植物提取物及杀菌剂对水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌活性

采用带药平板涂布法测定了24种植物甲醇提取物、3种植物化合物、1种植物精油和13种杀菌剂对水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,在植物提取物中,广西地不容块根、黔桂千金藤块根、石菖蒲根茎和木防己块根对水稻白叶枯病菌有抑菌活性,最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为2g/L、6g/L、2g/L和6g/L;3种植物化合物中,罗默碱对水稻白叶枯病菌有很好的抑制活性,最低抑制浓度为0.025g/L,千金藤碱和克斑宁在浓度为2g/L时无抑菌活性;石菖蒲精油对水稻白叶枯病菌的最低抑制浓度为1g/L。在13种杀菌剂中,75%百菌清WP、80%代森锰锌WP、60%甲硫.异菌脲WP、53.8%可杀得WG、20%叶枯唑WP、58%甲霜.锰锌WP、64%杀毒矾WP和3%中生菌素WP对水稻白叶枯病菌的最低抑制浓度分别为7.5g/L、1.067g/L、0.75g/L、0.269g/L、0.2g/L、0.048g/L、0.032g/L和0.03g/L;72%农用链霉素SP、50%敌克松WP、15%三唑酮WP、20%噻唑锌SC和2%加收米SL5种药剂在稀释100倍时对水稻白叶枯病菌无抑制活性。     

土木香对植物病原菌抑菌活性的初步研究

以黄瓜白粉菌、黄瓜霜霉菌、黄瓜炭疽菌、番茄灰霉菌、番茄叶霉菌为供试菌,测试了土木香甲醇、乙醇提取物以及乙醇提取物不同萃取组分的抑菌活性。结果表明:土木香的不同溶剂提取物对5种供试菌都有一定程度的抑制作用,乙醇提取物比甲醇提取物抑菌活性高。土木香乙醇提取物在浓度为0.005 g/mL时,对黄瓜白粉菌、黄瓜霜霉菌的抑制率分别达到99.95%,96.30%。在乙醇提取物不同的萃取组分中,石油醚部分的抑菌活性最强。     

3种植物提取物对6种枯萎病菌的生物活性研究

枯萎病是农业生产中最具有威胁性的土传病害之一,严重影响多种作物的产量及品质.本研究旨在寻找和开发绿色环保且可高效抑制枯萎病菌的植物资源,同时为植物源杀菌剂的开发提供一定的理论依据.以丁香(Syzygium aromaticum)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)和瑞香狼毒(Stellera chama...     

旋覆花提取物对6种植物病原真菌抑制作用初步研究

测试了采于河北承德的旋覆花根、茎、叶、花及全草的乙醇提取物以及花的提取物的4种溶剂萃取组分对黄瓜白粉病菌、黄瓜霜霉病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄叶霉病菌的抑制活性。结果表明：旋覆花各部位的粗提物对6种供试真菌都有一定程度的抑制作用，其中花部抑制作用较强。花部粗提物对黄瓜霜霉病菌Ec50值为5．48mg／mL，12．5mg／mL的抑制率达88．89％。在花部粗提物的4种溶剂的萃取组分中，氯仿萃取组分的抑菌活性比其他3种溶剂萃取组分高。     

几种有机肥对棉花枯萎病菌抑菌土的影响

通过田间及盆栽试验结果表明，棉花枯萎病菌抑菌性土壤施入不同形式的有机肥后，抑菌性发生了变化。施入马粪后，抑菌性被削弱，枯萎病菌增殖加快，棉花枯萎病发病率与导菌土相当，而施入棉子饼及豆饼之后，则抑菌性增强，抑菌效果增加，尖胞镰刀菌萎蔫专化型的增殖受到抑制，而非致病性镰刀菌及产荧光假单胞菌含量增加     

3种植物提取物对稻瘟病菌的抑菌活性及其抑菌机理研究

通过探讨黄连、甘草和肉桂提取物对稻瘟病菌的抑制效果及作用机理,为开发新型稻瘟病菌抑制剂奠定基础.以菌丝生长速率法测定抑菌活性,室内常规分析方法观测菌丝细胞膜通透性、物质合成与代谢和超显微形态.结果 表明,3种提取物对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长均具有较强的抑制活性,黄连、甘草、肉桂的半抑菌浓度依次为4.17 mg/mL、4.48 ...     

西瓜枯萎病菌专化型鉴定及防治研究

1982～1987年间自黑龙江、北京等10个省市采集到60份西瓜病株,分别进行分离和培养鉴定,结果有尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌。致病性试验是将3个镰刀菌分别接种于西瓜品种郑州3号,结果尖孢镰刀菌致病,茄病镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌不侵染。分别从黄瓜和甜瓜枯萎病株分离出来的尖孢镰刀菌,与西瓜病株分离得的尖孢镰刀菌进行交互接种于西瓜、甜瓜和黄瓜的幼苗上。鉴定的结果是不同的专化型,即尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型〔Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. niveum(E. F. Smith)Snyder et. Hans.〕。在防治上,采用综合防治措施,经过1989～1990年试验,防效达90.91％～92.70％,增产58.95％～64.93％。     

国槐树枝不同溶剂提取物对植物病原菌的抑菌活性

国槐(Sophora japonica L.)是中国重要的园林植物和药用植物。本研究旨在挖掘国槐在抑制植物病原菌方面的功能。采用生长速率法测定国槐树枝中乙醇提取物和不同极性溶剂（石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇与水）萃取物对4种植物病原菌的抑制活性并运用气质联用技术分析乙酸乙酯萃取物的化学成分。结果表明,国槐树枝提取物及其萃取物均对4种植物病原菌有一定的抑制作用且差异显著。其中乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑菌效果最好,它对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的毒性最高,48 h的EC50为2.58 mg/mL,其次为Ectophoma multirostrata、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)和臭镰刀菌(Fusarium foetens)。从乙酸乙酯萃取物检测出其主要化学成分是脂肪族和萜类化合物,含量最高的是五氟丙酸十八烷基酯(14.77%)。国槐树枝中起抑菌作用的活性物质主要集中于乙酸乙酯相,其次为正丁醇相、水相与石油醚相。     

草珊瑚乙醇提取物的抗氧化性及其对芒果采后主要病原菌的抑菌活性研究

以无水乙醇为溶剂制备草珊瑚全草提取物,测定其总酚和总黄酮含量,提取物对DPPH自由基与ABTS自由基的清除能力,以及不同浓度草珊瑚乙醇提取物对芒果采后常见3种病原菌的抑菌活性及对病原菌孢子萌发的影响。结果表明：草珊瑚乙醇提取物中的总酚含量为7.62%,总黄酮含量为6.13%;对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均有一定的清除能力,在低浓度（0.001 mg/mL）范围内对DPPH自由基的清除能力可超过BHT。草珊瑚乙醇提取物对3种芒果采后病原菌均有一定的抑菌效果,其中对拟茎点霉蒂腐菌的抑制效果最佳,2.5 mg/mL提取物处理即可有效抑菌,处理7 d时抑制率达到50.29%;对胶孢炭疽菌的抑制效果次之,5 mg/mL提取物处理7 d时抑制率为41.25%;对可可球二孢蒂腐菌的抑制效果相对较弱,5 mg/mL提取物处理6 d抑制率仅10.67%。     

5种瑞香科植提取物对7种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性测定

本研究旨在寻找出与瑞香狼毒同科的瑞香科植株是否有潜力成为防治病原真菌的植物资源,为筛选及制备有效且安全的植物源农药打开新思路。以5种试验材料作为瑞香科植物的代表,利用其乙醇提取物对番茄枯萎、黄瓜靶斑等7种病原真菌进行毒力测定。结果显示,瑞香狼毒与梦花在所有提取物中表现最佳,尤其是针对各种枯萎病病原菌,在较高浓度下的抑菌率都接近100%。而祖师麻提取物对黄瓜靶斑以及草莓红中柱的抑制效果在所有的提取物中表现最佳,其EC₅₀值分别为0.925、0.920 mg/mL。南岭荛花在5种瑞香科植物提取物中表现最差,但对番茄枯萎和黄瓜炭疽病原菌的抑制效果良好,EC₅₀值均小于1.1 mg/mL。研究表明,5种瑞香科植物提取物对病原真菌普遍有良好的抑菌活性,瑞香科植物可作为新型植物源农药的筛选靶标。     

Interactive Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rape-seed-Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. and Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes

A simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape-seed-mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) were tested as treatments, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, and T₅. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T₃ (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha¹, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T₄ (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha¹) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha¹ (T₅), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T₃. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.     

西瓜抗枯萎病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

本研究根据已克隆的抗枯萎病基因的NBS保守结构域设计了22条上游简并引物和17条下游简并引物,以西瓜抗枯萎病种质PI296341-FR和感枯萎病品种97103为材料,获得了7条来自基因组DNA的RGA序列（GenBank登录号：DQ156558-DQ156564）,均含有NBS保守区的P-环、kinase-2或kinase-3等抗病基因的特征序列结构,所编码的氨基酸序列与已知抗枯萎病基因Fom-2、I2C-1、I2C-2和I2等编码的氨基酸序列表现出11%～72%的同源性,其中来自PI296341-FR的RGA序列175R1与甜瓜抗枯萎病基因Fom-2的同源性最高,为72%。来自PI296341-FR与97103的RGA序列之间同源性较高（73%～97%）,证明了抗病基因在进化上的保守性。     

甘蓝枯萎病抗性基因FOC1序列分析及抗性相关变异位点分析

旨在发掘甘蓝抗枯萎病基因FOC1中与抗性相关的特异性单核苷酸多态性(SNP),为进一步开发FOC1特异分子标记提供理论依据。在对11份甘蓝自交系材料枯萎病抗病表型鉴定基础上,通过基因测序,对每份材料中FOC1等位基因及相应的氨基酸序列变异进行分析。结果表明,FOC1等位基因序列之间共存在92处SNP变异和2处Indel变异,其中包含C381A/G等18个在抗、感材料中表现出特异性差异的SNPs。此18个特异的SNP中转换型比率为86.11%、颠换型比率为13.89%,4种碱基变异率以T/C、G/A最高,分别占47.22%和38.89%,而C/G和A/C变异率共占13.89%。本研究也发现抗、感材料中存在4个特异的SNP,可造成3个氨基酸的变化。     

探究姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制作用

研究旨在了解不同浓度姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制效果及对菌丝形态结构的影响,以此初步获得最适合的抑制病原菌的植物粗提取液浓度。以姜和大蒜粗提取液为供试材料,测定不同浓度2种粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长情况、孢子浓度、孢子萌发率及菌丝结构的影响。结果表明,2种粗提取液均能抑制并降低尖孢镰刀菌的生长速率、孢子浓度和孢子萌发率,且大蒜粗提取液比姜粗提取液抑制效果更显著,在低浓度下对菌丝形态结构的影响也比姜粗提取液明显,大蒜粗提取液在各浓度下与对照相比均达极显著差异,且大蒜浓度为0.4 g/mL时对尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发率抑制达100%。该试验证实大蒜对甘蓝枯萎病菌有极显著抑制作用,为使用间种或轮作大蒜进行田间防治甘蓝枯萎病菌提供了参考。     

Nutrient Management Effects on Light Interception, Photosynthesis, Growth, Dry-matter Production and Yield of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam acidic soil to study the effect of nutrient managements on light interception, photosynthesis, growth, biomass production and yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, 1000‐seed weight, seed and oil yield of Indian mustard improved at 100 % recommended rates of NPK (N‐P‐K at 80‐17.2‐33.2 kg ha^?1) + 10 t ha^?1 farmyard manure (FYM) (T₃) compared with 100 % NPK rate (T₂). It was also at par with 100 % NPK + 10 kg ha^?1 borax + 20 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ (T₆) and 50 % NPK + 10 t ha^?1 FYM +10 kg ha^?1 borax + 20 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ (T₁₀). The rate of photosynthesis increased due to appropriate nutrient management treatments (T₃, T₆ or T₁₀) with concomitant increase in photosynthetically active radiation, internal CO₂ concentration and rate of transpiration and decrease in stomatal resistance. Consequent upon the higher rate of photosynthesis, dry‐matter accumulation increased. The crop receiving nutrient treatment T₃ or T₆ maintained higher light interception ratio (LIR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass production, crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) that resulted in greater rate of photosynthesis, harvest index and seed yield. Similarly, T₁₀ was equally efficient in registering greater LIR, LAI, CGR, NAR and seed yield of mustard. The average seed yields were 1692, 1683 and 1668 kg ha^?1 in T₃, T₆ and T₁₀, respectively, and these three treatments were significantly superior to T₂ (1332 kg ha^?1), control (723 kg ha^?1) and other treatments. Significantly greater seed oil contents of 41.30, 40.60 and 41.07 % were recorded in T₃, T₆ and T₁₀, respectively. Thus, significant improvement due to appropriate combination of NPK, FYM, borax and ZnSO₄ was observed for uptake of nutrients.     

不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病抗性中的作用

分析了枯萎病菌侵染后棉花叶片和根茎部组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质 (胞壁结合的简单酚、复杂酚聚合物及黄酮醇 )含量的变化。结果表明 ,抗病品种棉苗中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量高于感病品种 ,同一品种内根茎部组织中含量较高 ;氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗产生对枯萎病的诱导抗性 ,同时也促进了棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质的积累 ;枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量明显增加 ,抗病品种棉苗和经氟乐灵处理的棉苗受侵后不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量的增加分别大于感病品种棉苗和未经氟乐灵处理棉苗中的增加水平。这些结果说明 ,不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病的抗性及由氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性中起作用     

Role of Nitrogen and Gibberellin (GA3) in the Regulation of Enzyme Activities and in Osmoprotectant Accumulation in Brassica juncea L. under Salt Stress

Salt stress alters a wide array of plant metabolic mechanisms. Different strategies of the application of nutrients and phytohormones are required to overcome the adverse effects of salt stress. The main objective of the present study was to determine if added nitrogen (N) and gibberellin (GA₃) in growth medium could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on plant metabolism. Two‐week‐old plants were fed with: (i) 0 mm NaCl + 0 mg N kg^?1 sand + 0 m GA₃ (control), (ii) 100 mm NaCl + 0 mg N kg^?1 sand + 0 m GA₃, (iii) 0 mm NaCl + 40 mg N kg^?1 sand + 0 m GA₃, (iv) 0 mm NaCl + 0 mg N kg^?1 sand + 10^?5 m GA₃, (v) 100 mm NaCl + 40 mg N kg^?1 sand + 0 m GA₃, (vi) 100 mm NaCl + 0 mg N kg^?1 sand + 10^?5 m GA₃, (vii) 100 mm NaCl + 40 mg N kg^?1 sand + 10^?5 m GA₃. Growth and physio‐biochemical attributes i.e. shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, malondialdehyde concentration, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll concentration, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities, proline and glycinebetaine concentration, leaf – N, potassium (K) and sodium (Na) concentration and K/Na ratio were affected by NaCl treatment. But application of N or GA₃ alone as well as in combination proved beneficial in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on these growth and physio‐biochemical parameters. However, N applied with GA₃ proved more effective than N and GA₃ applied alone. The results revealed that combined application of N and GA₃ may ameliorate most of the attributes and prove to be a physiological remedy to increase the tolerance against the ill effects of salt stress in Brassica.     

14CO2 Assimilation and Translocation of 14C-Photosynthates by Different Parts of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

The role of leaves, stem and reproductive parts in ¹⁴CO₂ fixation and subsequent photosynthate translocation was studied in Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) at three growth stages. The data indicated that leaves, stem and pods are important sources of photosynthates for seed filling. At bud emergence stage leaves are the principle site of ¹⁴CO₂, fixation. The contribution of leaves declines at subsequent stages, where as the contribution of pod walls increased from bud emergence stage to ripening stage. The contribution of the stem remains more or less constant at all three growth stages studied. Although stem can fix ¹⁴CO², at bud emergence and flowering stages it imported ¹⁴C-photosynthates from leaves. However, stem exported photosynthates during subsequent growth stages.     

喷施氯化钾对油菜植株硝酸盐含量及氮素分配的影响

本试验采用土培试验,研究了茎叶喷施质量分数为1%的氯化钾溶液对油菜角果初期和收获期植株硝酸盐含量及植株氮素分配的影响。以喷施质量分数为1.17%的硫酸钾溶液（要求氯化钾和硫酸钾溶液中钾离子的物质的量浓度相同）和清水作相比较,在开花后期开始喷施,每两天喷洒一次,连续喷洒15天,喷洒部位在茎和叶,重点喷洒叶的背面,尽量不喷洒至叶柄,于角果初期和收获期采样。结果表明,喷施氯化钾溶液能有效降低开花期和收获期油菜茎叶硝酸盐含量,与喷施硫酸钾溶液和清水相比达到了显著水平;有效促进了氮素向角果和籽粒分配,显著增强了油菜角果初期叶片硝酸还原酶的活性;同一品种不同处理之间的差异比较显著,品种之间处理后的差异也比较明显。     

Allelopathic Effects of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) on Germination and Growth of Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum)

Black mustard [Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.] contains water‐soluble allelochemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of other species. This characteristic could be used in weed management programmes. Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects on wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.) germination and seedling growth of (i) preceding crops, (ii) fresh black mustard residue incorporation, and (iii) black mustard leaf, stem, flower and root water extract concentrations. Growth of wild barley, as indicated by plant height and weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil previously cropped to black mustard compared with that cropped to wild barley. Soil incorporation of fresh black mustard roots and both roots and shoots reduced wild barley germination, plant height and weight when compared with a no‐residue control. In bioassays, black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control. Increasing the water extract concentrations from 4 to 20 g per 100 ml of water of all black mustard parts significantly increased the inhibition of wild barley germination, seedling length and weight. Based on 8‐day‐old wild barley radicle length, averaged across all extract concentrations, the degree of toxicity of different black mustard plant parts can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: leaves > flowers > mixture of all plant parts > stems > roots.