植中期的椪柑果实较小而偏圆;18年树龄的果实可滴定酸含量较高,可溶性固形物含量和固酸比较低,即长树龄椪柑的果实品质出现退化。随着树龄延长,叶片N和P含量先降后升,Fe、Zn含量先升后降,K、Mg和Mn含量上升,Ca和B含量下降。果实可溶性固形物含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K+Mg)、Ca/(Mn+Fe)、Zn/(Mn+Fe)呈显著或极显著正相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K+Mg)呈显著或极显著负相关,较长树龄的椪柑果实可溶性固形物含量低、可滴定酸含量高与叶片低Ca、Zn含量和高K、Mg、Mn含量有关。     

铁肥虹吸输液滴干对苹果叶片叶绿素含量及FCR活性的影响

为进一步探索苹果缺铁失绿症的矫治途径,该试验以黄化苹果树为试材,以自制FeN为铁肥,采用虹吸输液滴干的方式对缺铁黄化苹果树进行输铁处理,以虹吸输清水及常规管理为对照,对比分析了叶片缺绿等级、叶绿素含量变化,测定了正常绿叶和缺铁黄叶的FCR活力表征以及不同处理FCR活性。结果表明:虹吸输铁处理10d后,失绿程度由处理前2.00级恢复到0.49级;叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量分别比常规管理叶片增加47.98%和107.70%,并达到差异极显著水平,这说明对缺铁黄化苹果树进行虹吸输液滴干处理,可在短时间内达到明显的复绿效果。FCR活力表征试验表明,黄叶周围的红色晕圈明显强于正常叶片;对照叶片FCR活性显著高于虹吸输铁处理,说明苹果叶片在缺铁情况下可提高FCR活性,从而揭示Fe2+进入叶肉细胞的系统反应,阐明虹吸输液的Fe2+进入叶肉细胞的机理,为更好的利用虹吸输液滴干技术矫正果树缺铁失绿症提供理论依据,表明了虹吸输液滴干矫治苹果缺铁失绿症的可行性。     

果树缺铁失绿症的叶片诊断研究

本文对四种果树的缺铁失绿症进行了叶片铁素诊断方法的探讨。试验比较了叶片全铁含量和采用0.1N、1N、2N三种浓度盐酸浸提的叶片活性铁与叶绿素含量之间的相关及回归关系。试验结果表明:叶片全铁含量与叶绿素含量之间相关性差,不宜用以进行果树叶片的铁素诊断。而以0.1N盐酸浸提的叶片活性铁与叶绿素含量之间具有极显著的相关及回归关系,能准确反映出果树叶片的铁素状况与田间果树缺铁失绿的关系,适用于果树铁素的叶片营养诊断。本文还对缺铁失绿果树的叶片铁素含量与叶片中铜和锌的含量之间的关系作了初步探讨。     

苹果缺铁失绿症的年周期变化

对黄河冲积性潮土上国光苹果缺铁失绿的年周期变化进行了研究,结果表明秋梢旺长期是发病高峰期、土壤pH高、有效铁低的植株表现缺铁失绿,矿质元素含量及叶内几种主要矿质元素间比率的年周期变化对缺铁失绿均有一定影响.     

苹果缺铁失录症的年周期变化

对黄河冲积性潮土上国光苹果缺铁失绿的年周期变化进行了研究，结果表明，秋梢旺长期是发病高峰期、土壤ｐＨ高、有效铁低的植株表现缺铁失绿，矿质元素含量及叶内几种主要矿质元素间比率的年周期变化对缺铁失绿均有一定影响。     

果树断根吸收铁素营养研究

果树断根对铁的吸收是被动吸收 ,铁被吸收、运输的形态均为二价态 ,断根吸收的铁绝大部分被运往叶片。整根吸收的铁大部分淀积在根内。铁胁迫致苹果黄叶时进行根系输铁液能在较短时间内提高叶片叶绿素和铁的含量 ,从而达到复绿的效果 ,在Fe -Citricacid ,Fe -EDTA和Fe-N 3种铁肥中 ,Fe -N是适宜根系输液的铁肥品种 ,主干强力高压注射铁肥复绿比根系输液慢 ,叶面喷布效果不显著     

果树的缺铁失绿症—文献述评

本文综述了国内外对果树缺铁失绿症的主要研究结果,特别是近期的进展,包括诱致失绿的内外因子,果树吸收、运转铁的机理及利用铁的特点,铁的螯合作用和螯合铁的应用,防治缺铁失绿的途径。     

Effect of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach were studied in lysimeters.Chloride content (Cl) in the leaves and the roots of plum and in the leaves of peach increased with salinity, whereas Cl in peach roots was not affected. Leaves of peach contained higher amounts of Cl than the leaves of plum. The opposite trend was observed in the roots.Sodium content (Na) increased with salinity in plum, whereas in peach it was not affected.The effect of salinity on calcium content (Ca) was not consistent in plum and peach.Potassium content (K) in the leaves of plum and peach decreased with salinity, whereas in the roots it was not affected.The Ca/K ratio in plum leaves increased with salinity, whereas in peaches it decreased in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment.Leaf phosphorus content (P) in the plum and the ‘Balady’ peach decreased with salinity, while in ‘Mit Ghamre’ peach it was not consistently affected. In plum root, P increased with salinity, whereas the effect was the opposite in peach.Magnesium content (Mg) was not significantly affected.The depth of the water table had no consistent effect on the Cl, Na, Ca, K, Ca/K ratio, P and Mg contents in the leaves and roots of plum or peach.The interaction between salinity treatments and water table levels was not significant in most cases.     

苹果不同施肥方式对铁的吸收、运输与分配的影响

 红色邻二氮杂菲铁示踪结果表明: 二价铁肥根系输液以二价态由根被动吸收, 由靠近形成层的木质部, 运输到根、茎、叶及其主脉内, 运输速度每小时可达数十厘米。室内营养液培养的八棱海棠苗用⁵⁹Fe示踪, 结果表明, 断根中分配的⁵⁹Fe为19.3% , 叶中70.9% , 断1、2、3条根⁵⁹Fe在叶中分配的比例分别为57.9%、63.6%和68.0%。铁肥树干强力高压注射以二价铁沿中央木质部的导管运输, 大部分向下运往根系, 根中贮存大量的铁, 向上运输稍难。运输速度每小时达数百厘米, 矫正缺铁失绿症的速度比根系输液慢, 但由于根中贮存大量的铁, 持效期较长。铁可以通过枝条和叶片进入树体并且运输。     

Prognosis and correction of iron chlorosis in peach trees and relationship between iron concentration and Brown Rot

This study investigates the possible correlations between bark, floral, and leaf iron (Fe) concentrations and SPAD measures to be used as early methods for prognosis of iron chlorosis in peach trees. The results showed that there were significant correlations between bark, floral and leaf Fe concentrations and SPAD measurements. This study shows for the first time the possibility of using bark analysis as an early predictive method of iron chlorosis in peach trees.Differences in mineral composition of leaves of peach trees, in relation to rootstocks were also found.This study also investigated the distribution of mineral elements in different parts of peach leaves. Tissue analysis of different leaf parts showed that the peripheral and petiole of leaves had the highest P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B and Cu concentrations. In contrast, the highest K concentration was found in the internal parts of leaves. High Mn concentration was found in the laminar of leaves, but was lower in the petioles.In other experiments, the effect of different sources of Fe application on the leaf Fe concentrations and development of Brown Rot in the year of application and one and 2 years later was also examined. No application increased significantly the leaf Fe concentrations in the year of application and 1 year later. Leaf Fe concentrations were significant higher in trees treated with FeSO₄·7H₂O + S 2 years after application.The possible effect of flesh Fe concentration to susceptibility of peach (cv. Sun Crest) to Monilinia laxa was also evaluated. The results showed no correlation between flesh Fe concentration and susceptibility of peach to M. laxa. Besides, no statistical difference was found in the susceptibility of peach to M. laxa collected from the cultivar Sun Crest grafted on different rootstocks.     

铁离子对甜椒生长的影响

在温室内用水培法对两种铁离子及其浓度进行了试验。结果表明,二价和三价铁离子对甜椒植株生长的影响差异达到显著水平。Fe~( )中植株平均生长量只有Fe~( )中的60％,而在低浓度中植株生长量还不到相同浓度Fe~( )的一半。植株缺绿严重,有的已白化。试验后期叶片开始脱落。除0.7ppm和1.4ppmFe~( )之间外,同种铁离子浓度之间差异也很显著。含1.4ppm和0.7ppmFe~( )培养液的pH值,随着植株的生长而提高,而含0.35ppmFe~( )和含Fe~( )的则逐渐降低。     

不同品种蓝莓植株失绿的叶片和土壤诊断及分析

以4种蓝莓失绿植株的根际土和黄化叶片为试材,分析了各根际土壤的K、P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、有效铁含量和植株叶面积、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、有效铁含量等指标,以探究蓝莓植株黄化的原因。结果表明:4种蓝莓的各级黄化叶的叶面积(重度黄化叶下降15.5%～37.5%)、叶绿素b(重度黄化叶下降43.8%～71.0%)和有效铁含量低于健康叶(重度黄化叶下降14.7～19.7%),重度黄化叶的叶绿素a含量低于健康叶(下降72.5%～76.8%);4种蓝莓黄化植株的根际土壤有效铁含量低于健康植株(重度黄化植株的下降16.7%～22.1%),依次为健康植株>轻度黄化>中度黄化>重度黄化;重度黄化植株根际土壤的K、P含量高于或等于健康植株;除"蓝金"品种外,其它品种重度黄化植株根际土壤的Ca含量低于或等于健康植株;除"伯克利"品种外,其它品种根际土壤的Mg含量与健康植株相等;除"莱克西"品种外,其它品种根际土壤的Zn含量低于健康植株;4种蓝莓重度黄化植株根际土壤的Cu含量与健康植株相等。因此,蓝莓植株叶片黄化的原因是由于土壤中的有效铁含量较低,K、P含量过高,从而造成叶片有效铁含量过低,叶绿素含量下降,最终导致叶片黄化。     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

除草剂对毛桃幼苗生长与光合的影响

以毛桃[Prunus persica（L.）Batsch.] 1年生幼苗为材料,研究土施除草剂对其生长发育、根系结构以及光合作用等的影响。结果表明：土施百草枯后,毛桃幼苗根系细胞电解质渗透率在初期显著升高,随后受损伤程度减轻;处理后40 d叶片蒸腾速率升高,叶片水分利用率、地上部干物质量显著降低。施用草甘膦对幼苗外部形态影响较明显,处理后7 d,幼叶变黄、向上卷曲,根系细胞电解质渗透率始终显著高于清水处理对照;处理后40 d,根总体积、总根长、总表面积以及根尖数显著减少,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降,植株干物质积累量也显著降低,表明草甘膦可通过根部传导危害地上部,桃园应尽量避免草甘膦等内吸性除草剂的使用。     

P、K、Ca缺失对枇杷幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响

利用盆栽,观察了枇杷幼苗缺P、K、Ca时的外部症状和内部组织解剖结构,测定了根系活力,叶绿素含量及光合作用强弱。结果表明:缺P植株叶片暗绿,叶脉紫红色,老叶有坏死斑块易脱落,叶片光合量比对照低,根系发育不良,根系活力降低。缺K植株细弱,老叶有黄斑,叶面不平整,叶绿素含量显著降低,光合量最小。缺Ca植株矮小,叶片小、畸形,新叶边缘出现黄斑,根系发育不良,根皮率增加。     

‘南丰蜜橘’缺铁、锰、锌的症状及其光合特性和营养状况研究

为明确‘南丰蜜橘’缺Fe、Mn、Zn元素的症状,揭示其对光合特性和营养状况的影响,以2年生枳砧‘南丰蜜橘’幼苗为试验材料,进行砂培盆栽缺素试验。结果表明,缺Fe处理后,‘南丰蜜橘’初级新叶呈现黄绿化,但叶脉仍为绿色,次级新叶淡黄色,新出小叶甚至为白色,叶脉也呈白色,有的次级新梢茎尖枯死,且较正常新叶变得小而狭长;缺Mn处理后,初级新叶叶脉间出现肋骨状突起,突起部位黄化;次级新叶叶脉呈绿色网状,脉间失绿,有的叶片出现褐色斑点;缺Zn处理下,初级新叶出现黄色斑点,后期斑点连成片呈现不规则的黄化区域,次级新叶则出现黄化失绿,有大量黄化斑点,同时伴有小叶簇生症状,且次级新叶显著变小,长宽比显著上升。缺Fe、Mn和Zn均显著降低了‘南丰蜜橘’初级新叶的叶绿素含量,但各处理的降幅存在显著差异(缺Fe缺Mn缺Zn)。缺Fe处理下的老叶和初级新叶,以及缺Mn和Zn处理下的初级新叶叶片光合作用均受到显著抑制。缺Fe、Mn和Zn处理后,除显著降低植株各部位Fe、Mn和Zn的含量,对其他矿质元素的含量也有不同程度的影响。     

Influence of almond × peach hybrids rootstocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration,yield and vigour of two peach cultivars

Flower and foliar nutrient content of ‘Queen Giant’ and ‘Tebana’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on six almond × peach hybrids rootstocks (‘Adafuel’, ‘Adarcias’, ‘GF 677’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Felinem’) were determined during one season. The mineral elements analysed were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. Leaf N concentration in ‘Queen Giant’ was the highest on ‘Cadaman’ and ‘GF 677’ and the lowest on ‘Adarcias’. The P, Fe and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The leaf chlorophyll concentration at 120 DAFB was positively correlated with Fe floral concentration and with K, Zn and Na leaf concentration, in ‘Queen Giant’, and with K and Mn leaf concentration, in ‘Tebana’. In ‘Queen Giant’, the greatest trunk cross-sectional area was exhibited with ‘Felinem’ and ‘Garnem’ and the lowest with ‘Adarcias’. In contrast, the greater yield efficiency was found on ‘Adarcias’. In ‘Queen Giant’, a negative correlation was found between yield efficiency and Ca in leaves and in flowers. A positive correlation was observed between tree vigour and flower Fe, flower Ca and leaf Ca concentration. Correlation was also found between yield efficiency and Mg in ‘Tebana’ flowers. In ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Felinem’ rootstock showed the weakest balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP index) compared with other rootstocks.