Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive la-ca-mn-o films

A negative isotropic magnetoresistance effect more than three orders of magnitude larger than the typical giant magnetoresistance of some superlattice films has been observed in thin oxide films of perovskite-like La(0.67)Ca(0.33)MnOx. Epitaxial films that are grown on LaAIO(3) substrates by laser ablation and suitably heat treated exhibit magnetoresistance values as high as 127,000 percent near 77 kelvin and approximately 1300 percent near room temperature. Such a phenomenon could be useful for various magnetic and electric device applications if the observed effects of material processing are optimized. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect are discussed.     

Enhanced intergrain tunneling magnetoresistance in half-metallic CrO2 films

Low-field tunneling magnetoresistance was observed in films of half-metallic CrO2 that were grown by high-pressure thermal decomposition of CrO3. High-temperature annealing treatments modified the intergrain barriers of the as-grown films through surface decomposition of CrO2 into insulating Cr2O3, which led to a threefold enhancement of the low-field magnetoresistance. This enhancement indicates the potential of this simple method to directly control the interface barrier characteristics that determine the magnetotransport properties.     

Interplane Tunneling Magnetoresistance in a Layered Manganite Crystal

The current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance (CPP-MR) has been investigated for the layered manganite, La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x = 0.3), which is composed of the ferromagnetic-metallic MnO2 bilayers separated by nonmagnetic insulating block layers. The CPP-MR is extremely large (10(4) percent at 50 kilo-oersted) at temperatures near above the three-dimensional ordering temperature (Tc approximately 90 kelvin) because of the field-induced coherent motion between planes of the spin-polarized electrons. Below Tc, the interplane magnetic domain boundary on the insulating block layer serves as the charge-transport barrier, but it can be removed by a low saturation field, which gives rise to the low-field tunneling MR as large as 240 percent.     

Enhanced Room-Temperature Geometric Magnetoresistance in Inhomogeneous Narrow-Gap Semiconductors

A symmetric van der Pauw disk of homogeneous nonmagnetic indium antimonide with an embedded concentric gold inhomogeneity is found to exhibit room-temperature geometric magnetoresistance as high as 100, 9100, and 750,000 percent at magnetic fields of 0.05, 0.25, and 4.0 teslas, respectively. For inhomogeneities of sufficiently large diameter relative to that of the surrounding disk, the resistance is field-independent up to an onset field above which it increases rapidly. These results can be understood in terms of the field-dependent deflection of current around the inhomogeneity.     

Controlling molecular order in "hairy-rod" langmuir-blodgett films: a polarization-modulation microscopy study

The interplay of molecular weight, layer thickness, and thermal annealing in controlling molecular order in ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett films is characterized with the use of polarization-modulation laser-scanning microscopy. The degree and direction of molecular alignment can be imaged rapidly and sensitively through the magnitude and orientation of linear dichroism in Langmuir-Blodgett films of rodlike poly(phthalocyaninatosiloxane) (PcPS). Images are presented for films as thin as two molecular layers ( approximately 44 angstroms). Molecular alignment along the transfer direction is much stronger for films of PcPS with approximately 25 repeat units ( approximately 10 nanometers long) than for those with approximately 50 repeat units ( approximately 20 nanometers long). Enhancement of alignment by thermal annealing is also much greater for PcPS-25 than PcPS-50. Intimate interaction with the substrate suppresses improvement in alignment by annealing, evident by an anomalously small increase in anisotropic absorption of the first two layers.     

Propagation of a magnetic domain wall in a submicrometer magnetic wire

The motion of a magnetic domain wall in a submicrometer magnetic wire was detected by use of the giant magnetoresistance effect. Magnetization reversal in a submicrometer magnetic wire takes place by the propagation of a magnetic domain wall, which can be treated as a "particle." The propagation velocity of the magnetic domain wall was determined as a function of the applied magnetic field.     

Unusual retinal cells in the dolphin eye

By comparison to the cellular constituents of the retinas of certain other diving mammals, the elements of the dolphin retina include an unusually large number of specialized cells. Both cone and rod receptors may be identified. An unusual amacrine cell may be seen which produces a process that spans the cells between the inner plexiform and outer plexiform layers. Most unusual is a layer of giant ganglion cells which appears to serve most of the central retina. The giant ganglion cells support giant dendrites and optic nerve fibers which range up to 8 micrometers in diameter.     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化与草粮轮作水分恢复效应

【目的】揭示黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化发生规律与草粮轮作对干燥化苜蓿草地土壤水分恢复效应。【方法】在甘肃镇原试验站实地测定了不同生长年限苜蓿草地与不同类型草粮轮作粮田深层土壤湿度,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干层分布特征与草粮轮作对土壤干层水分恢复效应。【结果】15—28年生苜蓿草地0—1000cm土层土壤湿度平均值为10.20%,土壤干燥化速率为34.2mm·a-1,土壤干层最大分布深度超过了1400cm;苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作3—25年粮食作物后土壤干层湿度能够逐步恢复,土壤干层恢复厚度为583cm,土壤湿度恢复速率为77.3mm·a-1,土壤湿度恢复度达到83.3%。通过草粮轮作方式使15年生苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度值需要8年以上。【结论】有利于土壤水分恢复的适宜草粮轮作模式是"10年生苜蓿→8年以上轮作粮食作物"。     

大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒基因组遗传特征分析

【目的】对首次暴发的大熊猫源性犬瘟热病毒（panda derived-canine distemper virus,P-CDV）全基因组进行克隆测序,以了解大熊猫源CDV的全基因组遗传变异情况,进一步追踪感染源,为大熊猫犬瘟热防控提供理论依据。【方法】根据GenBank公布的CDV全基因组序列设计17对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术,从感染犬瘟热病毒的大熊猫肺渗出液中分片段扩增CDV全基因序列,并克隆到pMD19-T载体中;经测序、拼接,获得第一个P-CDV全长cDNA序列;利用DNAman生物学分析软件分别对全基因组序列、H蛋白基因序列、F蛋白基因序列、P蛋白基因序列、M蛋白基因序列等进行遗传变异分析,构建系统进化树。【结果】经序列测序和拼接,大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒全基因组长15 690 nt,GenBank登录号为KP677502,主要编码6种蛋白,分别是N蛋白、P蛋白、M蛋白、F蛋白、H蛋白和L蛋白,在各个基因及间隔区中未发现碱基插入和缺失。遗传进化分析显示,P-CDV全基因组与20株代表性CDV全基因组序列同源性为91.5%-98.7%,P-CDV与强毒株MKY-KM08（HM852904）、PS、HLJ1-06（JX681125）、Hebei（KC427278）以及AC96I-H358（AB753776）在一个大的分支上,与PS株（JN896331）亲缘关系最近,同源性为98.7%,与标准野毒株Strain A75-17（AF164967）同源性为95.7%,与疫苗株CDV3（EU726268）亲缘关系较远,同源性为91.5%。H蛋白氨基酸序列分析和系统进化树表明,大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒属于强毒株,基因型为Asia-I型。P-CDV各蛋白基因与20株代表性的毒株相比有9处氨基酸发生了变异,与GenBank上现有的CDV序列相比,其中3处是独有的,分别是：F蛋白基因的208位由N（Asn,天冬酰胺,强毒株多为N）或K（Lys,赖氨酸,弱毒株多为K）变成了S（Ser,丝氨酸）,第215位由S变成了A（Ala,丙氨酸）,P蛋白基因的58位由Q（Gln,谷氨酰胺）变成K（Lys,赖氨酸）。【结论】成功克隆了大熊猫源犬瘟热病毒的全基因,并完成了序列分析,发现了在F、P基因上碱基的重要变异。这些数据将为研究大熊猫犬瘟热的遗传变异和流行特征提供分子生物学依据。     

Spin-polarized resonant tunneling in magnetic tunnel junctions

Insertion of a thin nonmagnetic copper Cu(001) layer between the tunnel barrier and the ferromagnetic electrode of a magnetic tunnel junction is shown to result in the oscillation of the tunnel magnetoresistance as a function of the Cu layer thickness. The effect is interpreted in terms of the formation of spin-polarized resonant tunneling. The amplitude of the oscillation is so large that even the sign of the tunnel magnetoresistance alternates. The oscillation period depends on the applied bias voltage, reflecting the energy band structure of Cu. The results are encouraging for the development of spin-dependent resonant tunneling devices.     

Femtotesla magnetic field measurement with magnetoresistive sensors

The measurement of magnetic fields in the femtotesla (fT, 10(-15) tesla) range is important for applications such as magnetometry, quantum computing, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and magnetoencephalography. The only sensors capable of detecting these very small fields have been based on low-temperature superconducting quantum interference devices operating at 4.2 kelvin. We present a magnetic field sensor that combines a superconducting flux-to-field transformer with a low-noise giant magnetoresistive sensor. The sensor can be operated up to 77 kelvin. Our small-size prototype provides the capability of measuring 32 fT.     

烟田土壤水分动态变化特征

对贵阳市烟田土壤水分的动态变化规律进行了初步研究,结果表明,该地区烤烟生根期土壤含水量过高,旺长期和成熟前期出现阶段性缺水,且较为严重,成熟后期相对较为适宜;垂直梯度变化表现为:0~20 cm土层变化较为活跃,20~40 cm次之,40~60 cm变化较为稳定;土壤水分含量随坡度增加而递减,因此,应采取等高种植或结合其它农艺措施平整土地。     

闽江河口稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应

对闽江河口稻田甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应特征进行了初步研究,结果表明,(1)稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力在培养第3天出现峰值,10-20 cm土壤是甲烷产生的主要发生层;(2)甲烷产生潜力的剖面变异性低于时间变异性;(3)炉渣添加对0-40 cm土壤层次甲烷产生潜力具有抑制作用,但不同土壤层次甲烷产生潜力对炉渣添加比例的响应有所不同。     

黄土高原半干旱区旱作农田土壤干燥化研究

为了揭示黄土高原半干旱区旱作农田土壤干燥化发生规律,为黄土高原旱作农田土壤水分可持续利用和当地粮食生产的可持续发展提供科学依据,在黄土高原半干旱区固原、定西和海原3个有代表性的区域实地观测了不同类型旱作农田的深层土壤湿度,分析了旱作农田的土壤干燥化发生规律和土壤干层分布特征。结果表明:(1)黄土高原半干旱区固原、定西和海原各类农田0～600cm土层土壤湿度平均值分别为11.46%、14.37%、9.27%,各类农田土壤湿度均明显低于其土壤稳定湿度值,均发生了不同程度的土壤干燥化现象;(2)固原高产麦田和高产马铃薯田土壤干层厚度分别比低产农田土壤干层厚120cm和260cm;海原高产麦田和高产马铃薯田比低产农田土壤干层厚度厚20cm和80cm。黄土高原半干旱区随着旱作粮田产量的提高,农田深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚。     

Origin of magnetization decay in spin-dependent tunnel junctions

Spin-dependent tunnel junctions based on magnetically hard and soft ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin insulating barrier have emerged as prime candidates for information storage. However, the observed instability of the magnetically hard reference layer, leading to magnetization decay during field cycling of the adjacent soft layer, is a serious concern for future device applications. Using Lorentz electron microscopy and micromagnetic simulations, the hard-layer decay was found to result from large fringing fields surrounding magnetic domain walls in the magnetically soft layer. The formation and motion of these walls causes statistical flipping of magnetic moments in randomly oriented grains of the hard layer, with a progressive trend toward disorder and eventual demagnetization.     

土地利用方式对潮棕壤磷素剖面分布的影响

采用现场采集土壤样品及室内分析测试,对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站4种土地利用方式的潮棕壤在0～150cm10个土层中全磷的垂直分布、磷储量及碳磷比进行比较研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下土体中全磷平均含量为林地>撂荒地>玉米地>水稻田,各种利用方式土壤全磷含量在0～30cm各层次差异不显著,30cm以下各层次玉米地和撂荒地差异不显著,但60cm以下各层次林地土壤全磷显著高于其他3种利用方式,表明土地利用对磷素的剖面分布产生了明显的影响。4种利用方式在20cm深度土壤磷储量差异不明显,但在100cm和150cm深度,林地和撂荒地显著高于玉米地和水稻田土壤。土壤碳磷比随剖面深度下降而降低,在40cm以下有林地和玉米地高于撂荒地和水稻田的趋势。回归分析表明,各种利用方式下土壤速效磷与全磷有较好的正相关关系,说明供试土壤中速效磷含量受全磷状况的影响较大。     

Titanium carbide nanocrystals in circumstellar environments

Meteorites contain micrometer-sized graphite grains with embedded titanium carbide grains. Although isotopic analysis identifies asymptotic giant branch stars as the birth sites of these grains, there is no direct observational identification of these grains in astronomical sources. We report that infrared wavelength spectra of gas-phase titanium carbide nanocrystals derived in the laboratory show a prominent feature at a wavelength of 20.1 micrometers, which compares well to a similar feature in observed spectra of postasymptotic giant branch stars. It is concluded that titanium carbide forms during a short (approximately 100 years) phase of catastrophic mass loss (>0.001 solar masses per year) in dying, low-mass stars.     

西沙群岛海域砗磲资源的调查

砗磲是珊瑚岛礁的构成物种,对维护珊瑚礁生态系统平衡起着重要作用。近年来,由于非法捕捞和海洋生态环境影响,对我国西沙砗磲资源造成严重威胁。为掌握西沙海域砗磲资源现状,笔者于2017年6—7月采用截线样带法,对西沙主要岛礁海域砗磲的种类、分布及其与环境相关性进行了分析。结果显示,调查海域共发现4种砗磲：鳞砗磲(Tridacna squamosa)、长砗磲(T.maxima)、番红砗磲(T.crocea)和砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus),分别占总数的71.9%、15.6%、9.4%和3.1%。西沙不同岛礁海域砗磲密度、物种多样性指数存在显著差异,砗磲平均密度为0.026个·m^-2。砗磲密度与珊瑚覆盖率呈显著正相关(P<0.05,R²=0.706 5),表明珊瑚覆盖率是影响砗磲分布的重要因素。     

Soil shear properties as infl uenced by straw content:An evaluation of field-collected and laboratory-remolded soils

Following a rice or wheat harvest, a large amount of crop residue(straw) is retained in fields. The straw is often incorporated into the soil in order to increase the soil organic carbon storage and to reduce soil erosion. However, it has become apparent that the incorporated straw can significantly alter soil shear properties, which can dramatically affect energy inputs for tilling and other soil management practices. In this study, laboratory-remolded wheat straw-soil samples were compared with field-collected straw-soil samples; we found high correlations for the cohesion(R~2=0.9084) and internal friction angle(R~2=0.9548) properties of the samples. Shear tests on rice and wheat straw with different moisture content levels clearly demonstrated the relatively higher shear strength of wheat straw compared to rice straw. The cohesion of remolded rice and wheat straw-soil samples exhibited an increasing linear trend with an increase in densities, whereas the internal friction angle data for these samples exhibited a quadratic trend. Overlapping the cohesion curves revealed that the wheat straw-soil and rice straw-soil samples had the same cohesion at a straw density of 0.63%. Similar results were obtained when the internal fraction angle curves overlapped; the resultant point of intersection was observed at a straw density of 0.46%. As a whole, the remolded sample methodology was found suitable to simulate the shear properties of soils sampled directly from fields.     

Optical response of high-dielectric-constant perovskite-related oxide

Optical conductivity measurements on the perovskite-related oxide CaCu3Ti4O12 provide a hint of the physics underlying the observed giant dielectric effect in this material. A low-frequency vibration displays anomalous behavior, implying that there is a redistribution of charge within the unit cell at low temperature. At infrared frequencies (terahertz), the value for the dielectric constant is approximately 80 at room temperature, which is far smaller than the value of approximately 10(5) obtained at lower radio frequencies (kilohertz). This discrepancy implies the presence of a strong absorption at very low frequencies due to dipole relaxation. At room temperature, the characteristic relaxation times are fast (less than or approximately 500 nanoseconds) but increase dramatically at low temperature, suggesting that the large change in dielectric constant may be due to a relaxor-like dynamical slowing down of dipolar fluctuations in nanosize domains.