甘蓝型油菜-埃塞俄比亚芥二体附加系植株形态及细胞学鉴定

从甘蓝型油菜品种“３－６３－４－５－１”与埃塞俄比亚芥品种“Ｄｏｄｏｌｌａ”杂种Ｆ１植株开放受粉获得的Ｆ２群体中筛选出一株半不育、矮杆、甘蓝型油菜类型植株，经连续４个世代自交、分离鉴定出一个二体附加系“９２Ｉ１０９６”。细胞学观察结果，其根尖细胞染色体数２ｎ＝４０，比其母本甘蓝型油菜（２ｎ＝３８）多两条额外染色体。花粉母细胞（ＰＭＣｓ）减数分裂中期（ＭＩ）染色体构型平均为０．４７Ｉ＋１９．７７Ⅱ，     

三个棉属种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

对棉属３个种间杂种ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、ＴＭ－１×辣根棉和ＴＭ－１×瑟伯氏棉花粉母细胞的减数分裂进行了观察。结果表明，３个杂种多数花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ的染色体构型为１３Ⅱ＋１３Ⅰ。二价体联会成环状、棒状或Ｖ型。ＴＭ－１×辣根棉杂种的二价体联会较紧密。杂种除正常的染色体组ＡＡ和ＤＤ联会外，还发生ＡＤ联会及出现多价体。中期Ⅰ单价体大部分分散于赤道板两侧，并较早移向两级。个别二价体也不排列在赤道板上。二价体向两极移动时常形成染色体＂桥＂，使这些染色体移动速度减慢，导致细胞分裂不同步。此外，在第一次分裂和第二次分裂中都能看到落后染色体、远离大多数染色体的零星染色体、孤立的染色体群等现象。后期Ⅱ的花粉母细胞可形成较多的核仁。在四分孢子期，３个种间杂种既产生四分体，也形成二、三、五、六乃至十分体。ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、×辣根棉、×瑟伯氏棉杂种的四分体数分别为７０．２％、６３．１％和３５．１％。     

五个八倍体小偃麦细胞学稳定性和染色体组型的研究

八倍体小偃麦的主要特征特性比较稳定,但是花粉母细胞减数分裂常常出现异常现象。本文讨论了5个八倍体小偃麦稳定性的原因及其染色体组型,认为多年生-1,多年生-2、中-4、中-5的染色体组型为 ABDE,小偃693为 ABDF。     

海岛棉与澳洲棉、黄褐棉种间杂种F_1的细胞学研究

本文研究了四倍体栽培种海岛棉与二倍体野生种澳洲棉、四倍体野生种黄褐棉种间杂种Ｆ１的主要形态特征及Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的粱色体行为。结果，（海岛棉４１６×澳洲棉）Ｆ１有的性状趋向澳洲棉，如茎、叶的茸毛、花冠颜色、花的开放形式；有的象海岛棉，如叶形、叶色、花药和花粉之颜色；有的则为中间型，如苞叶形状、铃形等。（海岛棉７１２４×黄褐棉）Ｆ１趋向父本黄褐棉的性状有：腺体较多，茎秆、叶片暗绿色，有茸毛，叶片掌状。短日照性强；表现中间型的性状有：花瓣黄色，有红心。两个组合Ｆ１的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的配对构型分别为３１．４Ⅰ＋３．９０Ⅱ＋０．０２Ⅲ＋０．０２Ⅳ和０．２４Ⅰ＋２５．７１Ⅱ＋０．０９８ｔⅠ″＋０．０３９Ⅳ，这一结果表明，海岛棉与澳洲棉的亲缘关系较远，与黄褐棉的亲缘关系较近，但海岛棉与黄褐棉的染色体间已有所分化，可能存在染色体结构上的差异。     

4倍体(亚×司)F_1×陆杂种后代花粉和胚囊发育研究

从获得４倍体（亚洲棉×司笃克氏棉）×陆地棉２（Ａ２Ｅ１）×２（ＡＤ）１杂交种子（ＡＤ）１Ａ２Ｅ１到ＢＣ３Ｆ１植株，历时了１０ａ时间。该组合涉及到３个亲本棉种之间的亲缘关系，特别是Ｅ１染色体组与Ａ２和（ＡＤ）１两组之间的亲缘关系较远，导致杂种低世代（Ｆ１和ＢＣ１Ｆ１）雌、雄高度不育。表现在花粉几乎全部败育，发育不正常的胚囊达９０％以上。直至ＢＣ３Ｆ１的群体中还有１０％的不育株。可育株的花中仍有约２５％不育花粉和３５％发育不正常的胚囊。此组合必须经过多次回交、自交及自然恢复过程（越冬），方能最后获得雌、雄育成恢复正常的后代。     

棉属三染色体组(A、D、G)杂种的细胞遗传学研究

对棉属 A、D、G三个染色体组合成的三元杂种 [陆地棉× (亚洲棉×比克氏棉 ) ]及反交和回交后代 ,四元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )× (陆地棉×夏威夷棉 ) ]进行了细胞学研究。结果表明 ,三元杂种 F1以及回交后代 BC4 F1分离出的不育株、四元杂种 F1不育的主要原因是花粉母细胞减数分裂异常 ,主要表现为 :大部分染色体为单价体 ,仅有少量配对成二价体 ,后期 两极分配不均匀 ,出现多极分离现象 ,并有落后染色体出现。末期出现大量多分孢子和不正常的四分孢子 ,从而不能形成正常的花粉粒。三元杂种回交后代 BC4 F1中的部分可育型 ,花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,大部分染色体都能联会配对 ,仅个别为单价体 ,因而形成的花粉粒仅部分正常。 BC4 F1的可育型花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,染色体配对正常 ,表明育性恢复 ,结实正常。此外 ,四元杂种花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,在后期 形成了染色体“桥”     

棉属两个种间杂种一代雌配子体发育的比较研究

用常规石蜡切片法，对草棉×异常棉（Ａ１×Ｂ１）、草棉×长须棉（Ａ１×Ｂ３）两个杂种一代与各自双亲之一的异常棉和长须棉的雌配子体发育进行了比较研究。结果表明，两个杂种一代大孢子母细胞减数分裂的起始时间比亲本推迟１～２ｄ，减数分裂过程持续时间多２ｄ，雌性败育主要发生在四分孢子到大孢子期间，Ａ１×Ｂ１Ｆ１和Ａ１×Ｂ３Ｆ１败育胚囊分别占观察总数的６６．７％和７１．０％，且在单核至成熟胚囊期间也有较多的异常胚囊类型。败育的主要原因是产生胚囊的大孢子染色体组成不完整。两个杂种在开花前一天的花蕾中，正常成熟的胚囊分别占１５．４％和１０．４％，表明这两个野生种与栽培种草棉亲缘关系较近     

十个八倍体小偃麦的细胞学鉴定和染色体构成分析

培育新的八倍体小偃麦,对于利用偃麦草遗传物质进行小麦的遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究利用细胞学和基因组原位杂交技术,对从中间偃麦草与小麦品种烟农15杂交后代选育出的10个八倍体小偃麦山农TE256、山农TE259、山农TE261、山农TE262、山农TE263、山农TE265、山农TE266、山农TE267-1、山农TE270和山农TE274进行了细胞学鉴定和染色体构成分析。结果表明,10个八倍体小偃麦绝大多数单株根尖细胞的染色体数目为2n=56,个别单株含有54或55条染色体;大多数2n=56单株的花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期I的染色体构型为2n=28II,少数花粉母细胞存在单价体、三价体或四价体,后期I染色体可均等分向两极,仅有极少数细胞出现染色单体提前分离等现象;10个八倍体小偃麦均含有普通小麦的全套染色体和中间偃麦草的1个混合染色体基组,其中间偃麦草染色体是由来自中间偃麦草3个不同染色体基组的染色体构成的混合染色体基组,其染色体构成分别为2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+4J、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、6St+4J~S+2J+2J-St、4St+6J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+4J、2St+8J~S+4J和4St+6J~S+4J,与目前已报道的八倍体小偃麦均有所不同。研究结果可为这些新型八倍体小偃麦的研究和有效利用提供参考依据。     

四倍体栽培棉与索马里棉异源五倍体杂种的细胞遗传学研究

花粉母细胞(PMC)压片观察{[陆地棉(G.hirsutum L)×索马里棉(G.somalense Grke)]×海岛棉(G.barbadense)}的三元杂种及[(陆地棉×索马里棉)×陆地棉]的二元杂种中期Ⅰ染色体构型,这两个杂种都是异源五倍体(2n=5x=65),比较了两个杂种形成的多价体、二价体及单价体的频率。三元杂种具有多价体的PMC占22.03％,具有棒状二价体的PMC占57.29％,而二元杂种分别为8.33％和31.74％。三元杂种形成异源多价体和棒状二价体的频率比二元杂种高一倍。以上结果暗示在三交种的异源五倍体减数分裂中,存在同源染色体与部分同源染色体竞争联会现象,进而增加了异源易位的频率,有利于E_2染色体组基因渐渗到AD染色体组。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂种衍生后代HBOT 09035形态学、细胞学和白粉病抗性鉴定

八倍体小偃麦是由偃麦草与普通小麦远缘杂交后人工选育的新物种,它保留了偃麦草的许多优良性状,是小麦遗传改良和染色体工程研究的重要材料。本研究对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦远缘杂种的衍生后代HBOT09035进行了形态学、细胞学和白粉病抗性鉴定。结果表明:种质材料HBOT09035整齐度好,株型紧凑,植株较矮,穗长较短,结实性稍低,分蘖能力较好;细胞学鉴定表明,根尖体细胞染色体数目为2 n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMCM I)不存在单价体或多价体,基本为环状二价体,染色体构型为2 n=21Ⅱ,减数分裂后期I(PMCA I)不存在落后染色体、染色体桥等现象,分离正常;白粉病抗性鉴定表明,HBOT 09035对白粉病有较高的抗性。种质材料HBOT09035在遗传上已经稳定,并且高抗白粉病,可以作为抗小麦白粉病育种新的种质资源。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.