RNA干扰技术抑制新家坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒感染细胞多肽ICP46与绿色荧光蛋白融合基因的表达

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒（singapore grouper iridovirus,SGIV）是一种严重的能引起全身性疾病的病原体,对石斑鱼养殖造成了重大的经济损失。将含有SGIV感染细胞多肽ICP46（infected cell polypeptides 46）基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-ICP46转染到胖头鲤细胞（fathead minnow cells,FHM）中进行融合表达,用荧光显微镜观察到ICP46-GFP融合蛋白主要分布于FHM细胞的细胞质中。根据SGIV-ICP46的序列,设计并体外化学合成了特异性干扰SGIV-ICP46的siRNA（siRNA-ICP46）,与pEGFP-ICP46共转染到FHM细胞中,通过荧光显微镜观察不同时间点荧光强度的变化。转染后24~48 h,实验细胞（共转染siRNA-ICP46和pEGFP-ICP46）和阳性对照细胞（共转染siRNA-GFP和pEGFP-ICP46）中的荧光微弱,发荧光的细胞数量较阴性对照（共转染siRNA-Negative和pEGFP-ICP46）少70%左右,但其后实验细胞和阳性对照细胞的荧光强度开始增强,在转染后72 h其与阴性对照组已差别不大。说明体外化学合成的siRNA-ICP46转染后24~48 h可有效抑制FHM细胞中外源导入SGIV-ICP46基因的表达。     

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒 ICP46核输出信号序列的定位与功能鉴定

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(SGIV)是一种重要的鱼类传染性病毒, 可导致石斑鱼死亡率达90%以上, 给石斑鱼的养殖造成巨大的经济损失。SGIV ICP46(infected cell polypeptides 46)是一个立即早期基因, 可能参与细胞的生长调控, 并对病毒复制有重要作用。在SGIV ICP46序列中存在一段富含亮氨酸(Leucine, L)的潜在核输出信号(nuclear export signal, NES)。为了深入研究该段NES序列在SGIV ICP46核转运过程中的作用, 实验构建了3个NES缺失的突变体: 仅含NES之前片段的突变体(ΔNESa)、仅含NES之后片段的突变体(ΔNESb)和不含NES的全长片段(ΔNESc), 并在真核细胞中表达, 观察这些突变体在细胞内的定位情况。转染细胞实验结果表明, 野生型EGFP-ICP46重组蛋白可以有效地被输出细胞核, 荧光信号主要分布在胞质区; 相反, NES缺失的EGFP-ICP46-ΔNES重组蛋白不能被有效地输出细胞核, 呈现与EGFP对照相同的泛细胞分布特征。突变实验证明, NES对SGIV ICP46输出细胞核具有决定性作用。     

石斑鱼虹彩病毒ORF050的分子特征和功能初步分析

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(Singapore grouper iridovirus,SGIV)是导致石斑鱼养殖产业严重经济损失的主要病毒病原之一。SGIV 是大分子DNA病毒,包含162个基因开放阅读框,其中ORF050是一个肿瘤坏死因子受体类似物,可能在SGIV的免疫逃避中发挥作用。本研究克隆了SGIV ORF050基因,并构建了全长基因的真核表达重组质粒和四个半胱氨酸富集结构域(CRD)分别缺失的突变体。RT-PCR和药物抑制实验结果表明,SGIV ORF050是病毒的一个立即早期基因。亚细胞定位结果表明,该基因在细胞质内均匀地弥散性分布,并在细胞核周围聚集;第一个CRD缺失后,基因的定位发生明显的变化,即呈点状分布在胞质中,推测第一个CRD对其功能有影响。在过表达SGIV ORF050的鱼类细胞中观察SGIV感染引起的CPE,发现与对照相比没有明显区别;荧光定量PCR检测SGIV 主要衣壳蛋白MCP的转录表达水平,也没有明显变化,提示该基因对SGIV在宿主细胞内的复制增殖可能没有影响。荧光定量PCR检测过表达ORF050的细胞在SGIV感染后宿主TNF/TNFR的转录水平,结果显示在感染10 h后TNF1、TNF2和TNFR2的表达量升高了2～3倍,而TNFR1的表达量没有明显变化,说明SGIV可能通过ORF050来调节细胞TNF和TNFR的表达,从而逃避宿主的免疫攻击。     

斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因 shRNA干扰载体的构建及效果评价

利用Invitrogen公司的在线生物学软件分析斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因,设计针对CP基因不同位置的小发卡RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)干扰序列[其结构特征为正链(19 nt)-环(4 nt)-负链(19 nt)]。化学合成这些序列,并退火连接为双链干扰片段,将双链干扰片段定向克隆到干扰载体pENTRTM/U6中,构建shRNA干扰载体pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896和pshRNA-NNV。然后,用脂质体转染法分别将3种shRNA干扰载体和pEGFP-CP基因共转染导入黑头呆鱼(FHM)肌肉细胞,荧光显微镜观察细胞荧光强度,分析荧光抑制效率,Real-time RT-PCR检测CP基因mRNA的表达水平变化。结果表明,在pEGFP-CP与shRNA干扰载体共转染组,pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV的荧光抑制效率分别为47%、68%、51%。3种shRNA干扰载体都有干扰效果,均能干扰绿色荧光蛋白的表达,其中pshRNA-896干扰效率最好。Real-time RT-PCR检测表明,干扰质粒pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV对pEGFP-CP基因的沉默效率分别约为60%、96%和55%,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,靶向斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因的shRNA干扰载体构建成功,为进一步运用RNA干扰技术进行CP基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因shRNA干扰载体的构建及效果评价

利用Invitrogen公司的在线生物学软件分析斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因,设计针对CP基因不同位置的小发卡RNA( short hairpin RNA,shRNA)干扰序列[其结构特征为正链( 19 nt) -环(4 nt) -负链(19 nt)].化学合成这些序列,并退火连接为双链干扰片段,将双链干扰片段定向克隆到干扰载体pENTRTM/U6中,构建shRNA干扰载体pshRNA -124、pshRNA-896和pshRNA-NNV.然后,用脂质体转染法分别将3种shRNA干扰载体和pEGFP-CP基因共转染导入黑头呆鱼(FHM)肌肉细胞,荧光显微镜观察细胞荧光强度,分析荧光抑制效率,Real-time RT-PCR检测CP基因mRNA的表达水平变化.结果表明,在pEGFP-CP与shRNA干扰载体共转染组,pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV的荧光抑制效率分别为47％、68％、51％.3种shRNA干扰载体都有干扰效果,均能干扰绿色荧光蛋白的表达,其中pshRNA-896干扰效率最好.Real-time RT-PCR检测表明,干扰质粒pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV对pEGFP-CP基因的沉默效率分别约为60％、96％和55％,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,靶向斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因的shRNA干扰载体构建成功,为进一步运用RNA干扰技术进行CP基因的功能研究奠定了基础.     

细胞骨架蛋白actin参与石斑鱼虹彩病毒SGIV释放

在病毒感染宿主细胞过程中,病毒利用宿主细胞骨架如微丝、微管等完成进入、运输和释放等过程。为分离鉴定石斑鱼虹彩病毒SGIV囊膜蛋白,实验应用去污剂溶解病毒囊膜,然后结合1-D-SDS-PAGE切胶分离和LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定两种方法进行检测,除了病毒编码的囊膜蛋白外,还发现7种宿主细胞来源的蛋白,包括细胞骨架微丝肌动蛋白actin等,由此推测这些宿主蛋白是与病毒纯化过程中共纯化获得。鉴于actin在病毒感染中发挥着重要的作用,进一步通过蛋白印迹、免疫电镜实验验证了actin与病毒共纯化,揭示actin是一种来源于宿主细胞并包装到病毒颗粒表面的宿主蛋白,且由于特异性作用黏附于病毒粒子表面,在分离病毒囊膜时与囊膜蛋白共纯化。此外,荧光显微镜观察发现,在病毒感染晚期,细胞变圆,细胞微丝actin蛋白和SGIV病毒共定位于细胞膜,提示actin与病毒释放相关。同时电镜观察也表明,病毒在感染细胞中释放时获得由宿主细胞质膜衍生而来的囊膜,由此推测actin可能在病毒释放时特异性包裹于SGIV病毒表面。研究表明,actin参与石斑鱼虹彩病毒SGIV的释放过程。     

牙鲆SRF基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

采用RACE-PCR技术,从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)组织中克隆了血清应答因子(SRF)基因全长序列,该序列全长2 477 bp,开放阅读框1 503 bp,编码500个氨基酸。通过氨基酸同源序列比对,牙鲆SRF与其它物种的同源性较高,在氨基酸序列的N端具有NLS结构域和高度保守的MADS结构域。用PCR方法扩增SRF基因的编码区片段,克隆到p EGFP-N1载体中,构建真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF,将重组质粒转染牙鲆胚胎细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察转染细胞有绿色荧光蛋白表达。荧光定量PCR和Western blot实验进一步证实,SRF在转染细胞中高表达。说明真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF构建成功,为进一步研究SRF在牙鲆变态发育中的作用奠定了实验基础。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒衣壳蛋白VP7基因真核表达载体pCI-VP7的构建及鉴定

将编码草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)主要衣壳蛋白VP70.9kb的基因片段连接至克隆载体pMD19-T中,筛选阳性克隆并测序,经检测为正确序列后,再将目的片段克隆入真核表达载体pCI,筛选得到阳性重组质粒pCI-VP7。然后构建pCI-VP-GFP重组表达质粒(即GFP基因与VP7的一段上游基因融合表达),用PCR及酶切方法鉴定克隆的正确性。并用脂质体法将其转染入真核细胞COS-1和CIK进行瞬时表达,荧光显微镜观察及RT-PCR特异性检测。结果表明,GFP基因与VP7的一段上游基因被成功转染到COS-1和CIK细胞,并得到了很好的表达。进而证明pCI-VP7可以成功的表达,为GCRV基因疫苗的研制提供了实验资料。     

RNA干扰Gas2基因对低温胁迫下罗非鱼肾脏细胞系增殖及凋亡的影响

探讨低温胁迫下,干扰生长抑制特异性基因2(Gas2)对罗非鱼肾脏细胞系增殖和凋亡的影响。采用脂质体转染法介导Gas2短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA, shRNA)及阴性对照短发夹RNA处理罗非鱼肾脏细胞,24 h后,以5℃/d降温速率对转染后的罗非鱼肾脏细胞进行低温胁迫,分别在25、20、15、10℃进行细胞采集。随后,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测Gas2基因及P53基因mRNA表达变化,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,并开展WST-1细胞增殖实验检测细胞的增殖情况。结果表明,低温胁迫下,阴性对照组及Gas2干扰组中Gas2和P53基因mRNA的表达在15℃和10℃时均显著升高;Gas2干扰组中Gas2和P53基因mRNA的表达水平在所有温度下均显著低于阴性对照组;随着温度降低,阴性对照组及Gas2干扰组的细胞凋亡率均明显升高,但Gas2干扰组的细胞凋亡率明显低于阴性对照组;低温胁迫下,对照组及Gas2干扰组的细胞增殖率与25℃时相比均显著下降;当温度降至15℃时,Gas2干扰组的细胞增殖率显著高于对照组。罗非鱼肾脏细胞在受低温胁迫时,抑制Gas2基因能够降低P53基因mRNA的表达水平以及细胞的凋亡率,并增加细胞的增殖。     

传染性造血器官坏死病毒微型基因组表达干扰素对病毒的抑制效应

为构建传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV HLJ-09)微型基因组并表达虹鳟IFN,采用RT-PCR扩增IHNV HLJ-09株的N、P、L、G和NV蛋白基因并亚克隆入真核表达载体pCI中,构建辅助质粒pCI-N、pCI-P、pCI-L、pCI-G和pCI-NV;将扩增获得的IHNV基因组两末端序列、增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)报告基因、虹鳟I型干扰素(IFN)基因克隆到真核表达载体pCI中构建出表达EGFP的IHNV微型基因组pCI-LFGT和表达IFN的IHNV微型基因组pCI-LFIT;将pCI-LFIT质粒转染已接种IHNV HLJ-09毒株的EPC细胞,实时荧光定量PCR法测定细胞中IHNV G基因RNA。结果显示:构建的微型基因组不论与辅助病毒还是与5个辅助质粒共转染,外源基因均能正确表达;pCI-LFIT质粒转染已接种病毒的EPC细胞组与对照组相比其中的病毒核酸显著减少。     

Establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from kidney of grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel), susceptible to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV)

A marine fish cell line derived from the kidney of red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, designated as EAGK was established and characterized. The EAGK cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25 °C and have been subcultured for more than 90 passages. Karyotyping, chromosomal typing and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genotyping analysis revealed that EAGK had a modal diploid chromosome number of 82 and was a fibroblast cell line originated from grouper. A severe cytopathic effect was observed in EAGK cells incubated with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not with soft-shelled turtle iridovirus, viral nervous necrosis virus or spring viraemia of carp virus. SGIV replication was further confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and virus titre determination. Bright fluorescence was observed after transfection with fluorescent protein reporter plasmids, indicating that EAGK cells can be used to identify gene functions in vitro. In addition, the cell organelles including mitochondria and endoplasm reticulum changed and aggregated around virus factories after SGIV infection, suggested that the EAGK cell line could be an important tool for investigation of iridovirus-host interactions.     

Establishment and characterization of a kidney cell line from kelp grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus moara</Emphasis>

A novel cell line, Epinephelus moara kidney cell line (EMK), was established from kidneys of kelp grouper E. moara. Cells were cultured at 24 °C in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (L15) supplemented with antibiotics, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). EMK cells, fibroblastic in morphology, proliferated to 100% confluency in 3–4 days and were subcultured for over 50 passages. The cells could grow from 18 to 30 °C, with optimal growth at 24 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48 in the cells at passage 42. Green fluorescent signals could be observed in EMK cells when the cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid. Moreover, a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the cells after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and viral replication was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). These results suggested the potential of the EMK cell line for studies of transgene and pathogenesis of SGIV and NNV.     

Antiviral abilities of Curcuma kwangsiensis ingredients against grouper iridoviral infection in vitro and in vivo

As one of the most serious pathogens in mariculture, the outbreaks of grouper Iridovirus (SGIV‐Gx) caused high mortality rates in cultured groupers in Guangxi, China. Hence, effective medicines for fighting against grouper Iridovirus are urgently needed. The possible application of Curcuma kwangsiensis ingredients against SGIV‐Gx infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in this study. The safe working concentration of each C. kwangsiensis ingredient was identified (C. kwangsiensis ethanol ingredient, CKEE ≤5 mg/ml; curcumin ≤20 μg/ml; curdione ≤500 μg/ml; curcumenol ≤500 μg/ml; curcumol displayed no cytotoxic effects even at 2 mg/ml) in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory activities of each C. kwangsiensis ingredient against SGIV‐Gx infection were analysed using aptamer (Q2)‐based fluorescent molecular probe (Q2‐AFMP) and RT‐qPCR. The results showed that C. kwangsiensis ingredient (CKEE, curcumin, curcumol, curdione and curcumenol) displayed antiviral activities against SGIV‐Gx infection in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, according to the inhibitory percentage analysed using RT‐qPCR results, CKEE and curdione had the best antiviral activity against SGIV‐Gx above 93%. Overall, the results suggest that some C. kwangsiensis ingredients have excellent antiviral effects, making it an interesting candidate for developing effective medicines for preventing and controlling SGIV‐Gx outbreaks in mariculture.     

Establishment of a new cell line from the heart of giant grouper,Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), and its application in toxicology and virus susceptibility

A new marine fish cell line, derived from the heart of giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), was established and characterized. The cell line was designated as ELGH and subcultured with more than 60 passages. The ELGH cells were mainly composed of fibroblast-like cells and multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48. The fluorescent signals were detected in ELGH when transfected with green fluorescent protein reporter plasmids. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) of the extracellular products (ECPs) from Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio alginolyticus E333 on ELGH cells was 60.02 and 12.49 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the ELGH cells showed susceptibility to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not to soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV), red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which was demonstrated by the presence of a severe cytopathic effect (CPE) and increased viral titres. In addition, electron microscopy observation showed that abundant virus particles were present in the infected cells. Taken together, our data above provided the potential utility of ELGH cells for transgenic and genetic manipulation, as well as cytotoxicity testing and virus pathogenesis.     

石斑鱼虹彩病毒病发生风险评估模型的建立和验证

为评估石斑鱼养殖过程虹彩病毒病发生的风险,实验结合Delphi法和层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(SGIV)发生的风险评估模型.风险因素评估指标体系包括1个目标层(石斑鱼虹彩病毒病发生风险),5个准则层(水质、石斑鱼健康状况、饲养管理、养殖模式和养殖环...     

一种(鱼师)鱼诺卡氏菌酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶基因的克隆及功能初步研究

這鱼诺卡氏菌是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,可导致鱼类慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病.這鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组序列分析发现了一个酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphtase,PTP)基因,生物信息学分析显示该基因很可能编码一个靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白.本实验对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP进行了基因克隆、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和线粒体膜电位检测,结果显示,在這鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中质谱鉴定到了PTP肽段,证实其为分泌蛋白.亚细胞定位研究观察到PTP-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP蛋白并未靶向定位于线粒体.亚细胞定位和过表达研究都显示PTP蛋白在FHM细胞中表达后,细胞核出现固缩浓染、凋亡小体等明显的细胞凋亡特征.通过线粒体膜电位检测表明,在pcDNA-PTP转染后48 h,线粒体跨膜电位被明显破坏,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP很可能是一种可诱导细胞凋亡的细菌蛋白.通过对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP开展基因克隆和功能初步研究,为进一步揭示该基因的功能和深入了解這鱼诺卡氏菌的分子致病机理奠定了基础.     

Identification of a cell-wall peptidase (NlpC/P60) from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow cells

Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive bacterium, is the main pathogen of fish nocardiosis. Protein NlpC/P60 is a cell-wall peptidase and a potential virulence factor of N. seriolae. Subcellular localization research revealed that both NlpC/P60-GFP and NlpC/P60Δsig-GFP fusion proteins were evenly distributed in the whole cell of fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Furthermore, typical apoptotic features, such as nuclear pyrosis and apoptotic bodies, were observed in the transfected FHM cells and grouper spleen cells by the overexpression of protein NlpC/P60. Then, quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase-3 activity and apoptosis-related gene (Bax, BNIP3, TNF1 and TNF6) mRNA expression were conducted. The results showed that ΔΨm was decreased, caspase-3 was significantly activated, and the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and BNIP3) and tumour necrosis factors (TNF1 and TNF6) was up-regulated in NlpC/P60-overexpressed cells. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein NlpC/P60 of N. seriolae might involve in apoptosis regulation. This study may lay the foundation for further study on the function of N. seriolae NlpC/P60 and promote the understanding of the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism of N. seriolae.