不同磷水平日粮对崂山奶山羊氮消化代谢的影响

选择9只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的崂山奶山羊,采用单因子随机分组试验设计,试验分为3组,即低磷日粮组(LPD组,0.29%)、中磷日粮组(MPD组,0.41%)和高磷日粮组(HPD组,0.59%),每组3只。3组日粮粗蛋白水平相同(CP=11.6%,DM)均配制成全混合颗粒料型饲喂,采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,LPD组的干物质采食量、进食氮、乳氮、可消化氮、沉积氮和沉积氮/代谢体质量显著高于MPD组,尿氮显著高于HPD组,排出氮显著高于MPD组和HPD组,LPD组尿中尿素氮含量显著低于MPD组和HPD组;其他指标各组间差异不显著。在不同时间点LPD组、MPD组和HPD组间崂山奶山羊瘤胃液磷、尿素氮含量和pH差异不显著,但随试验羊采食时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。在满足动物磷需要量的条件下,氮消化代谢与其摄入量和来源有关,不受日粮磷源和磷水平的影响。     

不同能量蛋白水平日粮对崂山奶山羊消化代谢的影响

本试验选用12只健康的经产崂山奶山羊,分为4组,即高能高蛋白组(简称HH组)、高能低蛋白组(简称HL组)、低能高蛋白组(简称LH组)和低能低蛋白组(简称LL组),每组3只,采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:HH组的产奶量显著高于LH组和LL组(P<0.05),进食氮、尿氮、粪钙、进食磷显著高于LL组(P<0.05),HH组和LH组的尿氮、粪钙显著高于HL组和LL组(P<0.05);HL组尿氮显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),HH组和LH组的肌酐(CRE)显著低于HL组(P<0.05);HH组乳脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),其他指标各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。分析表明,高能量水平(NE=5.3 MJ/kg)有利于提高崂山奶山羊的采食量和产奶量,低蛋白水平日粮(CP=12.5%DM)可提高氮的表观消化率4%～5%,有利于氮的消化和利用。     

饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和磷排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和磷排泄的影响。选择体重为(21.07±0.30)kg的育成期崂山奶山羊公羊30只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分成3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只羊。各组饲喂能量和蛋白质水平基本一致,磷水平分别为0.25%、0.35%和0.45%的饲粮。试验期105 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊干物质采食量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮磷水平对7、8、9月龄崂山奶山羊体重及平均日增重均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊血清钙、磷、尿素氮含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)在采食磷、粪磷、尿磷、磷总排泄量、沉积磷方面,0.45%组极显著高于0.25%组和0.35%组(P0.01),0.35%组极显著高于0.25%组(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊干物质采食量、体重、血清生化指标均无显著影响,但饲粮磷水平为0.25%时可以显著降低粪磷、尿磷的排泄量,减少环境污染。在本试验条件下,育成期崂山奶山羊公羊饲粮磷水平以0.25%为宜。     

饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择体重(56.55±1.17)kg、产奶量(2.20±0.07)kg/d、泌乳中期的2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。各组饲喂能量和蛋白质水平基本一致,磷水平分别为0.26%、0.36%及0.46%的饲粮。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对干物质采食量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)0.36%组产奶量全期平均值较高,极显著高于0.26%组、0.46%组(P0.01),0.26%组与0.46%组差异不显著(P0.05);干物质采食量/产奶量、干物质采食量/4%标准乳产量均以0.36%组较低,极显著低于0.46%组(P0.01)。3)饲粮磷水平对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳非脂固形物率、乳磷含量、乳钙含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲粮磷水平对血清中钙、磷、尿素氮含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,泌乳期崂山奶山羊饲粮磷水平以0.36%为宜。     

育成期崂山奶山羊能量需要量

本试验旨在研究饲粮能量水平对育成期崂山奶山羊能量利用率的影响。选择体重为(18.43±0.76)kg的崂山奶山羊育成母羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计分成3组,每组10个重复,每重复1只羊。分别饲喂粗蛋白质、钙及磷水平基本一致,消化能水平分别为10.40、11.47及12.51 MJ/kg的3种全混合日粮。预试期10 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)试验后期3组试羊随着饲粮能量水平的提高,总能消化率依次提高,12.51 MJ/kg组试羊的总能消化率、总能代谢率及消化能代谢率显著高于10.40 MJ/kg组(P0.05);3组试羊的总能、粪能及尿能间呈显著差异(P0.05),10.40 MJ/kg组11.47 MJ/kg组12.51 MJ/kg组;10.40 MJ/kg组试羊的甲烷能显著低于11.47及12.51 MJ/kg组(P0.05)。2)10.40 MJ/kg组试羊末重及平均日增重显著低于11.47及12.51 MJ/kg组(P0.05),但11.47 MJ/kg组与12.51 MJ/kg组间无显著差异(P0.05)。3)育成期崂山奶山羊消化能和代谢能需要量与代谢体重和平均日增重关系的回归公式:DE=0.675W~(0.75)+0.110ADG(P=0.006,R~2=0.982);ME=0.526W~(0.75)+0.076ADG(P=0.027,R~2=0.873)[式中DE为消化能(M J/d),ME为代谢能(M J/d),W~(0.75)为代谢体重(kg),ADG为平均日增重(g)]。综合得出,育成期崂山奶山羊母羊饲粮中消化能以11.47~12.51 MJ/kg(干物质基础)较为适宜。     

崂山奶山羊发展现状与产业化前景展望

崂山奶山羊在我国奶山羊产业中占重要位置,并且迎来了新的发展机遇,因此崂山奶山羊的发展已经刻不容缓。本文简要介绍了崂山奶山羊历史、生产性能特点,在总结当前生产加工和产业化发展现状基础上,分析了崂山奶山羊的发展前景和存在的问题,并提出了如何推动崂山奶山羊的产业化发展进程。     

舍饲条件下崂山奶山羊泌乳规律的研究

随机选择1～4胎次健康崂山奶山羊40只,按胎次分为4组,每胎各10只作为一组.统计各胎次泌乳天数、产奶量、各泌乳月产奶量以及不同季节的产奶量.结果表明:舍饲条件下崂山奶山羊的平均泌乳天数为(262.3±12.9)d,平均泌乳量为(401.8±107.3)kg;第一胎平均泌乳天数最短,第三胎最长(P＜0.05);平均泌乳量以第三胎最高,第一胎最低(P＜0.05).产奶量随月份变化规律为每年4、5、6、7月份产奶量比较高,到8月份迅速下降.     

崂山奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的建立及鉴定

实验采用组织块培养法、高密度培养和连续传代法等对崂山奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞进行培养、传代及鉴定。在对纯化的乳腺上皮细胞进行形态观察和生长动力学分析的基础上,进行染色体核型分析、免疫组化、质粒转染等方面的研究。结果表明:利用组织块培养法能够有效地进行崂山奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞的培养,并已传至40代,核型分析其染色体众数为60条,证明得到具有正常形态的崂山奶山羊乳腺细胞;进一步免疫组化显示培养细胞的波形蛋白、细胞上皮膜抗原、角蛋白和β-酪蛋白等上皮细胞标记蛋白呈阳性,证明该细胞为崂山奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞;最后油红染色可见到明显的脂肪滴,外源质粒PEGFP-N1-H-FABP能够稳定地在培养细胞中表达,表明所获得的细胞具有分泌功能。由此可见,利用组织块培养法能够成功建立崂山奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞系,并且所培养的乳腺上皮细胞具备一定的泌乳潜能。     

舍饲条件下崂山奶山羊乳成分变化规律

随机选择1～5各胎次健康崂山奶山羊60只,每胎12只,按胎次分为5组。统计各泌乳月及各胎次乳成分。结果表明:舍饲条件下崂山奶山羊的乳脂率变化呈现夏季(8月份)最低,冬季(2月份)最高,春季(4～6月份)处于中间水平;乳蛋白变化比较平稳,8月份处于最低水平。乳脂肪和蛋白第2、3胎达到最高,第5胎均达到最低水平。     

Effects of dietary methionine and lysine sources on nutrient digestion, nitrogen utilization, and duodenal amino acid flow in growing goats

This study investigated the effects of supplementation of various sources of Met and Lys on nutrient digestion, N utilization, and duodenal AA flows in growing goats. Four 4-mo-old Liuyang Black wether goats were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment and were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: (1) control, (2) control + lipid-coated Met-Zn chelate and Lys-Mn chelate (PML), (3) control + Met-Zn chelate and Lys-Mn chelate (CML), and (4) control + dl-Met, l-Lys-HCl, ZnSO(4).7H(2)O, and MnSO(4).H(2)O (FML). Compared with control, PML reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal NH(3) concentration, urinary N excretion, and plasma urea N concentration and increased (P < 0.05) the activity of ruminal endo-1,4-beta-d-glucanase and beta-glucosidase, the duodenal flow of N, N retention (g/d as well as % of absorbed N), the duodenal flows of Met, Lys, His, Val, and total essential AA, and plasma concentrations of Lys, Val, Phe, and total essential AA. Supplementing Zn-Met and Mn-Lys chelates had similar (P > 0.05) but lesser effects on these measures compared with PML, and the effects on most of the measures were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared with control. Supplementing free-form Met and Lys had no effects compared with control (P > 0.05). The results indicate that lipid coating and chelating of AA provide a protection, and to a lesser extent by only chelating, of the AA from microbial degradation in the rumen and possibly has effects on rumen fermentation, which increases MP supply. This technology could improve productive performance and be of potential benefit to ruminant production if cost-effective products are developed.     

精清去除方法对崂山奶山羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响

去除精清在使用含卵黄成分稀释液的山羊精液冷冻中非常重要,而去除方法直接影响到处理后的精子活力。试验对比了洗涤液成分、离心时间、离心转速以及洗涤次数对精子活力的影响。结果表明,使用冷冻稀释液的基础液作为洗涤液,以1000r/min洗涤2次,每次10min,效果最好,解冻活力达0.55以上。     

Effects of dietary phosphorus, soil ingestion and dietary intake level on performance, phosphorus utilization and serum and alimentary tract mineral concentrations in lambs

Two experiments were conducted with lambs fed concentrate-based diets to study the effects of dietary P and soil ingestion on performance, P utilization and mineral composition of serum and alimentary tract contents. In Exp. 1, 20 wether lambs were fed diets for 21 d in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with .2 or .3% total dietary P and O or 9% added Florida Ultisol (highly weathered soil with high P-fixation capacity) containing 4,600 and 6,400 mg/kg total Al and Fe, respectively. True P absorption increased (P less than .05) from 30 to 42% and from 37 to 54% when soil was added to the basal and high P diets, respectively. In Exp. 2, 24 wether lambs were assigned randomly to a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Lambs were fed during a 70-d period using diets described previously on either a restricted or an ad libitum basis. Soil increased Fe concentration in ruminal fluid (P less than .05) and ash percentage (P less than .001) in ruminal solids and feces. Aluminum concentration in ruminal solids and feces and Fe in ruminal solids were increased (P less than .001) by soil addition, whereas concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Cu and Mn in ruminal solids and feces were decreased (P less than .01) by soil addition. There were time X P interactions on serum inorganic P (P less than .01) and Mg (P less than .05) concentrations. Although high in P-fixing capacity, soil fed to lambs in these experiments improved P utilization. Lambs appeared to be able to adapt to changes in intake of dietary minerals in soil, possibly through adaptation of ruminal microflora or a redistribution of body mineral pools.     

日粮纤维水平对猪生长性能、养分消化和磷代谢的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平的纤维素对猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和磷损失的影响.试验将平均初始体重为(48.68±0.29)kg的320头生长猪随机分为4组(T1～T4),每组4个重复,每个重复20头.各组饲喂不同纤维素水平的无磷日粮,纤维素水平分别为0、30、60和90?g/kg,试验共开展21?d.结果:不同纤维日...     

内蒙古牧区察哈尔羔羊饲粮钙磷适宜水平研究

本试验采用4个不同钙磷水平的饲粮饲喂断奶后察哈尔羔羊,研究钙磷对断奶羔羊生长、钙磷营养消化代谢和排放量、骨骼的影响。选取70日龄健康、体重(16.27±3.33) kg断奶察哈尔羔羊120只(公母各半),随机分成4个组,每组30个重复,每个重复1只羊,分别饲喂4种饲粮,其钙磷含量分别为:Ⅰ组,0.49%、0.28%;Ⅱ组,0.55%、0.32%;Ⅲ组,0.64%、0.47%;Ⅳ组,0.87%、0.70%。饲养试验期65 d,其后,每组选6只羔羊(公母各半),全收粪法进行消化代谢试验。试验结果:1)饲粮钙磷水平对断奶羔羊平均日增重、体尺、干物质采食量和饲粮转化率影响皆不显著(P>0.05);2)血清钙含量Ⅳ组显著高于其他3组,血清碱性磷酸酶Ⅰ组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);3)Ⅰ组钙表观消化率显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),随饲粮钙磷水平升高羔羊钙磷排放量增加(P<0.05);4)Ⅳ组胫骨灰分含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组跖骨灰分含量显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),胫骨磷含量Ⅳ组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);5)冬春季节改变羔羊饲喂模式增加了内蒙古地区草原生态系统中钙磷的输入。综上所述,饲粮钙磷水平升高降低了断奶羔羊的钙表观消化率,显著增加了钙磷的排放量,提高了羔羊骨骼钙磷沉积。在本试验条件下,饲粮钙磷含量分别为0.49%、0.28%,内蒙古地区冬春季断奶羔羊即可获得较好的生长性能。     

Influence of dietary phosphorus on shell quality 1

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of level of dietary phosphorus on shell quality. In the first experiment, a reduction in the total dietary phosphorus from 0.72 to 0.39 per cent had no effect on the shell quality of eggs laid by caged birds. In the second experiment, birds housed on litter showed an inverse relationship between shell quality and the level of dietary phosphorus. Calcium level of the diet did not influence the response to level of dietary phosphorus. Egg production was found to be improved in the birds fed the low phosphorus diets.     

Effect of dietary phosphorus and roughage levels on calcium, magnesium and potassium utilization by sheep

Three levels of dietary P (.12%, .24% and .48% of dry matter) and three levels of roughage as ground corn cobs (25% 50% and 75% of dry matter) were fed in a 3 X 3 factorial metabolism trial, utilizing 36 crossbred (Hampshire X Columbia) intact male lambs, 6 to 9 mo of age. All diets contained cane molasses (5%), blood meal (13.5%), urea (1%), corn oil (1%) and salt (.5%). Limestone supplied supplemental Ca and treatment P levels were supplied by monosodium phosphate. Equal levels of corn starch and cerelose supplied the remainder of the diet. The diet was fed ad libitum, once daily. The highest P level (.48% P) resulted in a negative (P less than .01) Ca balance (-.23 g/d vs .12 g/d for .12% P and .31 g/d for .24% P groups), and apparent digestibility (P less than .01) of Ca (1.65% vs 17.18 and 22.2% for the two respective lower P dietary levels). Blood serum concentrations of Ca and Mg decreased (P less than .01) as dietary P level was increased. Apparent digestibility of Mg was decreased (P less than .05) by the highest P level (6.9% vs 21.58% and 18.80% for the two lower levels of dietary P). Level of roughage had no effect on Ca and Mg utilization; however, the highest level (75% corn cobs) resulted in improved (P less than .05) K balance (.85 g/d vs .30 and .50 g/d for the two lower levels of roughage).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of postfast dietary crude protein and phosphorus content on nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium repletion in sheep.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of postfast dietary CP and P concentration on the repletion of N, P, Ca, and Mg lost during a 3-d fast in sheep. Four Suffolk wether lambs averaging 35 kg were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Lambs were fed a control diet (700 g/d; as-fed basis) for 14 d and were then deprived of feed and water for 3 d. Lambs were then fed one of four isoenergetic realimentation diets: 1) low CP/low P, 2) low CP/high P, 3) high CP/high P, and 4) high CP/very high P. Realimentation N and Mg intakes were 9.8 and 1.1 g/d for lambs fed the low-CP diet and 18.1 and 1.7 g/d for lambs fed the high-CP diets, respectively. Realimentation P intakes were 1.40, 2.36, 2.66, and 3.82 g/d for lambs fed Diets 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Nitrogen, P, Ca, and Mg apparent digestibility and balance and serum urea N, free fatty acids, P, Ca, Mg, and alkaline phosphatase were determined during the prefast, fast, and realimentation periods. Lambs fed the high-CP diets had higher (P less than .05) N and P digestibility and balance than lambs fed the low-CP diet. Increasing the dietary P content did not affect (P greater than .15) P balance or digestibility. In general, the realimentation diet fed did not affect (P greater than .15) serum concentrations of free fatty acids, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic P, Ca, or Mg.