新疆药用盐生植物及其利用潜力分析

药用盐生植物是新疆十分宝贵的野生经济植物资源,新疆302种盐生植物中,具有药用价值的约60种。其中,锁阳、大芸药用价值很高,但资源渐危,急需保护;约10种盐生植物药用价值较高,资源又相当丰富,适宜规模开发。本文筛选出8种代表性盐生植物种,详细介绍了其分布、适应性、主要用途以及开发的可能性。     

不同基源和产地麦冬无机元素比较研究

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法等方法测定了来自不同基源、不同产地麦冬样品中17种无机元素的含量,分析它们之间的分布特征,结果表明:沿阶草属麦冬元素含量与山麦冬属麦冬之间表现出不同的区域值,差异显著,山麦冬中Fe、Zn元素的含量远远高于麦冬,而麦冬富含Ca元素,其最高值是山麦冬中最低值的近3倍;襄麦冬Mg元素含量最高,Mn含量最低.Zn/Cu比值短葶山麦冬最高,从无机元素角度表明短葶山麦冬养阴益气效果可能优于其他供试麦冬.     

An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae

Prospecting macroalgae (seaweeds) as feedstocks for bioconversion into biofuels and commodity chemical compounds is limited primarily by the availability of tractable microorganisms that can metabolize alginate polysaccharides. Here, we present the discovery of a 36-kilo-base pair DNA fragment from Vibrio splendidus encoding enzymes for alginate transport and metabolism. The genomic integration of this ensemble, together with an engineered system for extracellular alginate depolymerization, generated a microbial platform that can simultaneously degrade, uptake, and metabolize alginate. When further engineered for ethanol synthesis, this platform enables bioethanol production directly from macroalgae via a consolidated process, achieving a titer of 4.7% volume/volume and a yield of 0.281 weight ethanol/weight dry macroalgae (equivalent to ~80% of the maximum theoretical yield from the sugar composition in macroalgae).     

A promising alternate lipase for biodiesel fuel production

By screening samples from different sources, a high-yield yet low-cost lipase of Enterobacter aerogenes was found and used in biodiesel production. The enzyme activity of Enterobacter aerogenes reached 34.16 U·mL⁻¹ under the optimum conditions of initial pH 9.0, agitating at 30°C for 40 h, using NaHCO₃ and glucose as carbon sources and peptone as nitrogen source, with 0.1% (w/v) MgSO₄·7H₂O. When adding 1.0% (w/v) olive oil to the culture, the enzyme activity reached 66.31 U·mL⁻¹, which increased by 56.5% compared to that obtained by using 2.0% (w/v) olive oil as the sole carbon source. The lipase of Enterobacter aerogenes was immobilized by diatomite and used to catalyze biodiesel with rapeseed oil as raw materials, the transesterification rate was 92.91% under the optimum reaction conditions, which were using 1000 U immobilized lipase and 5 mL n-hexane, with ethanol as acyl acceptors, at the molar ratio of oil/ethanol of 1:4, and adding ethanol twice, at 35°C for 48 h. Therefore, the Enterobacter aerogenes will potentially serve as a promising alternative lipase for biodiesel production.     

实木装饰条加工机械设计

装饰条加工机械是一种多功能木制品加工机械.在生产过程中,它能根据装饰条或板的形状、规格和表面加工精度的要求,更换相应刀具和从动滚轮,调整部分技术参数,从而加工出各种形状和规格的室内装饰材料.文章主要介绍该机械的结构设计、工作原理及具体操作方法等.     

工厂化生产双孢蘑菇栽培种关键工艺研究

通过对不同透气膜的透气塑料袋、不同配方的原种进行比较试验, 从麦粒基质含水量、麦粒基质表面理化性状以及抗菌素添加配比等研究适合工厂化生产的双孢蘑菇栽培种.结果表明:T型透气膜的透气塑料袋更适合现有工厂化生产工艺条件;矿物原种为生产双孢蘑菇大袋栽培种的理想用种;蒸煮后的小麦培养基含水量控制在42%～45%能保证栽培种较高成品率;小麦蒸煮时添加0.3%石灰、2%CaSO4、4% CaCO3与能使麦粒表面附着1层厚度适合的弱碱性包衣, 其黏度、酸碱度等理化性质适合双孢蘑菇菌丝生长,比杂菌具有较强的竞争优势;添加0.02%苯骈咪唑44号、农用硫酸链霉素0.025%(干重浓度)能防止双孢蘑菇栽培种生长后期多种霉菌及细菌污染,且对双孢蘑菇菌丝影响微弱.     

Bioconversion technologies for producing and using bioameliorants

The bioconversion technologies developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Use of Ameliorated Lands provide products with a broad spectrum of bioameliorating properties for managing soil fertility.     

New sources for fuel and materials

A selection of new plant sources with high potential for production of chemicals and liquid fuels is reviewed. Some productivity data are given, and suggestions are made for modification of both the product character and the productivity of the plants.     

饲用复合酶产酶条件研究

从土壤中筛选的黑曲霉WP1是一株比较优异的产生饲用复合酶的菌株,能够产生多种丰富的饲用酶类。本试验对其固态发酵产酶条件进行了优化,结果表明,最适发酵条件为:以麸皮为主要原料,料水比10∶8,添加0.5%的NaNO3和1%的SDS,pH值6.0。在此条件下,培养6 d,各种酶的活力分别为:植酸酶943 U/g,纤维素酶3 089 U/g,木聚糖酶651 U/g,淀粉酶508 U/g。     

一种实验用长形刨花的制备方法

基于生产长形刨花的设备价格昂贵，提出一种实验用长形刨花的简易制备方法。以杉木Cuninghamia lanceolata生材为原料，采用平刨法和压刨法制备长形刨花，并对刨花尺寸和形态进行分析。结果表明：平刨法刨切的70mm长圆木段的刨花长度为60～80mm的占70％左右，压刨法刨切的90mm长的方材的刨花长度为80～100mm的约占55％；长度为70mm的刨花的形态系数约半数为100～150，90mm长的刨花形态系数约半数为200～300。因此2种方法所制得的刨花尺寸、形态系数等都符合实验要求，取适当长度的木块及调节合适的刀片伸出量即可生产各种规格的刨花。     

纳他霉素高产菌株的诱变选育

以褐黄孢链霉菌(ATCC13326)为出发菌株,紫外诱变后,结合链霉素抗性筛选法选育纳他霉素高产菌株.原始菌株活化后,测定其最小链霉素抑制质量浓度为8 μg/mL.采用90% 的紫外致死剂量,照射108 mL-1 ATCC13326孢子悬液,诱变后涂布于8 μg/mL链霉素选择培养基上,筛选链霉素抗性突变株.通过形态指标初步选择5株突变株进行发酵性能测定,种子培养26 h,摇瓶发酵96 h,用紫外分光光度计在303 nm下测定其吸光值,计算纳他霉素发酵产量.结果表明原始菌株纳他霉素发酵产量为1.229 g/L,诱变获得的两株高产突变株纳他霉素发酵产量分别为1.552和1.776 g/L,分别高出原始菌株26.3%、44.5%.     

赭曲霉毒素产生菌筛选方法的对比与优选

【目的】探求一种能够快速、准确地筛选出赭曲霉毒素产生菌的分析方法,为赭曲霉毒素的检测与防治奠定基础。【方法】分别采用紫外荧光法、胶体金免疫试纸条法和高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 法,对分离自葡萄表面的189株霉菌产生赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）的能力进行分析,并对3种方法的鉴定结果进行比较。其中在紫外荧光法中,黑曲霉接种至可可浆培养基（CCA）培养,其他霉菌接种至察氏培养基（CA）培养,培养后能够产生荧光的菌株被认为是OTA产生菌。同时分别用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和OTA胶体金试纸条对所有菌株培养物中的OTA进行检测。【结果】以HPLC检测结果为标准,用紫外荧光法对OTA产生菌初筛的假阳性率较高,假阴性率为0;胶体金免疫试纸条法用于筛选OTA产生菌的假阴性率为47.4%,假阳性率为0,适合于产毒量高的菌种筛选。【结论】用紫外荧光法作为OTA产生菌的初筛方法可以排除大部分非OTA产生菌,漏检率低,从而大大降低HPLC检测的工作强度和检测成本;将紫外荧光法和HPLC定量分析结合使用,可以快速、准确地分离到OTA产生菌;将紫外荧光法和胶体金免疫试纸条相结合,可以快速筛选OTA产量高的菌株,且该方法较为经济,对环境和人体的污染较小。     

Breeding apple varieties for orchards producing raw materials

Data of long-term investigations of the suitability of widespread apple varieties for producing high-quality juice are given. A purposeful breeding program made it possible to create forms with a high juice yield and quality for orchards producing raw materials.     

新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂的选择与燃烧性能分析

在研制新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料的基础上,筛选不同添加剂[MgCO3、CaCO_3、Al2O_3、Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_5]优化燃料,以提高生物质混合固体燃料的燃烧性能。将四种添加剂以3%比例(质量比)与菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料混合,比较了不同添加剂对混合固体燃料的灰分、结渣率、放热量、烟黑、灰熔点、烟气成分等的影响。结果表明:四种添加剂对酸性气体有明显的吸附作用,且能有效降低混合固体燃料的结渣率,其中CaCO_3添加剂使混合固体燃料的灰分含量、烟黑的林格曼指数下降最为明显。这表明,CaCO_3添加剂能有效缓解混合固体燃料中的灰分、烟黑、酸性气体的生成,提高其燃烧性能,是一种较为理想的新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂。     

Farm crop waste as a promising resource for forming carbon nanotubes

It has been found that mechanical activation of amorphous carbon obtained from Katerina SV corn waste encourages formation of carbon nanotubes. At the same time, carbon tube output after 7 and 42 hours of mechanical activation is 11 and 42% by weight, respectively.