电化水在猪肉加工灭菌中的应用

为保障猪肉产品卫生安全,探讨了电化水在猪肉加工灭菌中的应用效果、参数和作用机制。结果表明,电化水通过有效氯、O3、H2O2和氧化还原电位等多种因素协同灭菌,应用于猪肉加工冲淋环节的最佳参数为：有效氯浓度140.5 mg/L、O3浓度1.12 mg/L、H2O2浓度3.44 mg/L、pH 8.13和氧化还原电位（ORP）1 072.7 mV,冲淋时间16 s。该参数下对猪肉表面菌落总数、大肠菌群的杀灭对数值分别为1.89 lg(CFU/25 cm2)、1.33 lg(MPN/25 cm2),相对自来水分别提高1.43 lg(CFU/25 cm2)、0.88 lg(MPN/25 cm2),并保持4 h内持续抑菌;同样对器具的消毒效果显著优于次氯酸钠。     

不同清洗消毒方法对鲜切生菜贮藏过程中微生物影响

以鲜切生菜为试验材料,研究电解水、次氯酸钠和紫外线照射方法对鲜切生菜贮藏中微生物的控制效果。结果表明,pH值12.5的电解水、质量分数为0.1 g/kg的次氯酸钠溶液、紫外线处理30 min均能显著控制鲜切产品菌落数。0.1 g/kg的次氯酸钠溶液可使鲜切生菜保藏6 d,仍具有商业价值。     

不同清洗消毒方法对鲜切生菜贮藏过程中微生物影响

以鲜切生菜为试验材料,研究电解水、次氯酸钠和紫外线照射方法对鲜切生菜贮藏中微生物的控制效果.结果表明,pH值12.5的电解水、质量分数为0.1 g/kg的次氯酸钠溶液、紫外线处理30 min均能显著控制鲜切产品菌落数.0.1 g/kg的次氯酸钠溶液可使鲜切生菜保藏6d,仍具有商业价值.     

不同清洗剂对鲜切生菜品质及贮藏期间微生物的影响

以鲜切散叶生菜为研究对象,分别研究在4℃贮藏条件下,自来水、次氯酸钠和氧泡泡颗粒3种清洗剂对其生理指标、感官品质和微生物生长情况的影响。结果表明,氧泡泡颗粒处理的鲜切生菜感官评分最高,在贮藏至第8天时,仍可以维持较好的品质,可溶性固形物含量比鲜样降低0.8%,维C含量降低1.09 mg/100 g,还原糖含量降低0.11%,叶绿素含量降低1.443 mg/100 g,在一定程度上延缓了生菜的萎蔫,从而延长其货架期,并且菌落总数小于6 lg(CFU/g),具有食用价值。氧泡泡鲜氧颗粒可用于鲜切散叶生菜的清洗,在抑制微生物生长繁殖的同时可以维持较好的感官品质。     

米糕的加工工艺与辐照保质研究

通过加速器辐照不同剂量处理米糕,检测菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌和感官品质。研究表明,在4℃恒温贮藏过程中,对照组米糕初始菌落总数为7.0×10 CFU/g,大肠菌群、霉菌均未检测出,在贮藏1个月后对照组米糕霉菌超标,在贮藏2个月后对照组胀袋已坏;4,8 kGy辐照组,在0~6个月内,除4 kGy辐照组在贮藏6个月时,菌落总数为3.4×10 CFU/g,其他菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌均未检测出,感官品质均为可接受,数据可为淮扬点心工业化保质提供参考。     

M鲜生冰箱对冷藏鸡胸肉品质的影响

为实现M鲜生冰箱精准分区保鲜的目的,以普通冰箱4 ℃冷藏为对照,对比分析M鲜生冰箱及其不同层（由下至上分别为S1、S2、S3、S4,其与冰箱内电场保鲜电板的距离分别为5、40、65、75 cm,温度均为4 ℃）对鸡胸肉冷藏期间（1~7 d）菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮、pH、贮藏损失率、蒸煮损失率、L*值、a*值、b*值、剪切力、水分分布的影响。结果表明：普通冰箱冷藏3 d后的菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮分别超过6（lg（CFU/g））和25 mg/100 g,说明其保质期仅为3 d;而M鲜生冰箱S2处理则可延长鸡胸肉保质期至5 d;在有效冷藏期内,M鲜生冰箱S2组的贮藏损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力值、b*值、自由水相对比例最低,L*值、a*值、不易流动水相对比例最高,说明M鲜生冰箱S2处理能有效减少鸡胸肉的汁液流失,维持肉样的保水性,延缓其色泽劣变,护色效果最佳,同时其也能较好地维持肉样的嫩度,提升鸡胸肉冷藏期间的整体品质。研究结果为M鲜生冰箱在肉类冷藏过程中分区的合理选择及应用提供了参考依据。     

二氧化氯水溶液清洗对鲜切西兰花冷藏品质的影响

以鲜切西兰花为试材,研究不同浓度(25、50、75mg/L)二氧化氯(ClO2)水溶液作为清洗杀菌剂对鲜切西兰花冷藏品质的影响,并与生产中常用的酸化次氯酸钠(NaClO)和含乙醇清洗剂进行比较,考察了(1.0±0.5)℃贮藏21d包装袋内气体成分、西兰花组织电导率、切割部位褐变程度、VC含量、叶绿素含量和微生物指标(菌落总数、霉菌和酵母总数)的变化情况。结果表明,在本试验条件下ClO2水溶液清洗可显著抑制鲜切西兰花贮藏过程中微生物的生长,且浓度越高杀菌效果越好;但高浓度的ClO2会显著降低鲜切西兰花中的VC和叶绿素含量,造成切割部位褐变。浓度为25mg/L的ClO2水溶液可替代有效氯浓度为100mg/L的酸化NaClO溶液,保持鲜切西兰花7d冷藏期内较好的外观品质;浓度为25%乙醇+1%抗坏血酸的复合溶液可保持鲜切西兰花14d冷藏期内较好的外观品质。     

青麦仁预制菜肴加工工艺的研究

以青麦仁为主要原料,对青麦仁预制菜肴的配方和加工工艺进行研究。结果表明,原料包最佳工艺为:熟制时间2 min,熟制温度95℃,炒制时间2 min,炒制油量4%,炒制温度165℃;以400 g青麦仁为基准,酱包的最佳配方为:蔗糖14 g,食盐1.5 g,酱油10 g,色拉油15 g,淀粉1 g,黄原胶0.05 g,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.24 g;原料包和酱包的储藏试验结果表明:经过灭菌后的酱包和原料包在储藏第30天时的菌落总数分别为1.9 lg(CFU/g)和3.0 lg(CFU/g),符合食品标准规定。     

鲜切荸荠保鲜工艺技术的研究

将新鲜荸荠经过清洗、挑选、去皮,在复合护色剂溶液中浸泡10min分钟后,甩干并包装,在温度4℃的条件下贮藏12d,测定其褐变度(BD)和多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)。通过用不同的包装材料对荸荠进行包装实验,结果表明,LDPE袋不适合于荸荠贮藏保鲜,样品表面色泽与风味都无法保持;PA/PE袋可以极好地保持荸荠色泽洁白与风味正常。同时还发现,PA/PE包装荸荠在低温(4℃)下贮藏1个月内可保持不胀袋;鲜切荸荠经紫外光照射50min后,在温度4℃下贮藏21d,经微生物培养,样品菌落总数为4.78×105cfu/g,在温度25℃下贮藏7d,经过微生物培养,样品菌落总数为4.86×105cfu/g,均不超过食品菌落总数的安全标准值5.0×105cfu/g。     

微波杀菌技术在双华李和佛手加工中的应用

以双华李和佛手为原料,采用微波杀菌技术研究这两种农产品的最优微波杀菌工艺条件。结果表明,双华李和佛手的最佳微波杀菌工艺参数均为微波功率595 W,微波杀菌时间50 s,样品堆放密度22.28%。在此杀菌条件下,双华李果胚中菌落总数为24 CFU/g,而佛手果胚中菌落总数为16 CFU/g。     

Hydraulic Stability of Conditioning-controlling Water-water Ejector Heating Unit in Heating System

The paper introduces an example and its running data of applying conditioning-controlling water-water ejector heating unit developed by the author in heating system. It proves that: the hydraulic stability of the system is very good. When heating medium of heat source and heat consumer are respective high-temperature water and low-temperature water, the hydraulic stability of the heating system is close to 1; when the flow of any consumer of heating network changes, the flow and heating quality of other consumers are almost unchanged.     

Culture and the commodification of water in Samoa

While ‘solutions’ to challenges of water supply in the Pacific may seem obvious to hydrologists, engineers and planners, their implementation may not be straightforward. Water is embedded in cultural, religious and political contexts, and what seems obvious to planners may seem neither obvious, nor acceptable, to citizens. However, these contexts change continuously, and opportunities arise for changes in narratives around ownership, supply and management of water. Citizens' beliefs about the state's ‘rights’ will vary with societal context, and will shape the ways in which ownership and management of water is worked out in specific locations. This paper outlines thinking and discourses around ownership and management of fresh water in Samoa, and the constraints which culture has imposed on water supply over time. Water discourses have shifted from questions about ownership of specific sources to general discussions about conservation and management of natural resources. This shift has resulted, in part, from the ways in which government has managed the process and, in part, from growing public awareness of water within the larger environmental context. The paper focuses on Samoan material, but some of the generic issues have wider significance in the Pacific because similar variables combine in similar ways.     

Analysis and Comparison of Submersible Pumps Used in Construction

In this paper the common submersible pump and the foul water submersible pump were compared with the submersible sand pump. Then, the principle and structure features of the submersible sand pump were introduced. The hydraulic pattern of submersible sand pump was designed according to two kinds of fluid theory. There is an air room at submersible sand pump added. The motor axle of submersible sand pump was extended from the air room. Inside the motor there is a small reservoir and the drop of water can be collected. The working condition of submersible sand pump was improved. The submersible sand pump can work longer time.     

Energy saving effect analysis of water system renovation in a coking plant

A coking plant extended many times, and its capacity of the cooling water system is not match with it, the consumption of new water is much more than that used by others in the same industry. The water system renovation is addressed for an extended coking plant. The installation of two 600 m3/h cooling towers and restoration the existing two cooling towers are to promote the cooling capacity so that the amount of discharge and feed could be reduced. At the same time, the pipe net for waste water reutilisation is installed, by which part of the waste water is reused as supplement water for quenching hot coke and the other was piped to ironworks for reuse. With the field test, the water consumption per ton of coke production is cut down from 9.03 m3 to 3.21 m3. And the annual water saving is more than 6×106 m3. Furthermore, the electric consumption is reduced by 2×106 kWh and about 3×106 yuan of annual running cost is saved.     

不同种植模式对河北低平原区域地下水平衡和水分经济利用效率等的影响

河北低平原区是全世界地下水超采的主要地区,同时又是中国主要的粮食主产区。不同的种植模式对水资源利用和粮食安全生产起着非常重要的作用。为了探清河北低平原区不同种植模式对区域地下水平衡及水分经济利用效率等方面的影响,以河北低平原区沧州市为研究区域,通过利用实验结果及统计数据,对该区主要存在的一年两作、一年一作和两年三作的12种不同种植模式下的耗水、产量及对地下水的影响等进行了分析。结果表明：冬小麦—夏玉米一年两作的传统种植模式2年的产量最高(30000 kg/hm²),需水量也最大,达到1683 mm,但效益和水分利用经济效益最低[2.61元/(mm·hm²)],并且对地下水的影响最大;棉花—冬小麦—夏玉米的两年三作模式经济效益和水分利用经济效率最高,分别为15750元/hm²和12.2元/(mm·hm²);一年一作的种植模式对地下水的影响最小。因此,从该区域农业水资源可持续发展和粮食安全角度考虑,应该发展棉花—冬小麦—夏玉米的两年三作种植模式。     

Investigation and Analysis on Saving Optimization at Waterworks

This paper investigate the plant water of 52 different conventional processed water plant in the eastern and central regions, and analyse the characteristics of water plants in different areas; survey the influence of the pond of waterworks flocculation, sedimentation tanks on the water consumption rate and the solids containing in the sludge; besides, research the influence of the type of waterworks filter pool and backwash conditions on the consumption rate of water and backwash effect; also, it analyse the rate of water plants which have had this water reuse process at this time.     

北疆地区牧草高效立体种植模式与耗水规律研究

混、间播是合理利用土地、充分利用光能、提高单位产量、改善饲料品质、培养土地肥力以及延长多年生饲草料地利用年限等方面的重要措施和有效途径。为了分析北疆干旱荒漠地区牧草组合、施肥量、灌溉定额对产量影响的显著性程度和多因素不同水平的最优组合方案,以及混播牧草的耗水规律及耗水量,并且提出该地区不同水文年的灌溉制度,通过对多年生人工牧草进行不同水肥条件下混、间播灌溉试验,并应用SPSS软件对结果进行分析。结果表明,混、间播的最优组合为：苜蓿和老芒麦组合,施肥量18471 kg/hm²,灌溉定额为3600 m³/hm²,影响产量的主要因素是灌溉定额;混播牧草生育期内最大耗水强度为86 m³/(hm²·d),混播牧草干旱年灌水4次,灌溉定额为3600 m³/hm²。通过综合分析,评价了混播牧草的优越性,为北疆干旱荒漠地区发展高产、优质的灌溉饲草地提供技术参考。     

Effect of Water Stress on the Photosynthesis, Productivity and Water Status of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The effect of water stress and its subsequent recovery on the photosynthesis, productivity and water status, was examined in three mungbean varieties ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) i.e. PS 16, P 105 and Pusa Baisakhi. The variety P 105 was found relatively less susceptible to water stress compared to high susceptibility in Pusa Baisakhi and PS 16. The adverse effect of stress was comparatively higher at the post-flowering and pod development stages. It was observed that variety P 105 had inherently maintained higher water status by retaining higher water potential and water content under water stress condition, thereby effectively reducing the water loss. The higher transpiration rate in this variety regulates the flow of water within the plant. This type of regulation of water flow and maintenance of high water status in P 105 helped to resist the adverse effect of water stress on photosynthesis and productivity. Such adaptation mechanism was not observed in varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi. The recover) mechanism was, however, operated efficiently in susceptible varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi particularly for recouping the vegetative growth, but its effect could not be retained for reproductive characters, wherein also variety P 105 due to its efficient partitioning system yielded better than other cultivars.