Mitotic Waves in Laticifers of Euphorbia marginata

A successive pattern of nuclear divisions that result in mitotic waves has been observed within the coenocytic nonarticulated laticifers of embryos of Euphorbia marginata Pursh. These waves originate independently in the cotyledonary or hypocotyl portion of the laticifer and exhibit uni-or bidirectional movement at variable velocities. Individual nuclei or groups of neighoring nuclei in a laticifer were observed in a sequence of mitotic stages ranging from prophase to telophase; division activity varied with individual laticifers in an embryo. Two mitotic patterns were apparent in the embryo: a random pattern associated with various cells in the meristematic area, and a successive pattern restricted to the laticifer. A substance, synthesized by and restricted to the laticifer, may be associated with this mitotic pattern.     

Cytological observation of the microspore development of Chinese kale and false pakchoi

The development process and morphology of the microspores in Chinese kale and false pakchoi were observed by using the whole stain-clearing technique. The results showed that the morphological characteristics of microspores were not only extremely similar, but were also in their development processes. The microspores at tetrad stage showed an arrangement of tetrahedral type, and after being released and passing through two mitoses, they developed gradually to form rotundly-shaped mature pollen grains containing three nuclei, one bigger alimentation nucleus and two smaller similar-sized generative nuclei. Determination of bud sizes at four typical microspore developmental stages revealed that the bud size had a stable heredity at each development stage of the microspores. The ratio of the bud length at the late uninucleate stage to the largest bud length differed little between Chinese kale and false pakchoi, ranging from 0.37 to 0.45 with an average of 0.41, though there was significant difference among their cultivars. It was concluded that the length of buds at late uninucleate stage can be estimated for undetermined cultivars of these two Brassica crops by multiplying the largest bud length with the following coefficient or regression equation: Y = 0.3898X + 0.1503, where X is the length of the largest bud.     

Incidence of sex chromatin in Gallus domesticus

The presence of so-called sex chromatin has been demonstrated in the interphase nuclei of the cells of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Definite sex dimorphism was observed for the incidence of this nuclear component; the frequency of its occurrence in females was at least ten times that of its occurrence in the males, ranging from 22 percent in the duodenal muscle cells to 52 percent in the epidermal cells of a growing feather.     

Fine particles produced from automotive emissions-control catalysts

High concentrations of metal-containing condensation nuclei have been thermally induced from stabilized catalysts containing chromium, copper, and nickel under conditions closely resembling those found in automobile exhaust. Commercial and developmental catalyst formulations have been found to emit fine particles under a broad range of controlled conditions at temperatures ranging from 185 degrees to 800 degrees C, in filtered air, in a mixture of 3 percent carbon monoxide in molecular nitrogen, and in the product stream of a pulsed flame combustor.     

油松大孢子叶球发生发育的形态与解剖学观察

为了准确掌握油松大孢子叶球发生发育过程的外部形态特征及内部胚珠生长的解剖学特征,建立其外部形态和内部组织发育的对应关系,本研究采用形态观测和石蜡切片法,在2013—2016年对北京地区油松大孢子叶球,从花芽分化到种子成熟的过程进行了形态学和解剖学观察。结果显示:北京地区油松的花芽在第1年8月初分化,9月底大孢子叶球原基形成。原基在冬季休眠,至第2年春季继续发育。大孢子叶球在4月初从形态学上可辨,到4月10日左右,胚珠进行细胞分化,此时,大孢子叶球纵径约为5.0 mm。大孢子母细胞在4月20日左右形成,随后进行减数分裂形成功能大孢子。至5月10日左右,大孢子叶球接受小孢子叶球的传粉,随后,珠鳞的颜色由红转绿再逐渐变为棕色。同时,球果缓慢长大,其胚珠内的功能大孢子进行几次分裂,在6月初形成16~32个核的雌配子体,胚珠发育进入游离核分裂期。球果在冬季转入休眠,此时,大孢子叶球纵径约为11.0 mm。至第3年春季,胚珠内部的雌配子体继续发育,4月20日左右含有几千个游离核,此时,大孢子叶球纵径约为21.0 mm。雌配子体在4月30日左右进入细胞化时期,5月初颈卵器开始发育,形成卵细胞,此时,大孢子叶球生长至37.0 mm。待卵细胞在5月10日左右发育成熟时,雌配子体细胞化过程也全部结束。在雌配子体发育、球果长大的同时,珠鳞的颜色逐渐复绿。受精于5月20日左右进行,此时,大孢子叶球纵径约为45.0 mm。受精后,胚胎不断发育。球果在7月10日长约58.0 mm,之后略有萎缩,珠磷逐渐木质化成为种磷。至10月底,球果开裂,长约53.0 mm,种子成熟并弹出。北京地区油松的大孢子叶球从花芽分化、原基形成、胚珠分化、大孢子母细胞产生与分裂、传粉、雌配子体与颈卵器发育、卵细胞成熟、受精、胚胎发育至大孢子叶球成熟形成种子,历时2年2个月。本研究为裸子植物大孢子叶球发生发育的相关研究提供了形态学和解剖学依据。      

Shape of the Nucleus: It varies widely,from spherical for doubly magic nuclei to ellipsoidal and sometimes pear shapes

The gross features of nuclear morphology can be summarized as follows. Nuclei have shapes similar to a diffusesurfaced, liquid drop. The interior density is rather uniform, and also constant from nucleus to nucleus. The constancy of nuclear density implies an A((1/3)) law for the mean nuclear radius, the proportionality constant being 1.07 x 1O(-13) centimeter. The surface region is diffuse, the nuclear density falling from 90 to 10 percent of the central value in a distance of about 2.4 x 10(-13) centimeter, independently of nuclear mass number. Nuclear shapes can vary rather widely, with doubly magic nuclei preferring spherical symmetry. Some nuclei execute volume-preserving oscillations about spherical shape, while others possess permanent spheroidal deformations. The values of the deformation parameter, epsilon, for such spheroids possibly attains 0.85 for some light nuclei and 0.4 for some intermediate weight nuclei. There is some evidence, based on the occurrence of "inversion" spectra and asymmetrical fission, that pear-shaped nuclei may also exist.     

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEI

(1) A method has been described for the isolation of chicken erythrocyte nuclei using saponin to lake the cells. Nuclei prepared by this method have been compared with nuclei prepared by the method of Laskowskie and with nuclei prepared by a citric acid method, particularly in regard to respiration. (2) The total lipid content of the nuclei is about 14 per cent. and the desoxyribonucleic acid content is about 45 per cent. (3) A yellow pigment contained in the nuclei appears to be xanthophyll. (4) A gel formed by the nuclei at pH 8.5 in the presence of ammonia and the absence of other cations is described.     

红砂种群自然更新与人工辅助恢复机理的初步研究

2003年7~10月,选择黄土丘陵区荒漠草原地带两个相似生境、5个不同干扰特征的中幼龄红砂种群更新恢复类型区为研究对象,采用系统取样法或样行法,开展了干扰条件下的红砂种群种子更新与恢复机理的初步研究。结果表明,红砂种子更新恢复能力与干扰水平呈正相关;干扰因子的特征不同,则更新恢复能力不同;尤其水分因子参与对红砂种群的自然更新与人工辅助恢复起着关键性的作用。以更新密度作为参数,其数值依次为:灌溉+整地+自然更新最大,平均为13.04丛/m2,变化在3~28丛/m2之间;无灌溉+整地+人工种植恢复平均为1.66丛/m2,变化在1~20丛/m2之间;无灌溉+整地+自然更新恢复平均为1.11丛/m2,变化在0.5~17丛/m2之间;无灌溉+破土+自然更新平均为0.255丛/m2,变化在0.1~3.0丛/m2之间;无干扰自然更新平均为0.012丛/m2。     

Atomic force microscopy of the electrochemical nucleation and growth of molecular crystals

In situ atomic force microscopy reveals the morphology, surface topography, and growth and dissolution characteristics of microscopic single crystals of the low-dimensional organic conductor (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76)' which are grown by electrocrystallization on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode in an atomic force microscope liquid cell. The growth modes and the distribution and orientation of topographic features on specific crystal faces, whose identity was determined by "atomic force microscope goniometry," can be correlated with the strength and direction of anisotropic solid-state intermolecular bonding. Growth on the (011) face of (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76) crystals involves the formation of oriented self-similar triangular islands ranging in size from 200 to 5000 angstroms along a side. These nuclei eventually transform into rectangular rafts at larger length scales, where bulk intermolecular bonding interactions and surface energies dominate over nuclei-substrate interactions.     

Chromosomal proteins in the dinoflagellate alga Gyrodinium cohnii

Chromatin has been prepared from nuclei isolated from the dinoflagellate alga Gyrodinium cohnii. This chromatin contains RNA, acid-insoluble proteins, and acid-soluble proteins; the respective ratios to amount of DNA are about 0.09, 0.48, 0.08 (by weight). Not only is the amount of acid-soluble protein associated with the DNA much less than it is in the typical eukaryote, but polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea at pH 3.2 produces a banding pattern different from that of typical histones. There is one predominant band that migrates about as fast as does histone IV from corn. These findings are of interest, because the nuclear organization in the dinoflagellates appears to be intermediate between the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.     

梅果实的发育解剖学初探

该文对梅果实发育过程进行了较系统研究．梅子房内着生二个半倒生胚珠,开花时,胚囊处于４至８核阶段．内果皮分三个层次,最内层的４～６层细胞明显纵向加长,它的硬化大约从花后４０～４５ｄ开始．外果皮是一种复合结构,由表皮毛、表皮细胞、气孔器和数层下皮组织细胞组成．中果皮主要是薄壁细胞,靠近内果皮的数层中果皮细胞径向显著加长．大约在开花后３５～４０ｄ,珠被体积达最大,细胞内含大量淀粉．初生胚乳核分裂比合子早,但一直到原胚发育成球形胚时,胚乳游离核才转变为胚乳细胞．以后,胚乳细胞又被迅速发育的胚所吸收和利用．该文对胚珠类型、珠孔塞起源、胚乳吸器及果实发育速度与胚胎发育的关系进行了讨论     

Cloud condensation nuclei from a simulated forest fire

Measurements made downwind of a simulated forest fire showed that the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei active at a supersaturation of 1 percent was increased by a factor of about 2.5. Smaller increases were observed at lower supersaturations.     

Environmental effects of large impacts on Mars

The martian valley networks formed near the end of the period of heavy bombardment of the inner solar system, about 3.5 billion years ago. The largest impacts produced global blankets of very hot ejecta, ranging in thickness from meters to hundreds of meters. Our simulations indicated that the ejecta warmed the surface, keeping it above the freezing point of water for periods ranging from decades to millennia, depending on impactor size, and caused shallow subsurface or polar ice to evaporate or melt. Large impacts also injected steam into the atmosphere from the craters or from water innate to the impactors. From all sources, a typical 100-, 200-, or 250-kilometers asteroid injected about 2, 9, or 16 meters, respectively, of precipitable water into the atmosphere, which eventually rained out at a rate of about 2 meters per year. The rains from a large impact formed rivers and contributed to recharging aquifers.     

Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: evidence for subsurface ice deposits

Using the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer on the Mars Odyssey, we have identified two regions near the poles that are enriched in hydrogen. The data indicate the presence of a subsurface layer enriched in hydrogen overlain by a hydrogen-poor layer. The thickness of the upper layer decreases with decreasing distance to the pole, ranging from a column density of about 150 grams per square centimeter at -42 degrees latitude to about 40 grams per square centimeter at -77 degrees. The hydrogen-rich regions correlate with regions of predicted ice stability. We suggest that the host of the hydrogen in the subsurface layer is ice, which constitutes 35 +/- 15% of the layer by weight.     

林地鼢鼠发生规律与林分郁闭度的模型分析

通过对次改林地11年的鼢鼠发生和林分郁闭度关系研究发现,鼢鼠密度上升期,鼢鼠密度、雌雄比与郁闭度呈递增关系,成亚比与郁闭度呈递减关系;密度下降期,随着林木的增长,林分郁闭度加大,鼢鼠密度降低,雌雄比下降,成亚比上升,并逐渐趋向稳定。全面清坡、竖向清坡和块状清坡造林,林地鼢鼠对林分郁闭度适应的最大值在0.430左右,范围在0.399～0.458之间;水平带状造林和更新林,林地鼢鼠对林分郁闭度适应的最大值在0.584左右,范围为0.568～0.585。鼢鼠各繁殖参数与郁闭度的关系总体符合一元三次回归模型。繁殖上升过程,繁殖参数与林分郁闭度呈递增关系,林地鼢鼠怀孕率和繁殖指数的最佳适应林分郁闭度为0.290,平均胎仔数的最佳林分郁闭度为0.210,取值范围均在0.060～0.430之间。林地鼢鼠繁殖强度下降过程,繁殖参数与林分郁闭度呈递减关系。     

Large-scale,decelerating, relativistic x-ray jets from the microquasar XTE J1550-564

We have detected, at x-ray and radio wavelengths, large-scale moving jets from the microquasar XTE J1550-564. Plasma ejected from near the black hole traveled at relativistic velocities for at least 4 years. We present direct evidence for gradual deceleration in a relativistic jet. The broadband spectrum of the jets is consistent with synchrotron emission from high-energy (up to 10 tera-electron volts) particles that were accelerated in the shock waves formed within the relativistic ejecta or by the interaction of the jets with the interstellar medium. XTE J1550-564 offers a rare opportunity to study the dynamical evolution of relativistic jets on time scales inaccessible for active galactic nuclei jets, with implications for our understanding of relativistic jets from Galactic x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei.     

流式细胞术检测4种提取沙棘核DNA方法的比较

采用4种不同提取细胞核的方法,测定了6个不同沙棘品种的核DNA含量,比较了4种不同提取方法测得的CV值的差异.结果表明:4种提取沙棘核DNA的方法所测得的内标CV值为2.49%～11.31%,待测样CV值为2.53%～12.08%.当Tris.MgCl2法测定时,细胞核全部破碎,故未得到流式图;用Otto's法测得的CV值最小,内标与待测样CV值分别为2.49%～3.35%,2.53%～3.56%.因此,Otto's法为最适宜提取沙棘细胞核DNA的方法.     

Deoxyribonucleic acid methylase activity in pea seedlings

Deoxyribonucleic acid methylase activity has been detected in a preparation of disrupted nuclei prepared from pea seedlings. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acted as a donor of methyl groups, and the product of the reaction was identified as 5-methylcytosine. The reaction had a sharp temperature optimum at about 30 degrees C and was unusual in that the DNA methylase was able to methylate DNA in the crude extract.     

Resonant Nuclear Fusion Processes and the Gamma Rays of SS 433

Gamma-ray spectral lines have recently been reported coming from the celestial object SS 433, which is known to emit high-speed jets in opposite directions. The proposed identification of the lines as coming from fusion reactions on nitrogen nuclei as part of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle operating in the jets has now received observational support. Predictions of strengths and widths of additional lines which, if seen, would provide valuable new information about conditions giving rise to the jets are presented.