麻疯树籽实的降解率研究

以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的利木赞肉牛为试验动物,用尼龙袋法研究了德国脱毒麻疯树种仁粕、江苏麻疯树饼粕、四川麻疯树种仁、黑龙江豆粕、新疆棉粕和四川麻疯树种仁6种饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、磷、能量降解率在瘤胃内的动态降解规律及其有效降解率。结果表明:德国脱毒麻疯树种仁粕的干物质、蛋白质的降解率与豆粕相似,并高于棉粕;2种麻疯树种仁干物质、蛋白质在16 h降解95%以上;江苏麻疯树籽饼干物质、蛋白质降解率及有效降解率均为最低。     

新型蛋白质饲料资源——麻疯树籽实的研究进展

麻疯树是一种高产量的油料植物.目前,麻疯树饼粕蛋白质的研究已成为麻疯树研究领域的热点问题.麻疯树脱脂脱毒后的种仁粕蛋白质高达60%,是一种优质的植物蛋白质饲料,开发其资源对养殖业发展具有重大的意义.本文主要介绍麻疯树资源特点,营养价值及其对动物毒性和饲养试验的研究进展.     

麻疯树籽加工工艺对其营养成分、瘤胃干物质和蛋白降解率的影响

首先测定分析各种麻疯树产品的营养价值.以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的利木赞肉牛为试验动物,用尼龙袋法(in situ)研究了德国脱毒麻疯树种仁、江苏麻疯树饼粕、四川麻疯树种仁、黑龙江豆粕、新疆棉粕5种饲料的干物质,粗蛋白降解率在瘤胃内的动态降解规律及其有效降解率.结果表明:脱毒脱脂的麻疯树种仁粕,蛋白质含量高达60%.德国脱毒麻疯树种仁粕的干物质、蛋白质的降解率与豆粕相似,并高于棉粕;麻疯树种仁干物质,蛋白质在24 h就已经降解95%以上;江苏麻疯树饼干物质、蛋白质降解率及降解参数均为最低;     

麻疯树籽实饲用营养价值分析

研究测定各种麻疯树籽实的常规营养成分、微量元素和氨基酸等含量,并与棉籽粕、豆粕做对比,其中脱毒麻疯树种仁干物质中的粗蛋白质含量高达64.47%.综合各项指标,认为脱毒麻疯树种仁是一种优质蛋白质饲料,可在反刍动物饲料中代替豆柏和棉籽粕.     

新型植物蛋白饲料资源——麻疯树粕

麻疯树广泛生长于我国南方地区,其籽实粕中的粗蛋白质含量高达60％,氨基酸组成平衡。因其含有毒素和抗营养成分限制了饲用,开发麻疯树饼粕资源有很大的意义。该文从麻疯树籽实资源、化学特性、营养特点、发展前景等方面进行论述,为这一资源的利用提供参考。     

体外评估一种新型蛋白原料-麻疯树脱毒浓缩蛋白的营养价值

利用体外批次培养技术,评估了新型蛋白饲料原料麻疯树脱毒浓缩蛋白用作山羊蛋白饲料的可能性。试验设对照组及处理组,其中对照底物组成包括苜蓿、玉米、豆粕及棉粕(6∶2∶1∶1),各处理组中分别以麻疯树脱毒浓缩蛋白替代对照组日粮组成蛋白的25%(T1)、50%(T2)和75%(T3)。结果发现接种24 h后,与对照组相比,以麻疯树脱毒蛋白替代原日粮中的蛋白的处理组中累积产气量、干物质及有机物消失率、微生物蛋白产量、丙酸、丁酸浓度显著增高(P0.05),而乙丙比显著降低(P0.05),但对pH值、NH3-N、乙酸及TVFA浓度无显著影响(P0.05)。说明德国脱毒麻疯树种仁粕是一种优质的蛋白饲料,可以部分替代山羊日粮中的蛋白原料。但由于本研究采用体外批次培养技术,其测定结果与体内试验虽具有良好的相关性,但仍需要进行动物代谢和生长试验,才能最终确定该饲料产品的饲用价值。     

麻疯树饼粕分离蛋白提取工艺条件的研究

为确定麻疯树饼粕分离蛋白的最佳提取工艺条件,采用等电沉淀原理,通过碱溶酸沉法对带壳压榨后的麻疯树饼粕中的蛋白进行提取。结果表明:通过单因素试验确定在温度45℃,碱溶pH值为11,酸沉pH值4.5的条件下蛋白质和干物质得率较高,制得的分离蛋白样品粗蛋白含量达87.6%;氨基酸组成方面,除赖氨酸外,其余必需氨基酸均接近豆粕。在适宜的工艺条件下,可从麻疯树饼粕中提取分离蛋白。     

超滤法脱除麻疯树籽饼粕毒蛋白的研究

本试验采用超滤技术以麻疯树籽饼粕为原料,以毒蛋白的脱除量为指标,通过L9(34)正交试验研究了不同超滤时间、压力、温度及超滤液浓度对其毒蛋白脱除量的影响.结果表明.超滤法脱除麻疯树籽饼粕中毒蛋白的最佳工艺为:超滤时间为60 min、超滤压力0.14 Mpa、超滤温度45℃及超滤液浓度0.5 C0(C0=6.47 mg/mL).在此工艺下,脱除麻疯树籽饼粕中的毒蛋白为63.12 mg.     

麻疯树籽提油工艺优化及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量分析

试验旨在优化麻疯树籽提油工艺并分析其籽粕中粗蛋白质含量,以提油率、提油后籽粕中粗蛋白质含量为优化指标,探讨料液比、温度、时间3个因素对麻疯树籽提油率及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量的影响,并结合正交试验获得麻疯树籽提油的最佳工艺参数。单因素试验结果表明,料液比为1∶18、温度为40℃、提取时间30 min时,提油率达到最高,分别为38.22%、32.21%及34.13%。方差分析结果表明,各因素影响提油率的主次顺序为温度 > 料液比 > 提取时间,其中温度和料液比对提油率的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对提油率无显著影响（P > 0.05）;影响籽粕粗蛋白质的主次顺序为温度 > 提取时间 > 料液比,其中温度对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响显著（P < 0.05）。正交试验结果表明,麻疯树籽最佳提油工艺组合为A₃B₃C₃,即在料液比为1∶22、温度为50℃、时间为50 min的最佳工艺条件下,提油率为39.41%,籽粕粗蛋白质为24.13%。本研究为麻疯树籽提油及提油后籽粕的开发应用提供了理论依据。     

非常规饲料资源开发与应用评价

非常规饲料资源为解决畜牧业发展与环境污染的矛盾做出了突出贡献,是非常有开发前途和利用价值的"新型饲料"。本文对作者课题组近年来在非常规饲料资源开发利用方面的部分研究进行了总结,具体包括秸秆饲料、桑叶、麻疯树等非常规饲料资源的营养价值和饲喂价值评定。     

Optimization of Oil Extraction Process from Jatropha curcas Seed and the Analysis of Crude Protein Content in Meal

The test was aimed to optimize the oil extraction process from Jatropha curcas seed and analyzed the crude protein content in meal.Jatropha curcas seeds were selected as the experimental material,and the effects of solid to liquid ratio,temperature and extraction time on the oil extraction rate and crude protein content of meal were investigated and optimized. The results of single factor test showed that when the solid to liquid ratio was 1:18,the temperature was 40℃ and extraction time was 30 min,the oil extraction rate was highest which was the 38.22%,32.21% and 34.13%,respectively. The variance analysis results showed that the order of factors that affected the oil extraction rate were temperature > solid to liquid ratio > extraction time. The effects of temperature and solid to liquid ratio were extremely significant (P < 0.01).The extraction time did not have a significant effect on oil extraction rate (P > 0.05).The order of factors that affected the crude protein content in seed meal were temperature > extraction time > solid to liquid ratio. The effect of temperature was extremely significant (P < 0.01) and that of the extraction time was significant (P < 0.05). The results of orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal extraction conditions was A₃B₃C₃ of which the solid to liquid ratio was 1:22,temperature was 50℃ and extraction time was 50 min. The oil extraction rate was 39.41%,and the crude protein was 24.13% under this condition. This study provided the theoretical basis for the development and application of Jatropha curcas seed.     

饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响

试验通过尼龙袋法研究豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、DDGS和玉米5种饲料在奶牛瘤胃内粗蛋白的降解特性,并通过傅里叶红外光谱法测定了5种饲料的蛋白质二级结构,研究主要饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明:在5种饲料中,α螺旋最高的为豆粕30.52%,最低的为DDGS 18.77%。β折叠最高的为玉米35.89%,最低的为棉粕28.36%。饲料蛋白质二级结构α螺旋与β折叠比值与有效降解率呈显著强度正相关(r=0.952 8,P=0.012 2),与蛋白质慢速降解组分呈强度正相关(r=0.798 7,P=0.105 1),与非降解组分呈高度负相关,相关性趋于显著(r=-0.866 7,P=0.057 2)。     

Effects of partial dietary substitution of groundnut meal by defatted,Aspergillus niger–fermented and heated Jatropha curcas kernel meal on feed intake and growth performance of broiler chicks

Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study was conducted to determine intake and growth performance of broiler chicks fed with Jatropha curcas kernel meal physico-chemically and...     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

奶牛主要植物性蛋白质饲料蛋白质和纤维物质瘤胃降解率的研究

选用3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛为试验动物,选取8种北方地区奶牛常用蛋白质饲料原料为试验样品,每个样品设3个重复,用尼龙袋法分别测定各个样品的粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）在瘤胃内的动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,①所选8种蛋白质饲料原料中葵花粕的粗蛋白质（CP）有效降...     

Toxicity of Jatropha curcas in sheep and goats

The sequential development of the clinical signs and lesions in the organs of desert sheep and Nubian goats dosed with Jatropha curcas seeds at 0.05, 0.5 and 1 g/kg/day was studied. Diarrhoea, reduced water consumption, dehydration, sunken eyes, inappetence and loss in condition were the important signs of J curcas poisoning in sheep and goats. The main pathological changes were haemorrhage in the rumen, reticulum, lungs, kidneys and heart, catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic enteritis, hepatic fatty change, pulmonary congestion and oedema and straw-coloured fluid in serous cavities. An increase in the concentrations of AST, ammonia, potassium and sodium and a decrease in total protein and calcium were detected in the serum. Haematological changes were haemoconcentration and leucocytosis.     

Growth performance and metabolic efficiency in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed on a diet containing Jatropha platyphylla kernel meal as a protein source

Jatropha platyphylla is available on the pacific coast from Sinaloa to Michoacán including the Nayarit and Jalisco states in Mexico. The seeds of J. platyphylla are rich in oil and protein, and the kernel meal (JPKM) prepared after oil extraction contains 70-75% crude protein (CP). Contents of essential amino acids (except lysine) are higher in JPKM than in soybean meal (SBM). Phorbol-esters, the main toxin present in most Jatropha species is absent in J. platyphylla. Heat-treated JPKM (H-JPKM) was evaluated as a protein supplement in tilapia feed and compared with that of SBM and fish meal (FM). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings (15 fish; av. body mass 13.9 ± 0.17 g) were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates each. A 12-week experiment was conducted in a respirometer system to evaluate the growth performance, nutrient utilization and energy budget. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed three iso-nitrogenous diets (36% CP): Control containing FM, and Jatropha and Soybean diets in which 62.5% of FM protein was replaced by H-JPKM and SBM respectively. The growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent lipid conversion and energy retention did not differ significantly among the three groups. Higher protein productive value was observed in plant protein fed groups. Average metabolic rate, energy expenditure per g protein fed and retained in the body did not differ significantly among the three groups. Conclusively, Nile tilapia fed plant protein (heated JPKM and SBM) and FM protein-based diets exhibited equal average metabolic rate which indicate that JPKM can be used as a protein source in aqua feed.     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定饼粕饲料总氨基酸降解率

以3头带瘤胃瘘管肉牛用尼龙袋法对大豆、向日葵粕、花生粕、豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕、鱼粉等7种饲料的瘤胃总氨基酸降解率进行了比较研究 ,其总氨基酸的瘤胃降解率分别为74.55 % ,81.99 % ,40.69 % ,32.87 % ,41.08 % ,35.73 % ,30.60 % ;粗蛋白降解率(X)与总氨基酸降解率(Y)显著相关(Y= -1.90+1.01X(r=0.996,n=7,P<0.01)。不同时间点瘤胃降解残渣中氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例与饲料原样中氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例 ,在瘤胃降解初期相关性较好 ,随瘤胃降解时间延长相关性下降。