蚯蚓引入垂直流-水平潜流湿地混流系统处理沼液的效果

为了避免或减少人工湿地处理厌氧发酵液发生堵塞,并提高系统处理效果,该试验将蚯蚓引入到垂直流湿地系统中,并与水平潜流湿地构成混流系统,用来处理厌氧发酵液。结果表明:采用蚯蚓垂直流湿地-水平潜流湿地混流系统处理厌氧发酵液,在进水平均有机负荷达1.82 kg/(m~2·d),水力负荷10、20 cm/d的条件下,对化学需氧量、总磷、总悬浮固体的去除率达到了90%以上,氨氮去除率达80%以上,总氮去除率也维持在60%以上。提高水力负荷对污染物的消减量更有优势,水平潜流湿地对总氮的消减优于蚯蚓生态湿地。2种水力负荷下,混流湿地出水化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总悬浮固体均能达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》要求。蚯蚓使混流系统对化学需氧量、氨氮、总凯氏氮的去除分别提高了2%、12%、4%,同时具有同步处理污水污泥,缓解湿地堵塞的效果,处理水质基本达标,处理污泥的成本也大大降低,因此具有很大应用潜力。     

Impacts of particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon on removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, and nonylphenols in a wetland

Background, aim, and scope  The potential of wetlands for controlling point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface water has attracted increasing interest. The partitioning process of organic contaminants between water, particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), impacts their behaviors in the aquatic environments. Meantime, the partitioning process of organic contaminants is closely related to their physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity (or K _ow), and their fates in wetlands may vary greatly depending on physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to examine fates and removals of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and nonylphenols (NPs) in a wetland in Beijing, China, and provide useful information for ecological remediation. Materials and methods  Water samples, collected at five sites from inlet to outlet of the wetland once a month in summer 2006, were immediately filtered within 2 days through 0.45-μm glass fiber prefilters and enriched by solid-phase extraction. The filtered particulates were collected as the total suspended particulates (TSPs), freeze-dried, and Soxhlet-extracted. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure and analyzed by GC-MS. Results  TSPs could be removed efficiently with a removal rate of 97.4%, and DOC could be moderately removed with a removal rate of 44.7% from inlet to outlet. The total removals of target contaminants varied widely from null to 82.0%. A good correlation between logK _ow and logK _oc (organic-carbon-normalized suspended-particulate partition coefficient) was observed (r ² = 0.84 for PAHs and r ² = 0.86 for OCPs, p < 0.01). Ratios of the POC-bound fraction of target contaminants (or DOC-bound fraction) to the freely dissolved fraction increased with their K _ow values. The removal of the POC fraction contributed more than 50% to the total removal for the contaminants with logK _ow > 5.0. Only a small portion of the removal was attributed to the removal of the freely dissolved fraction. Discussion  Hydrophobic compounds such as PAHs and OCPs with higher K _ow values would show stronger POC or DOC preference. Their removal depended greatly on their K _ow values and the removal of total suspended particulates. On the other hand, concentrations of NPs decreased little in the wetland, probably due to their production through degradation of their precursors and relatively low hydrophobicity. Conclusions  POC and DOC play essential roles on the fates and removals of hydrophobic organic contaminants in the wetland. The removal of target contaminants with a high K _ow should be mainly through association with the suspended particulates which were precipitated and retained in the wetland. The fates of the organic contaminants in the wetland greatly depended on their hydrophobicities. Recommendations and perspectives  Further work should be done to study the influence of hydraulic retention time and some other environmental factors, e.g., temperature, on removals and fates of organic contaminants. Behavior of NPs and their precursors in the wetland should also be investigated more thoroughly.     

Study of a Novel Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland System with Drop Aeration for Rural Wastewater Treatment

Constructed wetlands are recognized as a reliable technology for rural wastewater treatment. However, conventional constructed wetlands face problems with low pollutant removal efficiency and limited oxygen transfer capability. Therefore, a novel vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) system with drop aeration was developed in this study. Two pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands of 0.75 m² each were constructed with the same dimensions and configuration but different media, one of which (named as CW₁) was filled with a 1:1 mixture (by weight) of zeolite and dolomite and the other (named as CW₂) with the same zeolite only. The oxygen transfer capability of a multilevel two-layer drop aeration device, organics and nitrogen removal of CW₁ and CW₂, and pollutant distribution along the depths of CW₁ and CW₂ in different operational phases were studied. The results demonstrated that compared with the direct drop aeration process, the multilevel, two-layer drop aeration device supplied 2–6 mg/L higher dissolved oxygen per meter of drop height, and after installation of the six-level, two-layer drop aeration devices, the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand removal load was improved from 8.1 to 14.2 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for CW₁. With regard to the different filter media, nitrogen removal was improved by the adsorption of zeolite in the first year, with 5–36% higher NH₄⁺–N removal efficiency of CW₂ compared with that in CW₁. Since it did not have a significant positive effect on phosphate removal, dolomite can be replaced by zeolite. The chemical oxygen demand removal mainly took place in the upper 15-cm filter layer in different operational phases, while nitrogen distribution along the depths of the VFCWs was different in different operational phases. In addition, as no operational problems occurred, the vertical flow constructed wetland system with drop aeration is an appropriate alternative for rural wastewater treatment, with numerous advantages of low capital and operation costs, no energy consumption, easy maintenance, high hydraulic loading rate, high pollutant removal efficiency, and no clogging.     

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）提高人工湿地去污能力及运行稳定性的潜力分析

目前人工湿地在污水处理中的应用日益广泛,围绕丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF）对提高人工湿地除磷、除氮、降解有机物以及运行稳定性等方面的潜力进行了评述,同时结合当前AMF研究现状,针对如何使AMF在人工湿地中发挥最优作用,从人工湿地的类型、运行方式、植物种类、菌种组成及污水水质与湿地基质等5个方面进行了系统分析。     

几种挺水植物净化生活污水总氮和总磷效果的研究

研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种不同植被系统、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水总氮和总磷的效果,并同无植被系统、相同基质的潜流型人工湿地净化效果进行了比较,结果表明:在较低浓度范围里无植被的人工湿地和3种有植被的人工湿地对污水中总氮有较好的去除作用,随着污水中总氮浓度的增加,虽然无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地去除总氮的效果均有下降的趋势,但有植被的人工湿地仍然能维持较高的总氮去除水平,无植被的人工湿地总氮去除效果则下降较快。在有植被的人工湿地中,以石菖蒲植被人工湿地氮素净化能力最强,其次为灯心草和蝴蝶花,这与植被自身吸收同化污水中氮素水平以及植物根系微生物作用有关。对于污水中总磷的去除,本研究中由于污水中磷素浓度较低,无植被和有植被的人工湿地对污水中磷素均有很好的去除作用,没有明显差异,但不同的植物体中磷素仍有明显的吸收同化富集现象,其中石菖蒲吸收同化磷素能力最强,其次为蝴蝶花和灯心草,植被在人工湿地系统中对于污水中总氮和总磷的去除起着重要的作用。     

利用有机覆盖物处理的人工湿地外排焦化废水研究

[目的]为进一步降低污染物浓度,提高钢铁企业水资源循环利用率。[方法]采用水平潜流人工湿地处理外排焦化废水,通过监测分析进出水中浊度、化学需氧量(COD),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,探讨冬季人工湿地植物层不添加及添加有机覆盖物对钢铁企业外排焦化废水净化水平的影响。[结果]在低温季节,水力停留时间为5d时,不添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度,COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为68.55%,14.94%,14.20%和71.26%;添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度、COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为72.54%,21.62%,20.50%和71.88%;有机覆盖膜的保温作用使得COD去除率升幅达44.68%,TN去除率升幅达44.45%。[结论]在植物层添加有机覆盖物作为保温材料,可以提高人工湿地在低温条件下的净化效率。     

潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水的净化效果

为了提高潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中污染物的去除效果,该试验通过改变湿地内部结构构建了4个潜流人工湿地单元,选用灰砖块和碎石做湿地填料,冬夏季轮作栽培齿果酸模和大狼把草,考察湿地运行期间对厌氧消化后猪场废水的净化效果。结果表明：湿地单元经过80 d的启动,运行稳定,有植物湿地比无植物对照湿地提前10 d左右进入稳定期。运行期间,各湿地单元对废水中氨氮（ammonia nitrogen,NH4+-N）、总氮（total nitrogen, TN）、总磷（total phosphorus,TP）和化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,CODCr）的去除率与气温变化均呈现显著线性正相关。在水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）为4 d,进水中CODCr、NH4+-N、TN、TP浓度分别为520、110、120、10 mg/L左右时,4个湿地单元对CODCr、TP的去除率分别在60%和70%以上,对NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为28%～67%和32%～58%,植物对CODCr及TP去除的贡献分别稳定在10%和4%左右,植物对氮的去除效果受气温影响较大,夏季对NH4+-N和TN去除的贡献分别可达13%和12%。与一般潜流人工湿地比较,改进的波形潜流人工湿地对NH4+-N、TN和CODCr的平均去除率提高均在3%以上,对TP去除效果差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该研究可为构建大规模的潜流人工湿地处理畜禽养殖废水提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Constructed wetland treatment systems applied research program at The Electric Power Research Institute

The Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) Environmental and Health Sciences Business Unit, within the Environment Group, has initiated a multi-disciplinary applied research program to develop constructed wetland treatment systems as a cost-effective technology for the treatment of metal-bearing electric utility aqueous discharges. EPRI's program involves the building of constructed wetland treatment systems, collection of field data from these systems, and conduct of controlled laboratory experiments to more fully understand their functions and the factors affecting these functions. Both data collected through this program and existing data will be used to develop and deliver design criteria for the effective use of this technology to reduce or eliminate the risk that electric utilities will not meet regulatory-imposed effluent discharge limits. Currently, EPRI along with one of its members, is funding the construction of a state-of-the-art constructed wetland treatment system to treat a discharge from a closed dry ash management facility in Pennsylvania. This constructed wetland treatment system, along with existing ones located in California and Tennessee, will be used to collect data on the cycling of trace metals. Controlled laboratory experiments are underway to develop trace element uptake curves for wetland plant species, to determine which plant species one should plant in a wetland in a particular geographic area to maximize trace element removal. Plants also will be identified that are high volatilizers for selenium, arsenic and lead. As part of this research, the best plant/microbe associations (i.e., best plant species with the best microbe species) will be identified for achieving the highest rates of trace metal removal. Once this work is completed, these plants will be introduced into the three constructed wetland treatment systems mentioned above and the wetlands will be monitored to determine if any improvement in trace metal uptake is occurring. Additionally, EPRI is coordinating its research program with the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) program, where design criteria for manganese rock drains for the removal of manganese and successive alkalinity-producing constructed wetlands for the treatment of acidic aerobic discharges will be developed. TVA is also supporting the development of EPRI's Wetland Environmental and Management (WEM) Model and is conducting research on anoxic limestone drains.     

Preliminary Evaluation of Biological and Physical�CChemical Chromium Removal Mechanisms in Gravel Media Used in Constructed Wetlands

Constructed wetlands have been shown to achieve high chromium and organic matter removal efficiencies when treating tannery wastewaters. Further, findings suggested chromium was potentially binding to iron oxides and microbial surfaces on the wetland media. The purpose of the present study was to distinguish between physical?Cchemical and biologically mediated removal mechanisms operating on iron-containing media. A total of 12 small-scale reactors were used for testing three conditions: biotic, abiotic aerobic and abiotic anaerobic. All systems were operated in 3-day batches, with the biotic and abiotic aerobic systems operating for 11 batches and the abiotic anaerobic operating for five batches. The results show that biotic systems achieved significantly higher chromium removal efficiencies (83%) than both abiotic treatments (16%). Biotic reactors quickly lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations, removing an average of 53% of the influent organic matter in the process. Redox conditions were affected by microbial metabolism, favouring iron release from the media surface. Findings suggest that microbiological activity catalyses chromium removal from tannery wastewaters. Chromium removals achieved in sterile reactors illustrate that the media influences metal retention in constructed wetlands; however, microbial interactions with both the media and tannery effluent achieve overall greater chromium removal than achieved solely by physical?Cchemical mechanisms.     

极浅型潜流人工湿地用于污水处理和风沙土改良的中试研究

[目的]就利用极浅型潜流人工湿地同步处理污水和改良风沙土的可行性进行中试,为后续相关工程的设计、建设和运行提供科学依据。[方法]以污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水,以取自毛乌素沙漠的风沙土为湿地填料,以高羊茅、黑麦草和狗牙根为湿地栽培植物,研究并分析湿地对水中污染物的去除效果和在风沙土的富集特征。[结果]经过15个月的运行,各湿地对污水中COD,TN以及TP的平均去除率分别高于原土68.75%,70.09%和62.74%。运行完毕后,各湿地风沙土较原土有机质、全氮含量显著增加(p0.05),全磷含量虽呈增加趋势但增幅不显著(p0.05),其中风沙土有机质、全氮及全磷含量分别较原土增加了10.64~18.77,8.74~13.98,0.34~0.55倍。[结论]利用极浅型潜流人工湿地同步处理污水和改良风沙土可行。它既能高效净化污水,又可快速提升风沙土的生产力。     

Design and implementation of functional wetland mitigation: Case studies in Ohio and South Carolina

Wetland development offers the opportunity to replace and enhance ecological functions lost through permitted wetland impacts. Components necessary for the restoration and creation of wetlands are presented and examples of wetland construction are described to illustrate the application of wetland design. Land contours, top soil, hydrology and vegetation were manipulated to develop wooded wetlands at sites in Ohio and South Carolina. In Ohio, approximately 30 ha of former crop land/sod farm were modified to bring water from the adjacent creek onto the site and hold it to saturate soils for wetland development. A 2.8 ha ponding area and channels were constructed, berms were built to slow the exit of stormwater runoff, and trees were planted in spring 1994. The mitigation site lies adjacent to a park and high school, thereby also providing community benefits and wetland education opportunities. In South Carolina, 9.5 ha of an abandoned soil borrow pit were converted into wooded wetlands, hydrologically connected to an adjacent swamp. Native plants were removed from the 4 ha of isolated wetlands to be impacted, and were augmented with nursery stock to create the mitigation wetland. Monitoring of vegetation, hydrology and wildlife usage of the constructed system continues to document wetland development and success.     

Estimation of water dynamics in a vertical-flow constructed wetland with a growing plant species

Purpose  

Vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) is a promising technique for wastewater treatment comparable to conventional wastewater treatment plants. The physical, chemical, and biological processes and interactions in a VFCW are highly coupled with water movement, and thus the performance of a VFCW to remove contaminants hinges on a better understanding of its water dynamics. The aim of this study was to develop a model for estimating water dynamics in an artificial VFCW with a growing plant system.     

自动增氧型垂直流人工湿地处理农村生活污水试验研究

针对人工湿地中溶解氧浓度不足的问题,采用自动增氧型垂直流人工湿地处理系统进行了农村生活污水脱氮除磷对比试验研究。结果表明,自动增氧型湿地内的DO浓度比非增氧型人工湿地高0.3 mg.L-1左右,TN、NH4＋-N去除率分别达到了67.41%、69.04%,比非增氧型湿地高14.57%、19.79%,但TP去除率与非增氧型湿地差异不显著。说明自动增氧措施对于增加人工湿地中的DO浓度,提高脱氮效率是有效的,但对于除磷效率无显著影响。     

Interpreting morphological features in wetland soils with a hydrologic model

Wetlands in the United States are protected by law and are identified by their hydric soils, wetland hydrology, and vegetation. Hydric soils are easily identified by color characteristics termed hydric soil field indicators, that form under saturated and anaerobic conditions, but wetland hydrology is difficult to assess. This study determines how often seven hydric soil field indicators met wetland hydrology requirements which require a water table be within 30 cm of the surface for 14 days or more during the growing season in over half the years. Studies were conducted at five sites in North Carolina in both wetland and upland plots. Soils ranged from Aquic Paleudults to Typic Haplosaprists across all sites. The water-table simulation model DRAINMOD was calibrated to soil conditions in individual plots. Long-term rainfall data were used with the calibrated models to compute 40 years of daily water table data to represent both wet and dry years. It was found that the hydric soils with field indicators composed of organic materials in layers over 20 cm thick (Histosol and Histic epipedon field indicators) met wetland hydrology requirements each year, and in addition were ponded with water for periods between 67 to 139 days on average each year during the growing season. Plots in mineral soils having the Dark Surface (S7) indicator as well as the Sandy Mucky Mineral (S1) indicator also met the saturation requirements for wetland hydrology every year, and were ponded for only 3 days per year on average. Other mineral soils with an Umbric Surface (F13) or a Depleted Matrix (F3) field indicator met wetland hydrology requirements in approximately 95% of the years, and had water tables within 30 cm of the surface for 40 days per year on average. The Redox Depressions (F8) field indicator occurred in a small depression that was saturated for 87% of the year for periods averaging approximately 30 days. These results showed that hydric soil field indicators can be calibrated to long-term water table data that will allow precise assessments of wetland hydrology on-site.     

人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

人工湿地是一种很有前途的废水处理方法,具有对污染物的去除能力强、基建和运行费用低、维护管理方便、耐冲击负荷能力强等优点。对人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的表现进行了分析,结果表明,其对有机物、氮磷和金属元素均具有较高的去除率,利用人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液的方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

潜流人工湿地除氮的生态动力学模拟

对某潜流人工湿地建立生态动力学模型,利用MATLAB编程模拟湿地中氮素的迁移转化过程,确定了主要除氮机制。模拟结果显示,该模型能较好地模拟出水中有机氮、氨氮和硝态氮浓度的变化趋势和范围。进一步进行氮素质量平衡分析可知,该人工湿地的主要除氮机制为硝化、反硝化和植物吸收,有机氮、氨氮和硝态氮的总去除率为60.53%,其中反硝化过程去除43.10%,植物吸收去除13.98%,沉淀去除3.45%。     

Metal cation binding to Sphagnum peat and sawdust: Relation to wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters

Interest in the potential use of constructed and naturally-occurring wetland systems as a low-cost, low-maintenance method for the treatment of metal-polluted water has increased considerably in recent years. Because metal cation binding to organic matter represents one mechanism by which metals are retained in wetlands, laboratory studies were conducted of the binding of metal cations to Sphagnum peat and sawdust, two substrates used in wetland construction for treatment of metal-polluted waters. The two substrates differed in initial cation exchange characteristics, organic matter fractionation, affinities for ten different metal cations, and metal binding capacities. Results suggest a simple method for quantitatively assessing the potential for different types of organic substrates to retain metals by binding when exposed to metal-polluted water of a particular chemical composition. For metals that are retained in wetlands principally by binding to organic matter, application of the method could lead to an improved ability to formulate a priori cost-benefit analyses for contemplated wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters.     

Assessment of Cryptosporidium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Via Constructed Wetland Systems

Constructed wetlands have been recognized as offering a removal treatment option for high concentrations removal of chemical and biological contaminants in domestic wastewater. The enteric protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is considered one of the highly resistant to treatment and highly infectious organisms to humans and animals. Moreover, some species of Cryptosporidium are known to have a zoonotic nature. In this investigation a pilot scale for domestic wastewater treatment system was used, consisting of the following steps in series: (1) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, (2) free water surface (FWS) wetland unit, and (3) sub-surface flow (SSF) wetland unit. This treatment system was fed with domestic wastewater to assess its efficiency in removing Cryptosporidium oocysts. The obtained Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected and enumerated by two different staining techniques ‘acid fast trichrome (AFT) and modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) stains’. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was also used to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in wastewater samples. Results revealed that anaerobic treatment (using UASB reactor) could remove about 53.1% of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in raw wastewater. The in-series connection between the two wetland units allowed complete elimination of Cryptosporidium oocysts as the first (FWS) wetland unit removed 95.9% of the oocysts present in anaerobically treated wastewater and the remaining portion of oocysts was completely removed by the second (SSF) wetland unit. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 95.8% of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 43.8 oocysts/l when AFT stain was used while they were detected in only 87.5% of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 35.6 oocysts/l when MZN stain was used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was able to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in only 45.8% of raw wastewater samples. Positive PCR results were only achieved in wastewater samples containing 52 oocysts or more per liter.     

人工湿地在猪场污水净化中的应用

人工湿地具有良好的净化污水的功能,它是一种推流式生物反应器。文中主要叙述人工湿地结构与净化猪场污水机理;并分析了人工湿地从开始运行到成熟过程,湿地结构成分变化及对污水净化效果的影响;经筛选,人工湿地中的植物为鸭舌草,它是适于这类型人工湿地种植的良好草种。经运行测试分析表明:BOD₅去除率达88.04％,COD_Cr去除率达88.56％,SS去除率达90.77％,硫化物去除率达88.29％,铜化物去除率达95.74％。人工湿地因出水水质好,运行维护方便,在猪场污水处理系统中使用较为理想。     

鄱阳湖区农村面源污染控制中最佳管理措施示范研究

鄱阳湖区农村面源污染问题日益严峻,已威胁到湖泊的水环境安全。结合该区域农村面源污染自身的变化特征,在星子县示范区内构建结构性最佳管理措施BMPs(best management practices)系统对区域内农村面源污染进行控制。结果表明,在监测期间该BMPs系统对COD,TP和TN的削减量分别为568.25,3.06和26.90kg。其中人工湿地对COD,TP和TN的单位面积削减量约达40,0.4和3.0g/m2,有较稳定的污染物去除能力;生态沟渠对各污染物单位面积削减量变化较大,与人工湿地相比虽有更强的污染物削减能力,但稳定性较弱。结合生态沟渠和三级表面流人工湿地的特点,建议通过引入适宜的植物至生态沟渠提高其处理污染物的稳定性。