The influence of seasonal environmental changes on ontogenetic migrations of the squid Loligo gahi on the Falkland shelf

The Patagonian longfin squid Loligo gahi undertakes horizontal ontogenetic migrations on the Falkland shelf: juveniles move from spawning grounds located in shallow, inshore waters (20–50 m depths) to feeding grounds near the shelf edge (200–350 m depths). Immature squid feed and grow in these offshore feeding grounds and, upon maturation, migrate back to inshore waters to spawn. The possible influence of environmental factors on L. gahi migrations was investigated using data from oceanographic transects, crossing the region of known L. gahi occurrence. They were made from the inshore waters of East Falkland eastwards to depths of 1250 m on a monthly basis from 1999 to 2001. Four main water types were found in the region: Shelf, Sub‐Antarctic Superficial and Antarctic Intermediate water masses, and Transient Zone waters. The inshore spawning grounds occur in the Shelf Water mass, whereas the feeding squid (medium‐sized immature and maturing individuals) were associated with the Transient Zone. The 5.5°C isotherm appeared to mark the limit of squid distribution into deeper waters in all seasons. Seasonal changes in water mass characteristics and location were found to be important for seasonal changes in L. gahi migrations on the Falkland shelf.     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场中国枪乌贼生物学特性研究

本文根据1995年和2006～2007年测定中国枪乌贼生物学资料,进一步对闽南--台湾浅滩渔场中国枪乌贼生物学特性作比较系统分析研究,结果表明:闽南--台湾浅滩渔场中国枪乌贼产卵时间为4～9月,高峰期为5月和8月.春季产卵群体个体较大,大部分为180～200mm,7月份当年春生的幼体开始加入捕捞群体,7～9月群体个体大小参差不齐,既有秋季产卵群体又有索饵幼体,10～12月以索饵群体为主(胴长优势组100～120mm).中国枪乌贼胴长(L)与体重(W)的关系:W=1.7246×103L2.2754R2=(R20.9845).摄食强度以1级为主占41.7%,2级占23.89%,食性凶猛、营养级为2.62.生殖群不甚摄食,空胃率高.与历史资料同比,单拖作业生产汛期6～9月渔获群体平均胴长由上世纪70年代的211.7mm下降至90年代的150.3mm、光诱敷网作业生产汛期渔获群体从2000年的157.2mm下降到2006～2007年的144.8mm.目前雌性性成熟最小胴长103mm也比以往小,性早熟现象明显.为此,建议对中国枪乌贼的资源应加以合理利用和保护.     

Modelling transport of inshore and deep‐spawned chokka squid (Loligo reynaudi) paralarvae off South Africa: the potential contribution of deep spawning to recruitment

The South African chokka squid, Loligo reynaudi, spawns both inshore (≤70 m) and on the mid‐shelf (71–130 m) of the Eastern Agulhas Bank. The fate of these deep‐spawned hatchlings and their potential contribution to recruitment is as yet unknown. Lagrangian ROMS‐IBM (Regional Ocean Modelling System‐Individual‐Based Model) simulations confirm westward transport of inshore and deep‐spawned hatchlings, but also indicate that the potential exists for paralarvae hatched on the Eastern Agulhas Bank deep spawning grounds to be removed from the shelf ecosystem. Using a ROMS‐IBM, this study determined the transport and recruitment success of deep‐spawned hatchlings relative to inshore‐hatched paralarvae. A total of 12 release sites were incorporated into the model, six inshore and six deep‐spawning sites. Paralarval survival was estimated based on timely transport to nursery grounds, adequate retention within the nursery grounds and retention on the Agulhas Bank shelf (<200 m). Paralarval transport and survival were dependent on both spawning location and time of hatching. Results suggest the importance of the south coast as a nursery area for inshore‐hatched paralarvae, and similarly the cold ridge nursery grounds for deep‐hatched paralarvae. Possible relationships between periods of highest recruitment success and spawning peaks were identified for both spawning habitats. Based on the likely autumn increase in deep spawning off the Tsitsikamma coast, and the beneficial currents during this period (as indicated by the model results) it can be concluded that deep spawning may at times contribute significantly to recruitment.     

海州湾日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间结构的季节变化

日本枪乌贼和短蛸是头足类中重要的经济种类,一般为一年生,其空间分布受季节变化的影响较大。由于受调查时间的限制,鲜有在该方面的研究报道。本研究根据2011年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用全局空间自相关、热点分析以及变异函数等方法分析了日本枪乌贼和短蛸的空间结构的季节性变化。研究表明:(1)日本枪乌贼和短蛸全局空间自相关性不强,存在局部空间热点,变异函数分析结果与全局空间自相关结果基本一致。(2)日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间自相关的尺度存在季节变化,两个物种均表现为在春季的空间结构性较强,而在秋、冬季的空间结构性较弱,春季的空间自相关性程度高于秋、冬季。(3)在春季,二者均在35.0°~35.5°N、120.0°~121.0°E海域存在一个空间热点,在资源密度最高的季节时其空间分布呈现出随机性特征。物种的空间分布模式可能与环境的季节变化以及其洄游分布和摄食习性相关。本研究有利于深入了解日本枪乌贼和短蛸的生活史特性及其栖息地,可为该资源的合理利用和保护以及后续研究提供理论参考。     

Effects of dry pellets containing astaxanthin and squid meal on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of squid meal and astaxanthin in dry pellets on the spawning performance of striped jack. Two groups of 8-year-old fish with an average bodyweight of 3.5 ± 0.4 kg were used. The control group was fed a raw fish mix (RF) and the experimental group was fed steam dry pellets (as-DP) containing 10 p.p.m. astaxanthin and squid meal, the latter replacing half the fish meal. Each group was fed once a day, three times a week in floating net cages for a period of 5 months. Seven females and seven males were selected from each group and transferred to 65 m³ indoor concrete tanks for spawning, where they were kept at optimum spawning conditions (22°C) for 1 month. The average bodyweights of selected fish were 3.8 ± 0.5 kg and 3.8 ± 0.6 kg for the RF and as-DP groups, respectively. Both groups spawned a total of 18 times and the mean total egg production and egg quality, measured in terms of buoyancy, fertilization and hatching rates, showed no significant differences ( P > 0.05) between groups. Total larval production was 679.9 × 10³ and 678.1 × 10³ larvae/kg-female for the RF and as-DP groups, respectively. These results show that the combination of astaxanthin and squid meal in dry pellets for striped jack broodstock improved the overall spawning performance to a level similar to that of fish fed on RF.     

哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石形态学分析

茎柔鱼是大洋性重要经济头足类,其耳石包含着重要的生态信息。根据2009年7-8月哥斯达黎加外海采集的茎柔鱼耳石样本,分析其耳石外部形态,探讨耳石形态差异及生长模式。研究认为,茎柔鱼左右耳石及其分区间的形态差异均不显著(P>0.05)。主成分分析认为,耳石总长(TSL)、吻侧区间长(RDL)、吻侧区夹角(RDA)可表征左耳石形态特征,TSL、吻区基线长(RBL)、RDA可表征右耳石形态特征。在整个生长过程中耳石各部分均异速生长,其形态变化趋势为整体狭长、吻区长窄、背区宽大,符合中上层头足类耳石特征。耳石生长表现为两个阶段,TSL为1 600 μm前后其耳石形态出现显著差异。RDL/TSL由上升变为下降(P<0.05),RBL生长速度迅速上升(P<0.01),RDA由下降变为上升(P<0.05),TSL＝1 600 μm可作为栖息水层变化的重要标志。     

Ocean climate effects on the relative abundance of short-finned (Illex illecebrosus) and long-finned (Loligo pealeii) squid in the northwest Atlantic Ocean

An unusually high abundance of long‐finned squid (Loligo pealeii) was observed around southern Newfoundland in August–September 2000. The prevalence of maturing females and mature males, along with the collection of a single viable egg mop, provide the first evidence of spawning of this species at the northern limit of its geographic range of distribution. Northward expansion of the long‐finned squid population may be related to a general warming trend in Newfoundland near‐shore waters. However, trends in size and abundance of short‐finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) suggest that this expansion may also be related to reduced competition. We hypothesize that these two squid species share, to a large extent, a common niche on the eastern USA shelf and that opposing responses to ecosystem variation affect their relative abundance. We address this hypothesis by applying time‐series analysis of species‐specific fishery‐ and survey‐based abundance indices with biologic and environmental input variables. Our models indicate that direct competition is not important, but that variation in atmospheric forcing, as well as latitudinal position of the Shelf‐Slope Front (SSF), are closely related to direct oceanographic processes that exert opposing effects on these two species. While the direct oceanographic mechanisms that regulate year‐class strength remain unknown, we present a hypothesis to account for opposing population responses to oceanographic variation that operates early in the life history of both species. For the oceanic and highly migratory short‐finned squid, variation in the latitudinal position of the SSF is related to efficiency of downstream dispersal by the Gulf Stream and survival of young stages. For the neritic long‐finned squid, variation in local inshore temperature affects the time exposed to intense predation through its effect on rates of embryonic development and growth. The expansion of long‐finned squid population abundance in 2000 was associated with both warm local water temperatures and an unusual eastward displacement of the atmospheric features associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). These conditions may have resulted in an unfavorable oceanic regime for short‐finned squid but a favorable regime for long‐finned squid on the continental shelf as far north as southern Newfoundland.     

海洋环境因子对日本海太平洋褶柔鱼渔场时空分布的影响

根据2010—2013年11—12月日本海太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的渔获生产数据,并结合遥感获取的海洋环境数据,利用渔获量重心法、地统计插值和数理统计方法,分析了太平洋褶柔鱼的资源丰度与渔获量重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子(海表温度、叶绿素浓度、海流)之间的关系。研究表明,渔场重心每年稍有差异,经度重心集中在132°20′E附近;纬度重心集中在36°30′N和37°30′N两个位置附近。GAM模型显示,日本海太平洋褶柔鱼渔场的最适海表温度为16~18℃;最适叶绿素a浓度为0.37~0.45 mg/m3。海洋环境与单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)的回归方程的显著性检验表明,除了叶绿素a浓度呈一般显著外,海表温度和空间因子在CPUE上的回归均极显著(P0.01),符合统计意义。4年间渔场的适宜环境范围有所差异,推断主要是日本海海域对马暖流、东朝鲜暖流与里曼寒流相互交汇的强弱作用力引起的,也有不同年份季风的强弱不同以及全球气候变化的因素存在。每一年的渔场海洋环境因子稍有差别,对其资源量的影响巨大。     

贮藏温度与时间对鱿鱼内脏液体蛋白组成和水解的影响

以鱿鱼内脏和加热处理的鱿鱼内脏为原料分别制备液体蛋白 ,置于 6、13、2 0、2 5、3 0和 3 9℃贮藏 3 2d ,取新鲜原料和 3 9℃贮藏液体蛋白样品测定化学组成 ,取制备当天、第 1～ 4、8、16和 3 2天液体蛋白样品分析测定蛋白质水解度。鱿鱼内脏液体蛋白 3 9℃贮藏 4、18、3 2d的分析测定结果表明 ,其蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、干物质和氨基酸组成基本反映原料原有的化学成分 ,不受贮藏温度和时间的影响。蛋白质水解度DH值变化的线性回归结果表明 ,在 6℃和 13℃贮藏温度下 ,鱿鱼内脏液体蛋白的水解过程无明显差异 ,在 2 0、2 5、3 0和 3 9℃贮藏温度下 ,鱿鱼内脏液体蛋白的水解过程也无明显差异。鱿鱼内脏液体蛋白具有均质性和一定的粘稠性。而加热处理后的原料所制备的液体蛋白 ,其蛋白质水解度在贮藏前后无明显变化 ,基本保持不变     

金乌贼雄性规格和社群数量对求偶与交配行为的影响

为探讨不同规格雄性金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)在求偶交配过程中的竞争及优势等级,采用实验生态学方法,在室内可控条件下分别设置1L1S组、1L2S组和1L4S组(L和S分别表示大规格雄性和小规格雄性,数字表示实验中雄性金乌贼数量),连续摄像观察和记录金乌贼的繁殖行为。结果显示:(1)繁殖过程中金乌贼具有明显的领域行为和护卫伴游行为。(2)随着群体中小规格雄性比例的增加,处于优势地位的大规格雄性个体的优势等级发生变化,主要表现为大规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐减少,而小规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐增多。(3)当群体中小规格雄性较少时,大规格雄性常常主动攻击小规格雄性,而当小规格雄性数量远大于大规格雄性时,小规格雄性主动向其他雄性发起攻击,以争取护卫权和交配权。研究表明,雄性金乌贼的规格和数量对于求偶竞争以及交配行为具有显著影响。随着繁殖群体中小规格雄性增多,大规格雄性成功交配次数逐渐降低。1L4S组成功交配次数稍高于1L2S组,显著高于1L1S组(P0.05)。人工苗种繁育过程中选择合适规格的雄性亲体和合理的雌雄比例,对提高金乌贼繁殖效率具有重要意义。     

低温对罗非鱼基因组DNA甲基化的影响

以经过连续多代抗寒选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系为实验材料,采用DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)分析方法从全基因组水平上探讨了低温适应对罗非鱼DNA序列中CCGG位点的甲基化水平的影响。结果显示,选用的18对选择性扩增引物共检测到849个位点。耐寒品系检测到的位点数为411个,对照组为438个,其中发生甲基化的位点数分别为72和104个,总甲基化率分别为17.52%和23.74%;全甲基化位点分别为37个和65个,全甲基化率分别为9.00%和14.84%;半甲基化位点分别为35个和39个,半甲基化率分别为8.52%和8.90%。结果分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系的总甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平较对照组均有一定程度的下降。与对照组相比,尼罗罗非鱼耐寒品系基因组DNA甲基化总体水平下降了6.22%,其中以全甲基化位点变异为主,其下降幅度比例明显,为5.84%。由此可见,经过连续多代的低温胁迫可导致尼罗罗非鱼DNA甲基化水平发生改变,发生了去甲基化反应,表现为基因组甲基化程度降低的特征,说明了DNA甲基化与罗非鱼抗寒性反应密切相关。     

利用角质颚形态判别东海两种常见枪乌贼

为了尝试利用角质颚对东海2种常见枪乌贼类种类进行判别,本研究对2015年11月采集的69尾中国枪乌贼和100尾杜氏枪乌贼的角质颚,采用主成分分析法、逐步判别分析法、傅里叶法对2种枪乌贼进行种类判别。结果显示,在所有12个形态参数的比较中,中国枪乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼都存在极显著差异,杜氏枪乌贼角质颚在雌雄群体间存在显著差异。采用逐步判别分析法对2种枪乌贼进行分类,中国枪乌贼判别正确率为92.4%,杜氏枪乌贼为85.3%,总判别正确率为88.2%。根据主成分分析结果,以2种枪乌贼主成分特征值大于1的因子中,负载值最高的形态参数比例指标构建判别函数,中国枪乌贼的判别正确率为98.5%,杜氏枪乌贼为84.2%,总判别正确率为90.1%。分雌雄对2种枪乌贼进行分类判别,雄性的总判别正确率为83.3%,雌性为97.8%。利用傅里叶法进行判别分析,基于上颚的判别总正确率为83.3%,基于下颚的判别总正确率为95.0%。研究表明,角质颚外部形态可用于2个枪乌贼种类的判别。     

温度对尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌毒力的影响

为了解温度对鱼源无乳链球菌毒力的影响机制,本实验研究了温度对无乳链球菌毒力相关参数(生长、粘附、入侵、毒力基因表达以及对罗非鱼致死率)的影响。结果发现,不同培养温度下(25~40 ℃)无乳链球菌的生长速度不同,37 ℃为其最适生长温度,25 ℃时生长速度最慢;25~34 ℃内无乳链球菌粘附在惰性基质上的菌体对应的吸光值(OD_590nm)之间无显著差异(P>0.05),37 ℃时显著增加,40 ℃时又急剧下降;罗非鱼在人工感染无乳链球菌后各时间点(6、12、24和48 h),鱼体脑组织中菌量随注射菌体培养温度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,且与不同培养温度下的无乳链球菌对罗非鱼的致死率呈正相关;无乳链球菌毒力基因的表达也与培养温度相关,hly和cfb基因的表达量随菌体培养温度的升高先增加后降低,分别在34和37 ℃处达到峰值,不同培养温度下无乳链球菌sip基因表达的变化幅度较小,而scpB基因的表达则随培养温度增加而下降;无乳链球菌对罗非鱼的致死率随其培养温度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,低温(25和28 ℃)培养条件下的菌体对罗非鱼致死率较低(<20%),37 ℃时致死率最高66.67%±6.67%。以上结果表明温度参与无乳链球菌生长、粘附、转移、入侵和部分毒力基因表达的调控,它们共同影响无乳链球菌对罗非鱼的毒力。     

The relationship between paralarval feeding and morphological changes in the proboscis and beaks of the neon flying squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ommastrephes bartramii</Emphasis>

We compared the diet of Ommastrephes bartramii paralarvae with morphological changes in their beaks and proboscis (fused tentacles). The paralarvae were collected north of the Hawaiian Islands during 2001 and 2002 and ranged in mantle length (ML) from 1.1 to 13.2 mm. They fed on crustaceans, including copepods (copepodite stage) and amphipods. The rostral tips of upper and lower beaks began to protrude anteriorly at around 3–4 mm ML, and the smallest paralarva with identifiable prey in its digestive tract was 4.2 mm ML, which suggests that the paralarvae can masticate prey soon after the beaks protrude. The proboscis separated into two tentacles at 9.3–13.2 mm ML, but the newly formed tentacles were weakly developed even in the largest specimen, suggesting that tentacles do not operate functionally and that the arms are used to capture prey.     

达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼生殖洄游过程中能量代谢和消化酶活性的变化

为了解达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii Cyprinidae)生殖洄游过程中能量代谢和消化酶活性的变化,本研究对比了捕于达里湖和贡格尔河的瓦氏雅罗鱼血清生化参数、肝脏和肌肉组织中糖原含量、肝脏组织中转氨酶和己糖激酶活性以及肝脏和肠道组织中消化酶活性的差异;并利用实验生态学方法,研究达里湖中瓦氏雅罗鱼转入贡格尔河河水中 24 h 后其血清生化参数的响应。研究结果显示,与达里湖中瓦氏雅罗鱼相比,洄游到贡格尔河中后雅罗鱼血清葡萄糖含量显著降低(P<0.05),胆固醇含量显著升高(P<0.05),总蛋白和甘油三酯含量无显著变化;肝糖原含量极显著升高(P<0.01),肌糖原含量无显著变化;肝脏组织中谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶和己糖激酶活性无显著差异;肝脏和肠道组织中纤维素酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05)。将达里湖中瓦氏雅罗鱼转入河水中 24 h 后,其血清葡萄糖和总蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05),而甘油三酯和胆固醇含量未见明显变化。本研究结果表明,达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼洄游过程中以肝糖原的形式为其生殖活动储备能量;肝脏和肠道组织中消化酶活性的升高可提高鱼体对营养物质的消化吸收能力。     

草鱼hsp70和hsp90对温度急性变化的响应

为研究不同温度条件下草鱼热休克蛋白(hsp70和hsp90)的表达模式,了解草鱼对温度的耐受和适应机理,实验将在20℃下驯化的草鱼在7个实验温度(22,24,26,28,30,32和34℃)中热激3h,然后20℃恢复2h,取肝脏,肌肉和鳃测定hsp70和hsp90表达.结果表明,hsp70和hsp90表达量随着温度升高而上升,当温度达到34℃时,肌肉与鳃热休克蛋白基因表达量显著下降,草鱼耗氧率、热休克蛋白表达和死亡率之间的关系符合氧限制热耐受理论(OCLTT).基于OCLTT理论,草鱼生理临界温度为28℃,当温度超过28℃,热休克蛋白表达所需能量主要由无氧代谢提供,进而导致体内氧自由基和变性蛋白的增加,影响草鱼的生长和存活.     

Bilirubin-binding protein in the serum of spawning-migrating chum salmon,Oncorhynchus keta: Its identity with carotenoid-carrying lipoprotein

The serum carotenoid level gradually increased during the spawning migration of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Zeaxanthin, a yellowish carotenoid, was detected in the serum of spent males, while astaxanthin was a main carotenoid in the serum of males and females at other developmental stages. A high bilirubin level was found in the serum of spent males; the serum of spent male was yellow in colour due to the presence of zeaxanthin and bilirubin, although the serum of the other fish was bright orange.Three types of carotenoid-carrying lipoprotein such as low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and very high density lipoprotein fractions were present in the serum. Carotenoid-carrying lipoprotein from the HDL fraction became a main component during spawning migration. The serum bilirubin from the spent male salmon was distributed in the HDL fraction. Because bilirubin, as well as carotenoids, were present in the HDL fraction, the carotenoid-carrying lipoprotein from the HDL fraction was identical with bilirubin-binding protein in the serum of spent males. This carrier lipoprotein had two subunits (molecular weight 24,000 and 12,000); no disulfide bond was detected between the two subunits.     

个体生长对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼角质颚形态变化的影响

为研究个体生长对茎柔鱼角质颚形态变化的影响,本研究根据2009–2014年中国鱿钓船在秘鲁外海(79°22′~84°30′W、10°00′~18°16′S)采集的茎柔鱼样本,提取出1208尾茎柔鱼的角质颚,对角质颚的12项外部形态进行测量,并利用角质颚微结构的生长纹来估算茎柔鱼的日龄,采用方差分析法(ANOVA)分析了不同胴长组、不同日龄组以及不同性成熟阶段角质颚主要外部形态特征的差异。结果表明,角质颚各形态参数在雌、雄个体间的差异性极显著(P0.01),且雌性个体的角质颚大于雄性个体。最小显著差多重比较法(LSD)结果显示,在不同胴长组、不同日龄组和不同性成熟阶段,雌、雄个体角质颚的生长存在差异,相同性别个体角质颚不同部位的生长也不同;在胴长大于400 mm、雌性个体大于300日龄、雄性个体大于250日龄以及性腺成熟度在Ⅲ期以后时,角质颚的生长较为缓慢。研究表明,个体大小、日龄和性成熟对茎柔鱼角质颚的形态变化有一定的影响。     

Freerunning circasemilunar spawning rhythm of Fundulus grandis and its temperature compensation

Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, exhibit rhythmic reproductive activities that are synchronized with semilunar tidal fluctuations in their Gulf coast habitat. These cyclic activities, monitored through daily egg collections, persist in the laboratory for as long as four months with periods near the tidal period of 13.7 days. In nature, a specific semilunar spawning phase is maintained with respect to tidal cycles. However, in the laboratory, the phase may gradually advance or delay. These phase changes occur as a result of small differences between the periods of the spawning cycle and concurrent tidal cycle. Changes in the phase of the spawning cycle can be produced after several cycles by exposing fish to different temperatures (21 and 27°C). However, the period of the spawning cycle changes only slightly with temperature. Q₁₀ calculations produce a value not significantly different from 1.0, indicating nearly complete temperature compensation. These results provide evidence for an endogenous circasemilunar cycle that is temperature-compensated and freeruns in the laboratory.