Traditional African American foods and African Americans

Traditional African American foods, also referred to as “soul food,” are often given a blanket label of “poor food choices.” The cultural value of these ethnic foods may be disregarded without sufficient study of their nutrient content. This study showed that of the various foods perceived as traditionally African American by the local sampled population, greens were the most often identified as such by 78% and the most frequently consumed (22%) by the subjects. 37% perceived chitterlings as a traditional food, yet only 30% consumed them, and only on an occasional basis. Okra, yams, and black-eyed peas had relatively high consumptions but were not often perceived as traditional African American foods. The latter may suggests a lack of historical food facts, relating to indigenous African foods or may indicate the mainstreaming of these foods. Cowpeas or black-eyed peas, okra, sesame seeds, and watermelon seeds were originally brought to North America from Africa. The literature contains scant information on this particular topic, which leaves unanswered: (1) the current consumption of traditional foods by African Americans, (2) certain availability of these foods; and (3) the positive contributions to the diet that these foods may contribute. The author recognizes that “African American” is the most appropriate and preferred term used widely today, to refer to African descendants in North America, however “Black” and “Black American” will be used interchangeably, to reflect consistency of literature cited herein. First, this article will define traditional African American foods and relate their historical significance. Secondly, it will present data on current food consumption from a sample population of African Americans surveyed in San Diego. Lastly, this article will explore possible applications of the research itself.     

Environment influences food access and resulting shopping and dietary behaviors among homeless Minnesotans living in food deserts

Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate how shopping behaviors and environment influence dietary intake and weight status among homeless Minnesotans living in food deserts. Seven focus groups (n = 53) and a quantitative survey (n = 255), using the social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework, were conducted at two homeless shelters (S1 and S2) in the Twin Cities area. Heights, weights, and 24-h dietary recalls were also collected. Food stores within a five-block radius of the shelters were evaluated for the price and availability of foods and compared to the Thrifty Food Plan’s market basket prices (MBP). Results showed that almost 80% of the sample was overweight or obese, with women consuming less than the recommended level for the fruits, vegetables, and milk food groups and excess for the fats/oils/sweets food group. Focus groups and participant surveys indicated that the shelter infrastructure and surrounding community influenced the types of foods available, food store access, and the foods purchased and consumed. Participants relied on food assistance programs, including food stamps, to supplement their food supply; however, some felt the high food prices at neighboring stores limited food choice and that food stamps did not adequately cover food costs. Results from the food store survey found the majority of food prices exceeded Midwest or national MBP. To promote healthier dietary intake and weight status, community-based interventions and city planners should aim to increase access to food through improved food availability and food access within the shelter environment and surrounding community.     

覆膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响

[目的]探讨覆盖黑膜、白膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响,为生产提供指导.[方法]于2011年3~10月在贵州省清镇市站街镇杉树村朱兵责任田进行甘薯地膜覆盖栽培试验,试验设覆盖黑膜、透明膜和不覆膜(CK)3个处理,比较覆膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响.[结果]覆盖黑膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部比对照分别增产202%和79%,覆盖白膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部分别比对照增产185%和50%,黑膜比白膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部分别增产6%和19.6%.覆膜条件下甘薯各器官的干率变化不明显;不同覆膜方式及对照的T/R比值均下降,但覆膜的T/R仍较对照大;覆盖黑膜条件下,甘薯生长前期日鲜重增长速率均比其他两种处理方式快.[结论]覆膜处理甘薯叶片、叶柄、茎蔓、块根的鲜重均比不覆膜明显增加,尤其黑膜覆盖处理下,甘薯各项指标增加明显,黑膜处理下甘薯块根产量增产79%.覆盖栽培是一项投入少、效益高的技术措施,可在贵州省甘薯生产上推广应用.     

Progress of potato staple food research and industry development in China

Potato is the largest non-cereal food crop worldwide and ranked as the world's fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize. Potato is a vital food-security crop and substitute for cereal crop considering its high yield and great nutritive value. Therefore, by replacing wheat, rice or maize in traditional staple foods partly by potato, the nutritional value of traditional foods and the utilization of potato are expected to be improved. China is the largest potato producer worldwide in terms of either volume or area. However, majority of potatoes are consumed as fresh vegetables for cuisine, and the industrial processing rate is much lower than the global average. Thus, research and development for nutritional potato stable food suitable for the dietary habits of Chinese residents are of great significance. However, we still confronted plenty of constraints in the development of potato staple food. In order to develop potato staple food suitable for Chinese residents' dietary habit like noodles, Mantou(steamed bread), rice and rice noodles, also to industrialize production of potato staple foods, some transformations need to be realized. Independent innovation is the only choice to realize the potato staple food processing and industrial development strategy on the technical level. Thus a lot of researches have been done to promote the development of potato staple food in China. Up to now, we already developed a series kinds of potato staple foods and some of these staple foods have already been widely promoted in Chinese markets.     

盐度波动和中草药制剂对脊尾白虾存活·生长和免疫的影响(摘要)(英文)

[目的]为大规模脊尾白虾的养殖提供理论基础。[方法]研究了盐度波动幅度(S0、S3、S6和S9分别代表盐度波动幅度为0、3、6和9)和中草药制剂(0、1%、2%和4%)对脊尾白虾存活、生长和免疫的影响,实验周期60d。试验数据用双因素方差分析、Turkey’s多重比较以及回归分析进行处理。[结果]1%中草药和S6盐度波动处理组脊尾白虾的特定生长率、饲料转换效率和超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于其他处理,且显著高于同一中草药添加水平的S0,S3和S9盐度波动处理组。回归分析表明,在S0、S3和S63个盐度波动水平,随盐度波动幅度的增加,饲料中中草药制剂的最适添加量呈下降趋势,分别为2.74%、1.77%和0.51%;在4个中草药制剂添加水平,随饲料中中草药制剂添加量的增加,脊尾白虾生长的最适盐度波动幅度呈下降趋势,分别为5.26、4.95、3.54和1.97。[结论]盐度、中草药制剂及其相互作用对脊尾白虾的存活、生长和免疫均有显著影响,因此在养殖时应加以注意。     

限饲对杜洛克生长、肉质参数及经济效益的影响

[目的]研究限制饲喂对美系杜洛克猪生长性能、肉品品质及经济效益的影响。[方法]将30头美系杜洛克猪随机分为2组,试验组以20%的限量进行饲喂试验,测定其生长性能参数、肉质参数,并分析综合经济效益。[结果]试验组平均日增重要比对照组低52 g,每增重1.00 kg少耗料0.36 kg,每头猪销售净增收入31.65元,猪肉的贮存损失和水浴损失显著低于对照组,其他肉质参数差异不显著。[结论]限制饲喂能明显改善饲料利用率,对肉质参数影响不大,使猪养殖的综合效益大大提高。     

30种中草药提取物对食品细菌的影响

[目的]研究30种中草药提取物对食品细菌的影响。[方法]以30种中草药为试验材料,以食品中常见的3种细菌为试验菌种,采用滤纸片法研究了水、无水乙醇、石油醚3种提取液的抑菌效果。[结果]黄连、大黄、厚朴和丁香的水提取液,黄连、厚朴、虎杖和丁香的无水乙醇提取液以及大蒜、厚朴、丁香和黄连的石油醚提取液的抑菌能力较强。[结论]该研究为开发天然食品防腐剂提供了科学依据。     

广西白木型和红木型香椿种苗特性及差异性研究

[目的]了解不同类型香椿种子及幼苗差异性。[方法]以广西两大香椿类型的种子与实生苗为材料,对当年采摘的香椿种子进行质检和播种试验。[结果]白木类型香椿的鲜果出种率、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势大于红木类型,白木类型的含水率、苗高、地径、叶长、叶宽均小于红木类型;随着时间的推移,2种类型香椿的种子含水率均呈现出低—高—低的趋势;二者之间幼苗的苗高和地径、叶长与叶宽均表现为极显著的正相关关系。[结论]2种型香椿种苗生长特性、种子品质及生命力不同,在生产实践中应根据不同类型香椿的特性进行储藏以保持其活力。     

有机磷农药在海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的残留分析及膳食风险评估

[目的]明确海南省菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中有机磷农药的残留状况及居民的有机磷膳食摄入风险,为降低居民有机磷膳食摄入风险及农业主管部门监管提供科学依据.[方法]基于2012～2013年海南省菜心、苦瓜和豇豆3种蔬菜的市场农药残留监测数据,并根据我国不同人群的摄入量和体重数据,运用基于蒙特卡洛模拟的@risk软件,以风险商表征菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的有机磷膳食风险.[结果]残留分析表明,52.82％的菜心、14.27％的苦瓜和30.52％的豇豆中含有机磷农药残留,其中12.79％的菜心和1.74％的豇豆有多残留.蒙特卡洛模拟结果显示,P995水平膳食暴露风险的排序从高到低为：菜心中敌敌畏＞豇豆中对硫磷＞豇豆中氧乐果＞苦瓜中氧乐果＞菜心中毒死蜱＞苦瓜中对硫磷,通过食用海南豇豆、苦瓜、菜心摄入有机磷的风险商均小于1;不同年龄段的暴露风险较高的为2～3、4～6和7～10岁年龄段,其他各年龄段的风险均较低.[结论]海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中有机磷残留对我国居民不同人群有机磷残留的膳食摄入风险较低,各人群中可能存在的健康风险在可接受范围.     

不同蜂种授粉对洋葱种子产量与质量的影响

[目的]为提高洋葱种子质量与产量。[方法]测定上午、下午洋葱花的泌蜜量、糖浓度,以及上午与下午采集花粉的中蜂、意蜂的数量;测定中蜂采集花粉、意蜂采集花粉、中蜂与意蜂协同采集花粉、对照组（无蜂种采集花粉）的洋葱种子产量。[结果]洋葱花上午泌蜜量多,下午很少甚至不泌蜜;上午采集花粉的蜂种多于下午的。采集花粉的中蜂明显多于意蜂,协同采集的中蜂与意蜂最多。中蜂与意蜂协同授粉,能够提高洋葱种子产量,达1.4891g,意蜂与中蜂单独授粉时,洋葱种子的产量相当。[结论]中蜂与意蜂协同授粉有助于提高洋葱种子质量与产量。     

转双抗三倍体毛白杨对舞毒蛾幼虫中肠解毒酶的影响

[目的]为转基因植物的合理利用提供理论依据。[方法]以转Bt基因和慈姑蛋白酶抑制剂基因三倍体毛白杨叶片喂4～5龄舞毒蛾幼虫,对其中肠几种重要解毒酶的活性进行了测定。[结果]幼虫中肠酯酶的比活力变化是先升高后降低,24 h后达到高峰,而在48 h后,比活力明显下降;谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力是一直在升高。取食抗虫杨Pb1、Pb33和Pb47叶片48 h后的舞毒蛾幼虫中肠酯酶的比活力分别为取食CK幼虫酯酶比活力的62.9%、70.7%和74.5%;24 h后的幼虫中肠谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力分别比取食CK幼虫谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶比活力下降了25.7%、27.7%和17.9%。[结论]导致幼虫中肠解毒酶活性的改变可能是转基因叶片毒杀害虫的作用机制之一。     

中药蟾甘口服液对鸭病毒性肝炎的防治试验

[目的]研究中药蟾甘口服液对鸭病毒性肝炎的治疗效果。[方法]选取无病毒性肝炎母源抗体雏鸭180只,随机分成6组,即中药治疗组Ⅰ、中药治疗组Ⅱ、西药治疗组Ⅰ、西药治疗组Ⅱ、感染对照组和空白对照组。7日龄时,除空白对照组外全部鸭只接种鸭肝炎病毒。7和10日龄分别给中药治疗组和西药治疗组口服1ml中药蟾甘口服液和金刚烷胺口服液,连用5d。[结果]中药治疗组Ⅰ、中药治疗组Ⅱ、西药治疗组Ⅰ、西药治疗组Ⅱ的存活率分别达93.3%、86.6%、73.3%和63.3%,中药治疗组和西药治疗组之间差异显著（P〈0.05）。[结论]中药蟾甘口服液对鸭病毒性肝炎具有较好的疗效,可用于临床推广。     

中国龙虾食物变态反应BALB/c鼠模型的建立（英文）

[目的]通过腹腔注射的致敏方式建立中国龙虾食物变态反应Balb/c小鼠模型,探讨中国龙虾食物变态反应体外鉴定与评价方法。[方法]将40只雄性Balb/c小鼠分为卵清蛋白（OVA）阳性对照组、Coca’s液阴性对照组、空白对照组和模型组,以OVA、中国龙虾粗提蛋白,加氢氧化铝佐剂腹腔注射免疫Balb/c小鼠,建立食物变态反应小鼠模型。ELISA法测定第二次致敏激发后血清中IgE与组胺水平并进行被动皮肤过敏试验（PCA）确定特异性IgE抗体滴度,同时观察脾指数、小肠组织学变化及激发后的食物变态反应症状。[结果]末次激发后1 h采血,中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清IgE含量为236.75（±73.39）μg/L,与阳性对照OVA组无区别,与阴性对照Coca’s液组和正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组的组胺含量406.55（±232.79）μg/L与正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;PCA反应中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清特异性IgE抗体滴度达到1/16;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组和OVA致敏组小鼠脾指数明显大于Coca’s液或正常对照组（P〈0.01）且前两组小肠粘膜固有层皆出现淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等炎性细胞浸润。[结论]建立了一种中国龙虾食物变态反应小鼠模型,通过ELISA测定血清IgE和组胺以及PCA确定特异性IgE抗体滴度可作为一种鉴定与评价中国龙虾食物变态反应的方法。     

2014~2015年吉林省出入境8类食品中微生物污染状况分析

[目的]了解吉林省出入境食品中微生物的污染状况及其趋势,为采取有效措施降低进出口食品微生物污染的风险提供基础资料。[方法]依据《食品卫生微生物学检验》GB/T4789—2003/2010,对2014~2015年2年间吉林省出入境送检和抽检的8类食品进行微生物检测,对采集样品进行4项微生物检测,指标包括：细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌、霉菌和酵母菌检测。[结果]试验共检测8类食品共计1668份样品,检出微生物98株,总检出率5.88%。[结论]吉林省出入境8类食品中微生物污染整体状况较好,2015年的污染状况较2014年有所好转,抽检能更好地发现食品中存在的卫生问题,今后应重点加强对肉制品和乳制品的监督管理。     

3种草本植物结合改良剂对铅锌尾砂库的修复效果

[目的]研究种植植物结合土壤改良剂对铅锌尾砂库的修复效果,为尾砂库无土复垦及实现生态修复提供理论依据。[方法]开展野外田间试验,在铅锌尾砂中添加改良剂TH-LZ01,反季节种植耐重金属草本植物紫斑白三叶、金鸡菊、紫花苜蓿,同时以不添加改良剂不种植植物作为对照,研究添加改良剂后植被恢复情况以及对尾砂重金属含量和pH的影响。[结果]反季节种植植物半年后,即使是粗放式管理,3个添加改良剂种植植物的处理植被覆盖度均达70%以上,尤其是紫斑白三叶处理,植被覆盖度高达99.76%,远高于对照(6.13%);添加改良剂TH-LZ01,种植植物可以显著降低尾砂Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的DTPA 提取态含量,降低率分别达83.00%、78．00%、31.00%、24.00%,效果显著;金鸡菊处理和紫花苜蓿处理的pH较紫斑白三叶处理高,且DTPA-Cu、DTPA-Zn显著低于紫斑白三叶处理。[结论]粗放式管理模式下,紫斑白三叶、金鸡菊、紫花苜蓿均可作为尾砂库生态修复的先锋草种,工程应用时可以优先考虑使用。     

中草药饲料添加剂对白羽肉鸡鸡肉中挥发性成分的影响

[目的]探究中草药饲料添加剂对白羽肉鸡鸡肉中挥发性成分的影响。[方法]采用随机单位组设计,将1 000只肉鸡随机分为基础日粮+黄霉素、基础日粮+中草药0.3%水平、基础日粮+0.4%水平、基础日粮+中草药0.3%水平+甜菜碱、基础日粮5组。[结果]结果表明:各处理匹配度超过800的挥发性风味化合物共50中,包括醛、醇、烃、酮、酸、酯以及含N、O、S的杂环化合物等七类,其中以醛、酮等羰基化合物为主,醇、烃次之,中草药组挥发性成分多于抗生素组。[结论]中草药组与抗生素组相比较,多出的成分均为烯、醛、醇,可以提高肉仔鸡的风味,该组方0.3%添加量可以提高肉鸡鸡肉中的挥发性成分的种类,提高肉质风味。     

三倍体毛白杨、苦楝、楸树施用膨化污泥杨树专用肥的效果

[目的]探讨城市污泥在绿化苗木上的施用效果。[方法]以膨化污泥为载体生产了杨树专用肥,研究其在三倍体毛白杨、苦楝、楸树上的施用效果。[结果]施杨树专用肥处理的苦楝胸径、树高、材积平均增加值分别为2.37 cm1、.320 m0、.031 8 m3,分别比不施肥处理增加21.54%、28.16%3、5.32%。施杨树专用肥处理的三倍体毛白杨平均苗高、地径分别为291.202、.56 cm,分别比施尿素处理增加11.36%1、0.34%。施杨树专用肥处理的楸树树高、地径最大,分别比不施肥处理增加43.75%和17.07%;试验地的土壤有机质含量与试验前增加了2.8 g/kg,0.25~1,1~5,>5 mm水稳性团粒分别比不施肥处理增加29.1%、33.2%、23.7%。[结论]杨树专用肥可作为绿化苗木的追施肥料,应大力推广。     

几种常见食品铝残留量的调查研究

[目的]调查了解一些常见食品中的铝残留量情况,以避免过多铝元素的摄入。[方法]抽取了120份常见食品样品(蛋糕、面包、膨化食品、淀粉制品),用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行检验分析。[结果]面包、蛋糕类的铝残留量处于较低水平(平均4.00~5.00 mg/kg),合格率100%;膨化食品的铝残留量稍高(平均8.93 mg/kg);粉丝粉条等淀粉类制品铝残留量明显偏高(平均75.59 mg/kg),不合格率达13%,最高值为345.00 mg/kg,超出国家标准73%。[结论]应控制性地摄入膨化食品,减少淀粉类制品的摄入,建议相关部门尽快制订膨化食品的铝残留标准并加大淀粉类制品的监管力度。     

豁眼鹅与四川白鹅及其杂交后代的肉用性能研究

[目的]评估豁眼鹅作为父本的杂交利用效果。[方法]以豁眼鹅为父本,以四川白鹅为母本,测定其杂交后代1~10周龄增重、10周龄体尺及屠宰性能。[结果]在日增重方面,豁眼鹅公鹅、豁眼鹅母鹅的日增重均显著高于四川白鹅公鹅和四川白鹅母鹅(P0.05),杂交公鹅的日增重明显高于豁眼鹅公鹅和四川白鹅公鹅。在屠宰性能方面,杂交鹅公、母鹅均优于各纯系。在体尺指标方面,豁眼鹅、四川白鹅和杂交鹅的体尺指标存在不同程度差异,其中杂交鹅的平均体斜长、龙骨长、胸深、胫长、半潜水长等均高于豁眼鹅和四川白鹅(P0.05);杂交鹅与豁眼鹅、四川白鹅的胸宽差异不显著(P0.05);豁眼鹅的胫围显著高于四川白鹅和杂交鹅(P0.05)。[结论]豁眼鹅可作为杂交利用的父本。     

中国杂交水稻在柬埔寨马德望省的

【目的】研究中国杂交水稻品种在柬埔寨马德望省的种植长势和产量表现,为中国杂交水稻在柬埔寨马德望省的推广应用提供参考。【方法】2012年旱季（1~4月）,将3个中国杂交水稻品种（早优362、特优362和桂源优362）与当地水稻品种（Senpidao）种植于柬埔寨马德望省,测定比较不同品种农艺性状和产量。【结果】不同水稻品种株高间差异显著。中国杂交水稻品种株高均显著高于当地对照品种（Senpidao）,但分蘖数较低。中国杂交水稻品种的每穗粒数和穗长也显著高于当地对照品种,其中特优362的每穗粒数最多,桂源优362的穗最长。早优362的千粒重均高于其他3个品种,而特优362和桂源优362的产量显著高于其他两个品种。此外,每穗粒数、穗长和产量间表现出极显著的相关性。【结论】中国杂交水稻适合在柬埔寨种植,旱季在马德望省的Toul Samrong土壤种植可比当地品种增产23%～38%。