覃茂牌长寿梨的高效栽培技术要点

覃茂牌长寿梨生物学品种名叫翠冠梨,是长寿区梨的主栽品种,因其果皮细薄、果肉细嫩、汁多、味浓鲜嫩和汁丰味甜而深受消费者喜爱。随着人们生活水平的提高和食品安全意识的增强,市民对绿色、安全、优质的农产品的需求也越来越多。长寿区树茂果树种植场生产的覃茂牌长寿梨是按照绿色食品生产要求生产的绿色食品,2017年荣获重庆市名牌农产品称号。经多年的生产实践,总结出一套翠冠梨高产高效栽培技术,供翠冠梨生产者参考。     

翠冠梨优质高效栽培技术

翠冠梨是重庆市涪陵区南方早熟梨发展的主栽品种。作者通过十余年的实践,总结出在夏季有高温伏旱,秋季气温偏高,冬季日照较少的特殊地理气候条件下翠冠梨的优质高效栽培技术。主要包括:高标准建园;土壤管理,肥水管理,花果管理,整形修剪,主要病虫害防治等内容。     

翠冠梨优质高效栽培技术

翠冠梨是重庆市涪陵区南方早熟梨发展的主栽品种.作者通过十余年的实践,总结出在夏季有高温伏旱,秋季气温偏高,冬季日照较少的特殊地理气候条件下翠冠梨的优质高效栽培技术.主要包括:高标准建园；土壤管理,肥水管理,花果管理,整形修剪,主要病虫害防治等内容.     

涪陵优质无公害早熟梨栽培技术要点

从品种选择、果园建立和病虫害防治等方面介绍了涪陵优质无公害早熟梨的栽培技术要点。     

广东佛手与圆子银杏品种种仁有机营养成分分析

对广东不同产地佛手和圆子2个银杏品种种子进行9种有机营养成分的测定分析结果表明，不同产地佛手和圆子的6个样品在不同指标上表现出异质性，广东银杏淀粉和可溶糖含量高，分别达699.9g/kg和95.9g/kg；同一产地不同品种银杏种仁营养指标表现出一定差异，佛手淀粉、直链淀粉和维生素C含量高于圆子，而可溶糖和支链与直链淀粉比值低于圆子；同一品种不同产地银杏种仁营养指标也表现出差异，在所测指标中不同产地佛手淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和维生素C含量变异系数均在15％之内，差异相对较小，其他指标差异相对较大。而不同产地圆子的淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶蛋白和赖氨酸含量变异系数均在15％之内，其差异相对较小，其他指标差异相对较大。进而推测广东白果的特征一部分是由品种特性所决定，一部分则由生态条件所决定。     

苹果梨——水土保持经济树种

<正>苹果梨是我国优良梨品种之一,它的产地是吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州,它具有抗寒、丰产、爽口、味美、品质优良,易于储藏等特点,素有“北方梨中之秀”的美称。苹果梨不仅在我国北方14省、市、自治区大量栽培,成为北方主要栽培品种,而且被朝鲜、俄罗斯、保加利亚、美国等国家引种栽培。目前,国内栽培总面积6万多hm~2,比建国初期扩大5000多倍,发展速度飞快。据统计,延边朝鲜族自治州现已发展1.33万hm~2,年产量4亿kg,     

梨橙选育与高效栽培示范推广项目获市科技进步三等奖

“梨橙选育与高效栽培示范推广”项目是我院在有关单位协作下共同完成。梨橙是大果优质单胚甜橙良种，也是甜橙中珍贵的杂交育种材料，丰产稳产，成熟期12月上中旬，果实商品性好，品质优良，平均单果重200g以上，市场竞争力强，是我院经20余年鉴定选育而成，2000年通过重庆市品种审定，2003年被认定为重庆市柑橘产业化工程主导品种。该项目还从适地适栽、优化施肥、适时灌水、合理负载、适宜果袋筛选等方面开展研究，提出了梨橙高效栽培技术体系，实现了良种良法配套。目前梨橙已在重庆渝北、永川、丰都及四川的内江、宜宾等地推广6800hm^2，新增产值3．05亿元，新增效益1．86亿元，深受种植户和消费者青睐。     

A级绿色食品西瓜生产技术规程

A级绿色食品西瓜产地要求排水良好，土层深厚肥沃、疏松的沙壤土或黑钙土，有机质含量在2％以上，土壤pH值为6-6．5左右，环境条件符合NY／T391要求。品种选择抗逆性强，优质高产适应性强，经国家或省级专门机构审定并适应当地推广的品种。     

麦类引种优选与抗逆性状初步分析

1991年从日本引进国外麦类品种10252个，在我国黄淮海平原盐渍地上种植。经1992--1994年系统观察、分析和鉴定，初步选择出适合该类型区种植的高产、优质品种及大、小麦亲本材料。     

麦类引种优选与抗逆性状初步分析

１９９１年从日本引进国外麦类品种１０２５２个，在我国黄淮海平原盐渍地上种植。经１９９２－１９９４年系统观察、分析和鉴定，初步托运出适合该类型区种植的高产、优质品种及大、小麦亲本材料。     

Analyses of arbutin and chlorogenic acid, the major phenolic constituents in Oriental pear

The HPLC retention time, photodiode array UV spectrum analysis, and LC/MS results indicated that arbutin and chlorogenic acid are the main phenolic constituents in Oriental pear. The two compounds exist in different organs of the Yali pear, which is one of the major cultivars of Pyrus bretschnrideri. The contents of arbutin in the leaf bud, floral bud, flower, and young fruit were 11.9, 12.4, 8.29, and 9.92 mg/g fresh weight (FW), respectively. Chlorogenic acid amounts in the same organs were 2.26, 3.22, 5.32, and 3.72 mg/g FW, respectively. During development, the concentration of the two compounds in Yali pears was the greatest in young fruit (9.92 mg/g FW of arbutin and 3.72 mg/g FW of chlorogenic acid), and then declined swiftly with fruit growth to less than 0.400 and 0.226 mg/g FW, respectively, in mature fruit. Large differences existed in the distribution of the two compounds in parts of the mature fruit of 14 Oriental pear cultivars. The greatest concentration of arbutin was found in the peel (1.20 mg/g FW), which was 3-5 times greater than that found in the core and 10-45 times greater than the level in the pulp. The concentration of chlorogenic acid in the core was greater than that in the peel. The compounds in 17 cultivars of Oriental pear, including P. bretschnrideri, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis, and Pyrus sinkiangensis, were compared with those in 5 cultivars of Occidental pear (Pyrus communis). The mean concentration of arbutin in the Oriental pear cultivars was 0.164 mg/g FW, greater than the 0.083 mg/g FW found in the Occidental pear cultivars. The greatest arbutin content was 0.400 mg/g FW, found in the Yali pear. However, the mean concentration of chlorogenic acid in the Oriental pear was 0.163 mg/g FW, less than that found in the Occidental pear (0.309 mg/g FW).     

Identification and quantification of betalains from the fruits of 10 mexican prickly pear cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of betalain pigments in 10 cultivars/lines of prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) fruit grown in Mexico were conducted with reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Betacyanins and betaxanthins were identified by comparison with the UV/vis and mass spectrometric characteristics as well as the retention times of semisynthesized reference betaxanthins. Data revealed that the ratio and concentration of betalain pigments are responsible for the color in the different cultivars, showing the highest betalains content in the fruit of purple colored Camuesa (O. robusta Wendl.) (8.1 mg/g dry fruit), which is comparable to that found in red beet Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Var. Pablo) (8.6 mg/g dry tissue). Yellow betalains were absent in Reyna (O. alba-carpa) prickly pear cultivar. A total of 24 known/unknown betalains were present in the prickly pear fruit samples studied, including 18 betaxanthins and 6 betacyanins. Our results indicate that prickly pear cultivars can be considered as a potential source of yellow and red natural colorants.     

Genetic diversity of European pear cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) and wild pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus pyraster</Emphasis> (L.) Burgsd.) inferred from microsatellite markers analysis

The aim of this study was to identify the group of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the identification of six pear cultivars (P. communis) and two individuals of wild pear (P. pyraster). From among 40 tested SSR markers, 19 were selected to profile genetic diversity in pear genotypes due to high polymorphisms. These markers showed high heterozygosity levels (0.5–1) and, on average, 6.4 alleles per marker were found. The set of microsatellite markers employed in this study demonstrated usefulness of microsatellite markers for the identification of pear genotypes. The examined wild forms were represented in this study by only two individuals of P. pyraster. It can be assumed that these forms were distinctly different from the cultivated pear cultivars.     

新疆地方品种梨果实品质性状综合评价

为了优良品种的筛选、选育及推广应用提供科学理论依据,建立8个新疆地方品种梨的果实品质综合评价体系。以‘鄯善红梨’‘鄯善句句梨’‘鄯善黄麻梨’‘晚熟塔西梨’‘鄯善早熟句句梨’‘诺尕依梨’‘雅格丽克梨’和‘库车句句梨’为试材,测定其14项果实内外品质指标,对14项指标进行相关性分析和因子分析,建立基于因子分析的综合品质评价模型,并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序。结果表明:8个新疆地方品种梨14项果实品质性状变异系数有所不同,其中色差值a~*(红绿差异)的变异系数较大,其变异系数为225.40%,单果质量、果实纵径、果心质量、色差值L~*、果实硬度、总酸含量和糖酸比的变异系数均中等,在20.0%～45.0%范围之内,其余果实品质指标的变异系数均相对较小(小于20.0%),且各果实品质指标间均存在不同程度的相关性。经因子分析提取出特征根值均大于1的4个公因子,其累计方差贡献率达88.90%,其中第1公因子的贡献率为31.15%,主要由果实纵径、单果质量、果心质量、果实横径和果形指数5个因子决定,主要反映了果实大小、果心大小和果实形状。第2公因子的贡献率为23.31%,由糖酸比、果实硬度、含糖量和总酸含量4个因子决定,主要反映了果实酸甜口感品质和耐运强度的高低。第3公因子的贡献率为18.29%,由色差值L~*、色差值a~*和色差值b~*3个因子决定,主要反映了果实表面颜色色差程度。第4公因子的贡献率为16.15%,由可食率和果柄长度2个因子决定,主要反映了果实可食部分大小和果实抗风能力强度的高低。经综合品质评价模型得出,新疆梨8个地方品种果实综合品质得分的优良度排序依次为‘诺尕依梨’‘雅格丽克梨’‘库车句句梨’‘鄯善黄麻梨’‘鄯善句句梨’‘鄯善红梨’‘鄯善早熟句句梨’‘晚熟塔西梨’,研究结果为新疆地方梨品种的合理应用及科学推广提供参考。     

Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Eight Pear Cultivars

The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and total triterpenes of eight pear samples were determined, and the monomeric compounds were identified and quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the different pear cultivars were compared. Arbutin and catechin were the dominant polyphenol compounds in the eight pear varieties, followed by chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and rutin. In addition, Xuehua pear and Nanguo pear had significantly higher total phenolics and flavonoids contents, while Dangshansu pear had the largest total triterpenes value (209.2 mg/100 g). Xuehua pear and Nanguo pear also were the highest in total anthocyanins. The pears with high total phenolics and total flavonoids contents had significantly higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities than those of other species. Anthocyanins were correlated to antioxidant capacity in pears, whereas total triterpenoids were strongly correlated to anti-inflammatory activity.     

Assessment of genetic relationships among Pyrus species and cultivars using AFLP and RAPD markers

Twenty-five Pyrus communis L. cultivars including eight traditional Portuguese pears, and four commercial Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak. (Japanese pear or `nashi') cultivars were analysed by RAPD and AFLP techniques focusing on their molecular discrimination and the assessment of their genetic relatedness. Twenty-five primers generated 324 RAPD markers, among which 271 (84%) were polymorphic. The AFLP technique, using seven primer combinations, revealed a similar level of molecular polymorphisms (87%), representing 418 polymorphic bands among a total of 478 scored in autoradiographs. The high reproducibility of RAPD and AFLP techniques was confirmed comparing DNA samples from different extractions and different digestions of DNA from the same plant. Three genetic similarity matrices and respective dendrograms were elaborated on using RAPD, AFLP or joint RAPD and AFLP data. Both molecular marker techniques proved their reliability to assess genetic relationships among pear cultivars. P. pyrifolia cultivars exhibit a closer genetic relatedness, clustering apart from P. communis cultivars. Within P. communis, `William's', as well as `Doyenne du Comice', cluster close to their hybrids. Most of the Portuguese cultivars tend to cluster together, indicating to constitute a relatively independent genetic pool, which can be of interest in pear breeding programs.     

Phenology,flowering and fruit-set performance of six recent pear cultivars of Nordic origin

ABSTRACT

Flowering performance and phenology of six new pear cultivars of Nordic origin were examined during a 12 year period. The seasonal timing of shoot growth and flower initiation were monitored in three years. The morphological floral stages of the flower bud formation process were examined for the cultivar ‘Celina’. Seven floral stages were identified and described. The date of full bloom varied between years as a function of the currently accumulated heat sum in early spring. Still, the earliness ranking of the cultivars was consistent across years for both flower initiation and blooming. The cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ consistently initiated floral primordia 2–3 weeks earlier than ‘Celina’, ‘Clara Frijs’, ‘Fritjof’ and ‘Kristina’, and this was accompanied with 4–5 days earlier blooming in the following spring. The early flower initiation cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ also had richer flowering than the late-blooming cultivars. ‘Fritjof’ was identified as a suitable pollinator for ‘Celina’ in the Nordic climate. Comparison of the flowering phenology of pear and apple cultivars showed that while the pears, on average, flowered a week ahead of the apples, they initiated flower primordia almost two weeks later, thus rendering the intervening period approximately three weeks longer in pear than in apple.     

Assessing genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus</Emphasis> spp. in the central Zagros mountains based on morphological characters

The morphological diversity and relationship among 138 pear genotypes, including 11 commercial cultivars and 127 wild pear accessions from central Zagros mountains located in the west of Iran, based on 64 morphological characters were studied. The higher coefficient of variation indicated that high level of variation was belonged to the petiole stipule, fruit the relative area of the skin color, fruit relative area periphery rust dents end, fruit relative blight on an area of skin, fruit curved tail, fruit dents end, fruit depth dents end, fruit relative area periphery patina tail connection characters. Pyrus communis L. and Pyrus glabra Boiss. species were the highest and the shortest tree, respectively. According to the cluster analysis, 138 genotypes were clustered into nine main groups. Principal components analysis revealed that the first three components accounted for 68.77 % of the total variation in data. Moreover, 19 factors justified 72.57 % of the total variation based on factor analysis. The research results showed that the Zagros mountains are the centers of diversity of pear. Therefore, it is necessary to use the Iranian genotypes as the genetic resources for improving the morphological characters of pear.     

基于SSR标记的梨资源遗传多样性分析

本研究利用SSR标记技术对56份梨资源进行了遗传多样性分析。利用筛选出的6对SSR引物共扩增40条谱带,其中多态性位点38个,多态性位点比例为95%,每对引物产生有效等位基因6.3个。各位点期望杂合度H值在0.0354～0.491,平均为0.1964;有效等位基因Ne值在1.0367～1.9648,平均值为1.2958;香农指数I值平均值为0.3256,说明了供试梨材料的遗传多样性较低。利用SSR标记可将44个栽培品种区分开,但无法区分芽变和原种。根据SSR标记揭示的多态性,采用NTSYS-pc软件,以UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果显示所检测的56份梨材料在相似系数0.71处可分为4组,其中中国的白梨、秋子梨和砂梨相互交错在一起,没有独自各自成组。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对翠冠和玉露香梨枝条的生物损伤效应

为探明⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对梨枝条的生物损伤效应,以翠冠和玉露香梨的一年生休眠期枝条为试验材料,以不同剂量(0、20、30、40、50 Gy)的⁶⁰Co-γ射线对枝条进行辐射处理,研究不同辐射剂量对梨枝条接穗嫁接成活率及生物损伤效应的影响。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,梨枝条嫁接成活率逐渐降低,梨叶片出现畸形,枝条出现二叉枝和多叉枝。对不同辐射处理的枝条萌发叶片的相对叶绿素(SPAD)含量进行主成分(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLSS-DA),发现所有辐射处理均对翠冠梨产生了较大的影响,其中20、40 Gy 2个处理对玉露香梨影响最大。此外,经过⁶⁰Co-γ诱变处理的玉露香梨叶片易受炭疽病病菌侵害。本研究结果为今后利用⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射诱变技术提高梨遗传多样性、创造新的种质材料、加快选育优良新品种提供了理论依据。