苦马豆素对小白鼠移植性肿瘤S_(180)抑制试验的病理组织学观察

１７～２０ｇ 昆明种雄性小白鼠１００只，左前肢腋窝部皮下接种 Ｓ１８０ 瘤细胞悬液 ０．１ ｍ Ｌ（１０８ 个瘤细胞／ｍ ｌ），随机分成Ⅰ～Ⅹ共１０ 组，每组１０ 只。Ⅰ：为对照组，皮下注射生理盐水；Ⅱ：苦马豆素（ Ｓ Ｗ ）饮水（３ μｇ／ｍ Ｌ）；Ⅲ～Ⅴ： Ｓ Ｗ 饮水兼 Ｓ Ｗ （４，８， １２ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ）皮下注射；Ⅵ： Ｓ Ｗ 饮水兼人白细胞干扰素（ｈ Ｉ Ｎ Ｆ）皮下注射（１．５ 万 Ｉ Ｕ／ｋｇ）；Ⅶ～Ⅸ：在Ⅲ～Ⅴ组基础上配合ｈ Ｉ Ｎ Ｆ（１．５ 万 Ｉ Ｕ／ｋｇ）皮下注射；Ⅹ： Ｓ Ｗ 饮水兼皮下注射（４ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ）并配合聚肌胞（１００ μｇ／只）皮下注射。 Ｓ Ｗ 连用 ８ 日；ｈ Ｉ Ｎ Ｆ １～４ ｄ，７～８ ｄ 共用６ 次；聚肌胞于１，４，７ ｄ 各用一次。实验结束后剖杀小鼠，Ⅰ～Ⅹ组平均瘤重依次为１．５７，０．９３，１．０６７，１．０９，１．０６５，１．０４，０．６４，０．５８，０．４８，０．６０ ｇ。每组取３ 个瘤块，１００ ｍ Ｌ／ Ｌ中性福尔马林固定，石蜡包埋， Ｈ Ｅ 染色，普通 光镜下观察。对照组瘤细胞在皮下结缔组织和肌肉间隙呈浸润性生长，形成很多肿瘤组织团块。瘤细胞大小不一，形态各异，核染色质粗大，呈深蓝色，核呈两极或多极分裂     

山鸡用药免疫程序

特种动物１日龄：饮１０％的葡萄糖水或白糖水，颈部皮下注射马立克氏疫苗。２－３日龄：饮０．０１％的高锰酸钾水。４－９日龄：在饲料中加入０．０４％的痢特灵。７日龄：用新城疫Ⅱ系一传染性支气管炎二联疫苗滴眼、鼻。１０－１１日龄：首次用中等毒力的法氏囊疫苗滴眼、鼻或者饮水免疫。１２－１７日龄：在饲料中加入０．０４％的痢特灵或土霉素。２０日龄：用法氏囊疫苗滴眼、鼻或饮水进行第２次免疫。１９－３５和４０－５０日龄：每次用０．１５％的抗球虫药“加福”拌入饲料中饲喂。３５日龄：用新城疫Ⅱ系一传染性支气管炎二联疫…     

草原毛虫种群能量生态学的研究Ⅰ．草原毛虫幼虫体重生长数学模型

提出了自然条件下门源草原毛虫（ＧｙｎａｅｐｈｏｒａｍｅｎｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｈｏｕｅｔＹａｎ）的体重增长模型，将幼虫体重增长分为两个阶段：滞育期（０－１８０ｄ）和生长期（１８０－３１０ｄ）。个体平均体重生长曲线：滞育阶段为Ｗ＝０．０００８－０．００００００４ｔ（０≤ｔ≤１８０）；生长阶段为　　雄性（１８０≤ｔ≤３００），雌性Ｗ（１８０≤ｔ≤３１０）。并求得幼虫体重生长Ｓ型曲线的拐点位于雄性第５龄和雌性第６龄。     

鸡新城疫—减蛋综合征蜂胶佐剂灭活二联苗的研究

首次用蜂胶作为佐剂，研制出鸡新城疫－减蛋综合征（ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ）二联灭活 ，在开产前１个月左右，用该苗按０．５ｍｌ／只的剂量皮下或肌肉注射免疫蛋鸡，接种后２０ｄ测ＮＤ抗体（ＨＩ法）效价为６．２５－７．０（ｌｏｇ２，）ＥＤＳ－７６抗体（ＨＩ法）效价为６．５－８．０，用ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ油乳剂灭活二联苗做对照，进行免疫持续期平行测定对比试验，免疫后１８０ｄ，蜂胶苗免疫组鸡的ＮＤ抗体滴度为８．５－８．７，ＥＤＳ     

口服狂犬病疫苗（SAG—2）对犬的免疫原性,效力和安全性

研究了ＳＡＧ－２致弱狂犬病病毒疫苗对实验小猎兔犬的免疫原性和效力。试验共分四线，每组１０只犬，分别在舌上口服接种ＳＡＧ－２１ｍｌ／只或在诱饵只在１．５ｍｌ／只，接种后１８０天，所有的犬用狂犬病毒攻击，测定各组的抗体应答，结果，疫苗直接加到舌上经用诱饵接种法效价高。但各组间差异无统计学意义，所有免疫犬都存活，而８０％对照犬死亡，证明ＳＡＧ－２经口免疫犬是安全有效的。     

疫苗接种时值得注意的几个问题

一．饮水免疫 饮水免疫避免了逐只抓提, 可减少劳力和应激，但这种免疫接种受影响的因素较多，在操作过程中应注意以下几点： １疫苗应选用高效的弱毒疫苗，疫苗用量一般为注射剂量的２－３倍。 ２．使用的饮水应是清凉的，水中不能含有任何能灭活疫苗病毒或细菌的物质。 ３饮水免疫期间，饲料中不应含有能灭活疫苗病毒和细菌的药物。饮水免疫前２４小时不得饮用任何消毒药物。 ４．饮水中应加入０．１％－０．３％的脱脂乳，或山梨糖醇，亦可用２％鲜奶，以保护疫苗的效价。 ５．为了使每只禽在短时间内均能摄入足够量的疫苗，在供给禽疫苗…     

鸡传染性法氏囊病—新城疫二联峰胶灭活苗的研制

用自行分离鉴定的鸡法氏囊病病毒（ＤＦＣ３Ｖ株）与Ｉ型标准毒株（Ｄ７８株）和新城疫病毒（ＬａＳｏｔａ株）联合研制的蜂胶灭活苗,经实验室和田间试验证明,雏鸡肌肉或皮下注射０．５ｍｌ／只,注后７天产生免疫抗体,攻毒后保护率为６０％,注后１４天功玫毒保护率为１００％,免疫后１８０天,攻毒保护率为８０％,本苗与白油佐剂苗免疫效力对比试验结果表明,蜂胶佐剂苗免疫效和产生白油佐剂苗为快而持久,该苗保存于４～８℃     

Bio—MOS复合剂对仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治

为了探索Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ复合制（内含Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ、氟哌酸或柠檬酸）对仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治效果，进行了初生仔杜♂」１２０头（选自１５窝），随机分成４组。其中１个空白组３个处理组。各处理组分别口服ＭＯＳ商品制剂Ｂｉｓ－ＭＯＳ（美国Ａｌｌｔｅｃｈ公司生产），Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ＋氟哌酸，Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ＋５％柠檬酸，空白组则口服同体积的蒸馏水，试验期２８ｄ。结果表明，初生仔猪添加Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ，可明显提高仔猪的日增重（Ｐ〈０．０５），降低腹泻发生率（Ｐ〈０．０５），而且Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ与氟哌酸或柠檬酸配合使用对哺乳仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治作用更佳。     

猪注射青霉素过敏救治

猪注射青霉素过敏救治快速皮下注射０．１％肾上腺素０．２－１ｍｌ，或氟美松２ｌ０ｍｌ即可脱敏。猪注射青霉素过敏救治...     

速效喉安防治传染性喉气管炎的效果

选择临床自然感染鸡群，观察了速效喉安对爆发性传染性喉气管炎的防治效果，并与常用的几种药物进行了对比试验。结果表明：速效喉安（０．２％饮水）、速效喉安（０．２％）饮水配合环丙沙星（５０毫克／升饮水）、六神丸（６粒／只）、氨茶碱（０．０６％）拌料，病毒灵（０．０５％）拌料及总染对照组的死亡率（％）分别为８．４，１９，１８．２４和４５，治愈率（％）分别为８４，９２，６２，６７，６０及２５，经统计分析，各用药组的死亡率均极显著或显著高于感染对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或０。０１）。治愈率均显著或极显著高于感染对照组的自愈率（ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。速效喉安或速效喉安配伍环丙沙星的防治效果优于其它用药三组。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -