Interstellar Scattering of Pulsar Radiation and Its Effect on the Spectrum of NP0532

Angular scattering in the interstellar medium results in multipath dispersion which can amount to more than one pulse period for pulsars of short period and high dispersion measure. The dispersion, if operative, imposes on the pulsation flux a cutoff inversely proportional to the fourth power of the observing wavelength. The low-frequency pulse shape of pulsar NP0532 suggests that this pulsar is subject to such scattering and that the observed low-frequency cutoff in the apparent spectrum is not an intrinsic property of the pulsar. In fact, there is evidence that NP0532 may be identified as the compact, low-frequency source in the Crab Nebula and that the pulsar may radiate in accordance with its high-frequency spectrum down to frequencies as low as 10 megahertz, although the periodic time variations are suppressed by the scattering below 100 megahertz.     

Optical Studies of Pulsar NP 0532

The period of optical pulsations from NP 0532 has been determined to within 3 nanoseconds on three different nights. The time rate of change of the period (dP/dt)(p) was 36.17 x 10(-9) second per day. The pulse shape was highly asymmetrical with strong indications of structure. The ratio of the amplitude of the main pulse to that of the interpulse varied with time. No evidence was found for photon coincidences in the pulse on a time scale shorter than 2 microseconds.     

不同黑芝麻品种在红壤旱地的适应性研究

为筛选适宜江西红壤旱地种植的高产黑芝麻品种（系）,采用随机区组设计,以进贤县地方品种金黄麻为对照,对7个黑芝麻品种（系）从适应性、抗逆性和丰产性等方面进行了比较试验。结果表明：BS0532-3和BS57的生长势、整齐度和耐旱性优于CK,抗病性强,单株蒴果数和每蒴粒数显著〉CK,产量分别为668.93 kg/hm^2和659.43 kg/hm^2,较CK（549.95 kg/hm^2）增产21.64%和19.91%;赣芝6号和sp01-2综合表现也较优良,产量分别为610.23和585.95 kg/hm^2,较CK增产10.96%和6.41%。本研究条件下,BS0532-3、BS57、赣芝6号和sp01-2的产量显著〉CK,表明这4个品种（系）均适合在江西红壤旱地种植,其中,BS0532-3和BS57综合表现较好,其次是赣芝6号和sp01-2。     

Observations of nuclear reactors on satellites with a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope

Gamma rays at energies of 0.3 to 8 megaelectron volts (MeV) were detected on 15 April 1988 from four nuclear-powered satellites including Cosmos 1900 and Cosmos 1932 as they flew over a double Compton gamma-ray telescope. The observations occurred as the telescope, flown from a balloon at an altitude of 35 kilometers from Alice Springs, Australia, searched for celestial gamma-ray sources. The four transient signals were detected in 30 hours of data. Their time profiles show maxima with durations of (21 +/- 1) and (27 +/- 1) seconds (half-width at half maximum) for the lower two satellites and (85 +/- 5) and (113 +/- 7) seconds for the remaining two. Their durations place the origin of the two shorter signals at orbital radii of 260(+40)(-60) and 260 +/- 60 km above the earth and the two longer at 800(+100)(-300) and 800(+250)(-300) kilometers. Their luminosities for energies >0.3 MeV are then (6.1 +/- 1.5) x 10(15), (3.9 +/- 1.0) x 10(15), (1.10 +/- 0.28) x 10(16), and (1.30 +/- 0.32) x 10(16) photons per second. The imaging of the strongest signal indicates a southeastern direction passing nearly overhead. The energy spectrum can be fit to an exponential with index 2.4 +/- 1.4. These transient events add to the already large backgrounds for celestial gamma ray sources.     

培养基、添加物及碳源对蝴蝶兰试管苗生长的影响

以白色花系蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis)的试管苗为材料,比较不同基本培养基(MS,NP,VW)、不同碳源(蔗糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇)、不同有机添加物(椰子汁、马铃薯、香蕉)和活性炭对蝴蝶兰试管苗生长的影响.结果表明,以NP和VW为基本培养基时,试管苗根部生长优于MS培养基,NP和VW相比较,NP最佳,而MS培养基对试管苗地上部生长优于NP和VW培养基;3种培养基添加物中,椰子汁对根部的生长优于香蕉和马铃薯,椰子汁有利于地上部鲜质量积累,而香蕉则有利于地上部干质量积累;3种碳源相比较,蔗糖有利于试管苗的生长和干物质的积累;添加活性炭的培养基更有利于试管苗的生长.     

石河子滴灌冬小麦高产氮磷最小需求研究

[目的]为提高滴灌冬小麦产量,降低氮磷肥料的浪费.[方法]试验采用两因素不完全随机设计,研究石河子中高产田氮磷对滴灌冬小麦产量的影响.[结果](1)在一定的范围内,施氮磷肥能够促进滴灌冬小麦增产,且二元二次拟合的相关系数达到0.99.(2)在研究条件下,二元二次模型更能综合反应氮磷对滴灌冬小麦的效应.(3)冬小麦的最高产量区间为氮水平200～360 kg/hm2,磷水平0～100 kg/hm2.[结论]因此,北疆中高产田滴灌冬小麦生产中应适量施用氮肥,控施磷肥,配施锌等微量元素肥料,以保证在取得高产的同时,获得较好的经济效益.     

ROSAT X-ray detection of a young brown dwarf in the chamaeleon I dark cloud

Photometry and spectroscopy of the object Cha Halpha 1, located in the Chamaeleon I star-forming cloud, show that it is a approximately 10(6)-year-old brown dwarf with spectral type M7.5 to M8 and 0.04 +/- 0.01 solar masses. Quiescent x-ray emission was detected in a 36-kilosecond observation with 31.4 +/- 7.7 x-ray photons, obtained with the Rontgen Satellite (ROSAT), with 9final sigma detection significance. This corresponds to an x-ray luminosity of 2.57 x 10(28) ergs per second and an x-ray to bolometric luminosity ratio of 10(-3.44). These are typical values for late M-type stars. Because the interior of brown dwarfs may be similar to that of convective late-type stars, which are well-known x-ray sources, x-ray emission from brown dwarfs may indicate magnetic activity.     

提高马铃薯品种临薯17号杂交结实率的方法研究

[目的]探索提高马铃薯品种临署17号杂交结实率的方法。[方法]以L0527-4为父本,以临薯17号为母本配制杂交组合,以期运用临薯17号的优良性状。[结果]]临薯17号的最佳授粉时间为上午10:00~12:00或下午4:00之后,杂交后第3天,喷施10 mg/L的2,4-D、50 mg/L的赤霉素、20 mg/L的6-BA+50 mg/L赤霉素在马铃薯孕蕾期间,每隔7 d喷洒植株,这3种处理方法均可提高临薯17号的杂交结实率。[结论]杂交后第3天喷施10 mg/L的2,4-D提高临署17号杂交结实率效果最优。该研究可为其他材料提高杂交结实率提供技术借鉴。     

Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems

Forest systems cover more than 4.1 x 10(9) hectares of the Earth's land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams of carbon, with approximately 37 percent of this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 percent in mid-latitudes, and 49 percent at high latitudes. Over two-thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is contained in soils and associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation in the low latitudes emitted 1.6 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, whereas forest area expansion and growth in mid- and high-latitude forest sequestered 0.7 +/- 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year, for a net flux to the atmosphere of 0.9 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year. Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon. Future forest carbon cycling trends attributable to losses and regrowth associated with global climate and land-use change are uncertain. Model projections and some results suggest that forests could be carbon sinks or sources in the future.     

Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane: the contribution from fossil carbon

Measurements of carbon-14 in small samples of methane from major biogenic sources, from biomass burning, and in "clean air" samples from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveal that methane from ruminants contains contemporary carbon, whereas that from wetlands, pat bogs, rice fields, and tundra is somewhat, depleted in carbon-14. Atmospheric (14)GH(4) seems to have increased from 1986 to 1987, and levels at the end of 1987 were 123.3 +/- 0.8 percent modern carbon (pMC) in the Northern Hemisphere and 120.0 +/- 0.7 pMC in the Southern Hemisphere. Model calculations of source partitioning based on the carbon-14 data, CH(4) concentrations, and delta(13)C in CH(4) indicate that 21 +/- 3% of atmospheric CH(4) was derived from fossil carbon at the end of 1987. The data also indicate that pressurized water reactors are an increasingly important source of (14)CH(4).     

Radiation effects in free-ranging pocket mice, Perognathus parvus, during the breeding season

Captive and free-ranging Great Basin pocket mice, Perognathus parvus, were exposed to ionizing radiation during the breeding season, April-June, in 1971. The values for the median lethal dose (LD(50)) at 30 days plus or minus the standard deviation were 880 +/- 14 rads and 780 +/- 27 rads, respectively, and the slopes of the survivorship curves were significantly different. These differences suggested that there was a synergism between radiation-induced and environmental sources of mortality, since the field data were corrected for natural mortality (5 percent) in the controls.     

壬基酚对四尾棚藻生长及群体形成的影响

选取水体中广泛存在的壬基酚为代表,研究其对四尾栅藻生理特性及群体形成的影响。实验设置6个暴露组(0.63、1.02、1.65、2.67、4.32和7.00 mg·L-1)和1个对照组(0 mg·L-1),测定了96 h内四尾栅藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、胞外多糖合成、最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)以及群体形态等变化。结果表明,四尾栅藻起始细胞密度6.64×105 cells·m L-1下,壬基酚对四尾栅藻细胞密度的EC50为2.05 mg·L-1;随着壬基酚质量浓度的提高,四尾栅藻的叶绿素a含量和Fv/Fm下降,四尾栅藻的生长受到抑制,但细胞胞外多糖含量增多,导致细胞间黏性增强,同时双细胞和多细胞(≥3个)群体占总细胞比例上升。     

长期秸秆配施化肥下土壤团聚体碳氮分布、微生物量与小麦产量的协同效应

【目的】研究秸秆配施化肥对暗棕壤团聚体组成、团聚体碳氮含量、土壤微生物量特征及小麦产量的影响,揭示长期秸秆配施化肥下土壤肥力和生产力的协同提升机制。【方法】依托长期定位40年施肥试验,选取4个处理：单施化肥(NP)、秸秆配施化肥(S+NP)、秸秆配施1/2化肥(S+1/2NP)、秸秆配施1/4化肥(S+1/4NP),其中秸秆为麦秸隔年还田,用量为3 000 kg·hm^-2,氮磷化肥用量为150 kg N·hm^-2、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2。采集0—20 cm土层土样,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的水稳性团聚体,测定团聚体中有机碳(SOC)、氮含量及土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)含量。【结果】(1)长期秸秆配施化肥显著降低土壤容重并提高了团聚体稳定性,和NP相比,S+NP处理土壤容重降低4.7%,>2 mm团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何重量直径(GWD)分别提升254.4%、76.5%和91.3%。(2)S+NP、S+1/2NP处理>2...     

鸭肠炎病毒核衣壳蛋白密码子偏爱性分析

为给鸭肠炎病毒（DEV）核衣壳蛋白（NP）基因选择良好的宿主表达系统提供参考依据,本研究运用EM-BOSS软件包CHIPS和CUSP程序对DEVNP基因进行了密码子偏爱性分析。结果显示,DEV NP基因的ENC值为51.180,编码NP蛋白的A、I等氨基酸不同密码子的使用频率存在一定的差异;从与DEV NP基因密码子使用频率比值上看,大肠杆菌22个、酵母18个、鸭12个和人20个密码子存在较大的偏爱性。由此可见,编码DEVNP蛋白密码子出现频率较均一,且酵母等真核生物与其密码子偏爱性较为接近,可作为该基因体外表达宿主的首选。     

施肥对半干旱地区小麦产量、NO3——N累积和水分平衡的影响

 依据长武站长期田间试验（1984～2001年）的结果，分析了不同施肥措施条件下小麦产量、氮肥利用率、土壤水分的变化及其相互间的关系。结果表明，对照、有机肥（M）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮肥＋有机肥（NM）和氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）处理冬小麦的17年平均产量依次为1.5、2.6、2.0、3.3、3.4和4.0 t·ha-1；冬小麦地上部17年累计吸收的氮量依次为509.0、854.6、781.9、1 199.8、1 067.5和1 430.9 kg·ha-1；2001年0～300 cm土层NO3--N储量依次为52.2、113.1、1 064.8、254.5、535.4和512.1 kg·ha-1，N处理的NO3--N分布于0～300 cm土层，NP、NM、NPM处理的NO3--N主要分布于0～180 cm土层。收获期0～300 cm土层多年平均水分含量为CK＞N＞M＞NP＞NPM。播种期NP、NPM处理200～300 cm土层水分出现亏缺。施肥是黄土旱塬区土壤生产力提高、土壤深层水分亏缺和土壤NO3--N累积的驱动力。     

一种新型钠复合肥对霸王幼苗生长的影响

[目的]检测一种新型钠复合肥对多浆旱生植物霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）幼苗移栽到大田后生长和抗旱性的影响。[方法]设3个处理：CK,巴彦浩特当地沙土;NP,在巴彦浩特当地沙土中不加Na,但加入含量与钠复合肥一致的普通NP肥;Na,在巴彦浩特当地沙土中加入研制的钠复合肥。[结果]Na处理显著增加了霸王的株高,分别为对照和NP肥处理的1.7～2.0、1.2～1.3倍;能促进提早分枝,在移栽后10d,Na处理的分枝数分别为对照和NP肥处理的2.4、1.3倍;停止浇水13d后,Na处理的叶片数比NP肥处理多40%,有助于获得更多的光合产物并增强其抗旱性。[结论]此钠复合肥在霸王育苗种的表现比单一施加NP肥效果更显著,其开发和推广应用可为荒漠地区的植被恢复提供重要的参考和应用价值。     

Hydrothermal plume measurements: a regional perspective

An extensive deep-tow survey around an active submarine vent field was conducted to map the three-dimensional distribution of hydrothermal emissions and calculate the hydrothermal discharge of heat and manganese. Emissions from the 10-kilometer-long vent field formed a nearly isopycnal plume about 250 meters thick and elongated in the direction of the local net current. Net export of hydrothermal discharge from both point and diffuse sources was estimated from the advective transport of the plume; the heat flux was 5.8 +/- 2.9 x 10(8) watts and the dissolved manganese flux was 0.2 +/- 0.1 moles per second. Flux measurements of this type could be expanded to encompass entire ridge segments, allowing comparison with theoretical thermal and chemical process models on a common spatial scale.     

A Net Sink for Atmospheric CH3Br in the East Pacific Ocean

Surface waters along a cruise track in the East Pacific Ocean were undersaturated in methyl bromide (CH(3)Br) in most areas except for coastal and upwelling regions, with saturation anomalies ranging from + 100 percent in coastal waters to -50 percent in open ocean areas, representing a regionally weighted mean of -16 (-13 to -20) percent. The partial lifetime of atmospheric CH(3)Br with respect to calculated oceanic degradation along this cruise track is 3.0 (2.9 to 3.6) years. The global, mean dry mole fraction of CH3Br in the atmosphere was 9.8 +/- 0.6 parts per trillion, with an interhemispheric ratio of 1.31 +/- 0.08. These data indicate that approximately 8 percent (0.2 parts per trillion) of the observed interhemispheric difference in atmospheric CH3Br could be attributed to an uneven global distribution of oceanic sources and sinks.     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦生物学性状及生物量的影响

 【目的】研究水肥空间组合对冬小麦形态指标及生物量的影响，对指导旱地施肥具有一定理论和实践意义。【方法】以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤，在全生育期遮雨和人工控制土壤水分条件下，采用分层隔水土柱试验法研究与田间土层分布相同土柱不同土层水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦叶面积、株高、分蘖数、生物量、根冠比和收获指数等指标的影响。【结果】与整体湿润水分处理相比，上干下湿水分处理（0～30 cm土层干旱胁迫，30～90 cm土层湿润）下，抽穗期小麦旗叶面积、株高分别降低7.03%和3.77%；小麦地上部和根系生物量及收获指数也不同程度降低，但根冠比增加。从肥料处理看，单施磷和氮磷配施处理，小麦叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数和总生物量均极显著高于单施氮和CK，这与供试土壤各土层严重缺磷，而氮素供应相对丰富有关。从不同土层施肥看，在两种水分处理下，单施氮时，以均匀施入0～90 cm土层小麦叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数、地上部生物量和根系生物量最高，施入0～30 cm土层最低；单施磷和氮磷配施时，0～90 cm与0～30 cm土层施肥间总叶面积、旗叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数以及总生物量差异不显著，但均显著高于30～60 cm和60～90 cm土层相应施肥处理。【结论】由于土壤供氮充分，将氮肥集中施于0～30 cm土层对生物量形成具有一定抑制作用，而均匀施入0～90 cm土层有明显促进作用；在上层干旱胁迫时，这种趋势更加明显。两种水分处理下氮磷配施，特别是在上干下湿水分处理下，保证0～30 cm土层较充分的养分供应对改善形态指标和增加生物量仍具有重要作用。因此，对旱地养分和水分应同层供应较好的观点，应予以重新认识和评价。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮、磷、钾肥施用效果研究

【目的】为苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中合理利用养分、水分及培肥土壤提供理论依据。【方法】连续3年盆栽试验研究苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)-黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作制中氮、磷、钾肥对饲草产量、养分吸收、水分利用及土壤养分的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥配施显著增加饲草产量,2005/2006、2006/2007、2007/2008年度的饲草总量分别为1690.0、2091.3、1770.7g/pot。与CK处理(NPK配施)相比,不施氮处理(PK)的饲草产量分别减少700.7%、1256.9%、856.3%,不施磷处理(NK)分别减少426.3%、384.9%、792.3%,不施钾处理(NP)分别减少15.9%、4.4%、10.6%。氮、磷、钾肥配施促进饲草的养分吸收,3个年度NPK处理的总吸氮(N)量分别为6.36、4.91、6.85g/pot,总吸磷(P)量分别为0.79、1.01、0.82g/pot,总吸钾(K)量分别为11.58、6.36、5.62g/pot,养分利用效率显著高于其它处理。3个年度NPK处理水分生产率分别为16.5、16.1、16.2kg·m-3,明显高于其它处理。轮作体系下,土壤有机质,NP、NK、NPK处理的全氮,NP、PK、NPK处理的速效磷,NK、PK处理的缓效钾、速效钾均上升;土壤pH,NP、NPK处理的缓效钾、速效钾下降,而PK处理的全氮、NK处理的速效磷基本稳定。【结论】苏丹草-黑麦草轮作体系下,合理配施氮、磷、钾肥能持续获得高产、促进饲草养分吸收和有效改善土壤肥力。