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从分子结构、基因结构及其染色体定位、信号转导等几方面概述了人类Toll样受体(TLRs)的基本特点,并从比较生物学角度归纳了其他哺乳动物、禽类、鱼类等脊椎动物TLRs的研究进展。 相似文献
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Toll-like receptors(TLRs)是存在于机体的一类重要的模式识别受体,在机体天然免疫中起着重要的作用.TLRs还是连接天然免疫和适应性免疫的桥梁.目前TLR1-9研究的较清楚和详尽.不同TLRs识别的病原体相关分子模式各不相同.TLRs介导的机体信号传导途径分为MyD88依赖性和非MyD88依赖性.多种生物TLRs已被克隆和表达,通过进化分析,脊椎动物的TLRs可被分为6大基因家族,识别相似PAMP的TLRs聚为一簇.TLRs编码序列和功能是高度保守的. 相似文献
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Toll样受体研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)家族在病原体的识别和激活天然免疫方面发挥着非常重要的作用.激活TLRs不仅可以诱导天然免疫应答,而且有利于特异性免疫反应的发生,因而TLRs是天然免疫与获得性免疫之间的桥梁.不同TLRs可以有相同的功能,例如诱导炎性因子的产生或者上调辅助刺激分子的表达,也可以有特异的作用,例如具有诱导IFN-I产生的能力.这些作用不但在抗菌免疫反应中非常关键,而且也表现在自身免疫反应中.因而了解TLRs结构、分布、分类及功能可促进天然免疫机制研究的进一步深入,有利于对变态反应和自身免疫性疾病治疗措施的改进,也有利于解决诸如 CpG佐剂、DNA疫苗、预防过敏反应等实际应用过程中存在的问题. 相似文献
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星状病毒(AstV)能够感染多种多样的物种,包括人类、哺乳动物和禽类。一旦感染,可诱发肠炎、肾炎以及神经疾病等,但人们对星状病毒感染的免疫反应知之甚少。随着细胞培养系统和动物模型的建立,人们逐渐提高了对星状病毒感染和发病机制的认识。本文综述了目前星状病毒感染免疫应答的机制,并强调了研究中发现的一些关键问题,为治疗和控制星状病毒感染提供新的研究思路。 相似文献
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为了维持鱼类健康并为养殖生产带来更好的效益,通常在养殖鱼类饲料中使用免疫增强剂作为饲料添加剂以提高鱼类的生产性能和疾病抵抗力。对多种鱼类的研究发现,饲喂β-葡聚糖能提高其免疫应答、对细菌与病毒的感染和环境压力的抵御力。因此,β-葡聚糖作为免疫增强剂在水产养殖中的应用在集约化养殖的今天显得至关重要。本文就β-葡聚糖的化学结构、β-葡聚糖调节鱼类免疫的机制以及影响β-葡聚糖生物活性的因素等方面进行综述,旨在为后续水产养殖中β-葡聚糖作为饲料添加剂的合理应用提供参考。 相似文献
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Cornelia A. Deeg 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2008,11(S1):61-65
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a disease with high prevalence and relevance for the equine population, since it results in blindness. Over the last decade, important advancements have been made in our understanding of the underlying immune responses in this disease. ERU is mediated by an autoaggressive Th1 response directed against several retinal proteins. Interphotoreceptor-retinoid binding protein (IRBP) and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) are capable to induce ERU-like disease in experimental horses, with the unique possibility to activate relapses in a well-defined manner. Further, proteomic evidence now suggests that retinal Mueller glial cells (RMG) may play a fatal role in uveitic disease progression by directly triggering inflammation processes through the expression and secretion of interferon-γ. Ongoing relapses in blind eyes can be associated with stable expression of the major autoantigens in ERU retinas. This review briefly summarizes the most significant developments in uveitis immune response research. 相似文献
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以己二酰肼为间桥,碳二亚胺为偶联剂,将纯化的血清8型荚膜多糖和纯化的ClfA-FnBPB融合蛋白偶联制备偶联物,并在偶联的过程中确定其最佳质量比和偶联比.用制备的偶联物免疫小鼠,同时用间接ELISA法检测抗体水平,并对三免后2周的小鼠进行攻毒保护试验.结果显示,用化学方法制备的多糖-蛋白偶联物在其质量比为1:2时可成功偶联,计算得到偶联比为1:1.89.采用间接ELISA法检测抗体水平,二免后7d,偶联物免疫组可产生抗体,且抗体效价最高可达1∶6 400.阴性对照组和单独多糖组均没有抗体产生,而单独融合蛋白组在二免后产生了抗体反应,但抗体效价较低,最高时仅为1∶100.对小鼠进行攻毒保护的结果表明,偶联物组的攻毒保护率最高,可达80%,而阴性对照组、单独多糖组以及单独融合蛋白组的保护率分别为20%、30%和60%. 相似文献
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为研究青海本地绵羊品种与引进品种的先天性免疫水平和品种特性,本研究选取青海省不同海拔地区的2个本地品种(欧拉羊、白藏羊)和1个引进品种(无角道赛特羊)共186只绵羊,采集新鲜血样,进行血常规检测(白细胞数(WBC)、红细胞数(RBC)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCH)、血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板(PLT)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW-CV)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%));制备血清,用绵羊ELISA试剂盒测定白介素-1(IL-1)、白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-18(IL-18)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、免疫球蛋白G (IgG)和主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)等免疫指标;分别以品种和品种来源地为因变量对检测结果进行比较分析。结果发现,以品种为因变量,无角道赛特羊的免疫水平最高,白藏羊的抗病性稍高于欧拉羊;以品种来源地为因变量时,本地绵羊品种的先天性免疫水平低于引进绵羊品种,对疾病的抵抗力较弱,除MCH、MCHC和RDW-CV外,无角道赛特羊在血液生化水平上均高于青海本地品种,说明无角道赛特羊是具有高抗病能力的优良品种。本试验为不同绵羊品种机体先天性免疫水平的研究提供了参考数据,对青海藏羊的选育工作和品种改良具有指导意义。 相似文献
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隐孢子虫病免疫学研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
隐孢子虫病的免疫学研究主要集中于有效抗原、体液免疫和细胞免疫三个方面分子质量约15 ku~17 ku、28 ku、23 ku、60ku的蛋白成分为主要有效抗原,其中有些抗原已重组成功并用于隐孢子虫病的特异性诊断和制备免疫治疗制品。隐孢子虫的刺激引起机体的血清、黏膜抗体反应,T淋巴细胞在抗小隐孢子虫(C. parvum )免疫中起主要作用,IFN γ是最重要的细胞因子, TGF β、IL 4、IL 12、IL 15 等细胞因子在IFN γ对C.parvum 的控制中起协同作用,趋化因子可增进T淋巴细胞的效应,生长因子在抗隐孢子虫感染中起一定的辅助作用。此外,动物因品种、年龄、营养状况不同,对隐孢子虫感染的抵抗力存在群体和个体差异。 相似文献
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Toll样受体家族(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)作为一种膜表面分子,是模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)的主要组分,在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都可识别入侵的病原体相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)。通过对鸡和斑胸草雀的基因组进行比对分析,发现禽中存在10种Toll样受体,其中TLR2 a、b、3、4、5和7已经证明和哺乳动物同源;有些经过基因倍增生成两个基因,TLR1La和TLR1Lb,TLR2 a和2 b;禽TLR21可能与鱼类和两栖动物的同源;禽TLR15是禽类特有的一类受体。各种禽Toll样受体在抵御各种微生物的感染过程中发挥各自重要的作用,本文就禽Toll样受体的研究进展进行简要综述。 相似文献
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《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(1):123-135
The digestive tract of the chicken is a major site of pathogen exposure. Although the bird has a multifaceted set of tools to prevent or resist infection, any activation of the immune system can divert nutrients away from production. Therefore, prevention of pathogenic exposure is preferred. However, it is unlikely that the bird can escape exposure to all pathogens during its life, thus the ability to respond to immunologic challenges is essential. The immune system of birds is similar to that of mammals in terms of structure and function, although some differences do exist, particularly in regulatory aspects. The innate immune system responds nonspecifically to foreign molecules and is essential for the induction of the specific (acquired) immune response. Cells of the innate immune system include macrophages, dendritic cells, heterophils, and natural killer cells. The acquired immune response involves recognition of a specific antigen and response by lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are especially effective at inducing cells infected with intracellular pathogens to undergo apoptosis. Helper T lymphocytes increase the effectiveness of innate immune cells in combating extracellular pathogens and are also essential for activating B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the invading pathogen. All aspects of the immune system function together, although one aspect will often dominate, depending on the type and severity of the infection. This paper reviews the basics of avian immune function in general and discusses the immune system in the digestive tract in particular in birds. The consequences of activation of the immune system are presented.Currently, growth-promoting antibiotics are not used in poultry in many countries; the North American industry may be moving in that direction as well, either through legislation or consumer pressure. Several nonantibiotic means of manipulating the immune system to prevent the health- and performance-suppressing effects of immune system activation are presented here. 相似文献
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猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒对动物机体免疫机制的挑战 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)是猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)引起的一种病毒性传染病,对养猪业造成严重威胁.对PRRSV的研究是兽医免疫学中最具挑战性的课题之一,至今人们对PRRSV所引起的免疫应答过程仍不十分了解.通过对PRRS的研究中获得的知识及存在问题的回顾,会对今后研究PRRS疫苗起到一定的推动作用.论文对PRRSV的获得性免疫反应、PRRSV的免疫调节及免疫逃逸、PRRSV的遗传多样性及其对疫苗开发的影响、现有疫苗防控措施、PRRSV疫苗的发展前景等方面的研究进展做了简要概述. 相似文献
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A. G. Matthews 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2008,11(S1):66-76
This paper overviews some recent developments in mammalian corneal immunobiology, and discusses how these may act as pointers towards understanding the immunology underlying some common corneal diseases in the horse, including infectious ulceration and presumptively immune-mediated non-ulcerative disease. Specifically, three aspects of corneal immunobiology are examined: the role of Toll-like receptors in surface immunity and in the etiogenesis of microbial ulceration, the relationship between conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and immunoprotection of the corneal surface, and the mechanisms determining corneal immune privilege (IP) and how down regulation of IP may be an important factor in the genesis of corneal immunoinflammatory disease. 相似文献
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天然免疫是机体抵抗病原微生物的第一道防线,视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ(RIG-Ⅰ)是细胞质内识别病毒双链RNA的一类模式识别受体,能够识别细胞质中的病毒RNA,诱导宿主细胞产生Ⅰ型干扰素等细胞因子,进而产生相应的抗病毒天然免疫反应。目前对人、小鼠、猪等哺乳动物细胞中RIG-Ⅰ介导的抗病毒天然免疫反应的研究较为深入,对家禽RIG-Ⅰ的相关研究还处于起步阶段。近年来,鸭和鹅的RIG-Ⅰ相继被研究。鸭和鹅RIG-Ⅰ的发现、结构特点、组织表达及其抗流感病毒和其他禽类病毒作用方面的研究都有了新的进展,将为禽类抗病毒和免疫系统研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Toll样受体是天然免疫中最早发现的模式识别受体,是生物界最古老的免疫系统组成部分之一,在识别病原和影响免疫应答方面具有非常关键的作用。Toll样受体8(TLR8)属于Toll样受体中的TLR7/8/9亚家族,通过识别配体激活信号级联反应,导致促炎细胞因子的产生,发挥抗病毒和抗细菌感染作用。论文就TLR8的结构与活化、配体识别、细胞分布、信号通路、细胞因子产生和疾病相关性等进行简要综述,可使人们更加全面地认识TLR8,对于动物免疫系统的研究以及动物疫病的防控具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
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黄曲霉毒素对猪生长性能及免疫和抗氧化指标的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
选用60头体质量28 kg左右的“杜长大”三元杂交猪,随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪(公母各半),分别饲喂基础日粮(C组)、基础日粮添加0.1 mg/kg黄曲霉毒素(AF组),试验期90 d。饲养试验结束时,对猪的生长性能、免疫指标和抗氧化指标进行分析。结果表明:黄曲霉素显著影响试验猪的生长性能,日增重降低12.90%(P〈0.01),料重比提高7.54%(P〈0.01),同时显著降低试验猪的免疫功能和抗氧化能力。提示:长期饲喂0.1 mg/kg黄曲霉素可诱发猪黄曲霉毒素慢性中毒。 相似文献
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Haruki KITAZAWA Masanori TOHNO Takeshi SHIMOSATO Tadao SAITO 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(1):11-21
Recent interest has focused on the importance of intestinal immunity for the host defense, but to date, not much is known about the underlying mechanisms. The toll‐like receptor (TLR) family plays an important role in host defense through recognizing bacterial pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. Our recent research on the physiological function of food products has investigated the immunoregulatory effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) via TLR. Studies of swine, which often substitute for a human model, have demonstrated intestinal immunoregulation by the probiotic LAB mediated by TLR in the gut. On the basis of our study, efforts have also been made to develop a molecular immunoassay system for probiotic LAB and find novel immunostimulatory DNA sequences from probiotics and high potential immunobiotic LAB strains via TLR signaling. These findings may provide important clues at the molecular level on TLR signal transduction pathways and recognition mechanisms for the ligands. They also provide impetus to further delineate the activation mechanism of the innate immune response. In addition to identifying immunoregulatory factor immunogenics from LAB, a better understanding of intestinal immune regulation through cytokine networks holds out promise for basic food immunology research and the development of immunobiotic foods to prevent specific diseases. 相似文献