拖拉机牵引试验时对负荷车的选择

一、问题的提出 在对拖拉机鉴定与质检过程中,牵引试验是重要的测试项目之一.因为通过此项试验能获得被测试拖拉机的最大牵引力、最大牵引功率等重要性能指标.这些指标对判定拖拉机质量是否合格或达到设计要求至关重要.     

基于液压加载的拖拉机PTO测试装置设计与试验

针对当前多数负荷车仅适用于拖拉机牵引试验测试,模拟完整田间作业状态不全面的现状,设计了一种可挂接负荷车的液压加载式拖拉机动力输出轴测试装置,在满足负荷车牵引试验国标要求的基础上可以进行拖拉机PTO测试试验。该装置采用的液压测功机与应用普遍的直流电力测功机经过试验对比,系统响应和稳定速度更快,综合加载性能更好。对该测试设备进行拖拉机PTO田间转矩载荷谱模拟动态加载试验,结果显示：实际加载转矩与转矩载荷谱试验数据相关性良好,拟合优度为0.83。通过数据分析计算实际液压加载系统响应时间约为2.1s,最大超调量为7.52%,均在可控范围内。说明该测试设备可以通过输入转矩载荷谱的形式有效模拟田间作业拖拉机PTO工作状态,为后续拖拉机牵引及转矩全面加载田间模拟试验提供参考。     

拖拉机牵引性能 综合测试系统发展研究

介绍了拖拉机牵引性能试验的相关要求,总结分析了现有负荷车类型以及测试系统类型、主要技术特点,提出现有拖拉机牵引性能测试系统发展中存在的问题(主要有测试系统无统一标准、无线传输技术可靠性有待提高、负荷车生产不规范等),指出应进一步制定测试系统技术条件标准以及规范测试方法,保障拖拉机牵引性能测试的规范性与准确性,确保试验检测数据的权威性。     

基于虚拟仪器的后悬挂农具田间测试系统

为了解决后悬挂农具田间测试效率和精度低,测试成本高等问题,根据田间测试需求,设计了一套基于虚拟仪器原理的田间测试系统。该系统采用上、下位机模式,多种传感器融合及无线传输等技术,实现后悬挂农具多类型参数的实时同步测试。在田间拖拉机牵引试验平台和试验平台三点悬挂2BMSF-12/6型免耕施肥播种机2种工况下进行拖拉机燃油消耗、尾气排放、驱动轮滑转率、农具地轮滑移率、六分力、PTO扭矩和转速等田间试验。试验结果表明,后悬挂农具田间测试系统通讯正常,数据量大且准确可信,满足一般后悬挂农具田间试验要求,可为农具设计优化、适用性评价等技术提供理论支持。     

拖拉机牵引实验时对负荷车的选择

一、问题的提出 在对拖拉机鉴定与质检过程中，牵引试验是重要的测试项目之一。因为通过此项试验能获得被测试拖拉机的最大牵引力、最大牵引功率等重要性能指标。这些指标对判定拖拉机质量是否合格或达到设计要求至关重要。     

田间原位综合耕作试验台设计与应用

土壤耕作试验台是开展耕作与种植机具性能试验的关键装备,通常采用室内土槽的形式,但室内重塑的土壤难以反映田间土壤固有的结构性和耕性。本文在前期工作的基础上具体阐述了田间原位综合耕作试验台原理,所设计的原位综合耕作试验台充分发挥室内土槽试验系统在控制精准、互换性强、测试对象及试验内容丰富等优势,为不同种类的牵引型与驱动型耕作部件的试验研究提供了专用的装备。试验台采用框架导轨的结构形式,整体吊装运输。在田间工作时4个立柱支撑在地面铺放的轨道上实现整体横向进位和纵向移动,兼顾长途运输、田间移位、以及在试验区测试过程精准定位的方便性。各种耕作部件都可挂接在多功能测试台车上完成测试,台车配有功能完备的传感器且设置动力驱动模块,提供驱动型耕作部件的驱动和信号测试功能。试验台的轨道提供测试台车的导向并通过电力拖动系统牵引测试台车,牵引速度在0~1 m/s范围内可调。试验台的升降由4个立柱上端的同步电机驱动,满足旋耕、犁耕、开沟器等测试过程的刀具入土及耕深控制要求。立柱的整体升降配合测试台车上的螺杆调节装置可以实现最大80 cm的深度调节。试验台配备完备的供电及控制系统,提高了田间试验的电气化程度。经检验所设计的原位综合耕作试验台满足多因子多水平田间测试的要求,节约试验用地并提高了效率。     

轮式拖拉机牵引试验方法研究

正拖拉机牵引试验是拖拉机性能试验的一个重要的组成部分,也是较全面地测试拖拉机的动力性能、燃料性能的一种有效的手段。对于新试制的拖拉机、新引进的样机以及原有产品的质量检查,都要进行牵引试验,以用于指导设计、生产和使用。在实际的拖拉机作业时,牵引力和牵引功率直接关系到拖拉机的动力性能,影响着作业质量和作业效果。具有大的牵引力和牵引功率的拖拉机作业时会更加轻便省力,也能延长拖拉机的使用寿命。     

液力变矩器液压系统设计与动态特性仿

设计了液力变矩器液压系统.通过理论算法设计出各个阀体的结构尺寸.采用ITI-SimulationX仿真软件建立了某液力变矩器液压系统动态仿真模型.对液压系统的动态特性进行了仿真分析,并把仿真分析结果与试验测试结果进行了对比.结果表明,仿真模型能够较好地与试验测试结果吻合.分析了液力变矩器液压系统压力和流量的仿真结果,以及液压系统不同结构参数对系统动态特性的影响.     

拖拉机牵引试验微机测试系统

介绍了自行开发的以笔记本电脑和外挂式数据采集器为核心的拖拉机牵引试验微机测试系统 ,该系统的应用对拖拉机试验技术的更新有着积极作用     

电动拖拉机综合台架试验系统设计与试验

电动拖拉机试验具有测试对象多和物理系统复杂的特点,单一试验系统不能满足电动拖拉机性能测试要求。根据电动拖拉机作业特点,通过分析其动力传动系统数学模型,确定了以电动机效率、电池组放电特性为测试变量的设计任务。采用模块化方法,设计了能源系统试验模块、动力系统试验模块和电动拖拉机综合试验系统整体方案。通过研究试验系统总体参数设计方法,得到了加载电动机、电池测试系统和直流电池模拟器等部件的参数计算模型。通过试验系统硬件选型匹配,设计了可满足90 k W以下电动拖拉机性能测试的试验系统。在该试验平台进行了电动拖拉机性能台架试验,结果表明:试验测试误差与前期仿真分析误差在10%以内,设计的综合台架试验系统对电动拖拉机部件性能测试的适用性较好,满足整机性能分析和标定的试验需求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。