敌百虫对黄河鲤鱼的急性毒性研究及安全评价

为了弄清楚敌百虫对黄河鲤鱼的急性毒性浓度,在常温条件下用80%的敌百虫(生产制品)对黄河鲤鱼进行急性毒性试验,试验分别设置6个浓度梯度:500 mg/L、601 mg/L、721 mg/L、866 mg/L、1 041 mg/L、1 250 mg/L,观察不同时间的半致死浓度并计算安全浓度。结果表明:黄河鲤鱼对敌百虫24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为818.7 mg/L、774.7 mg/L、719.8 mg/L、719.8 mg/L;安全浓度为208.10 mg/L。     

灭虫精对西施舌幼贝的毒性试验

在静水条件下,进行灭虫精对西施舌幼贝的毒性试验,试验结果显示:灭虫精对西施舌幼贝24 h致死浓度LC100为400 ms／L,半数致死浓度LC100为250 mg/L,安全浓度为2．50mg／L;48h致死浓度为260 mg／L,半数致死浓度LC50为224ms／L,安全浓度为2．24mg／L。灭虫精用于西施舌人工育苗过程中桡足类等敌害生物防治,具有较强的可用性。根据试验结果,建议使用2 mg／L浓度的灭虫精进行防治,可达到显著效果。     

三种药物对西施舌稚贝的急性毒性研究

在常温静水条件下,进行敌百虫、甲醛和鳗菌净对西施舌稚贝的急性毒性试验。结果表明:敌百虫、甲醛和鳗菌净对西施舌稚贝的24hLC50分别为26.75mg/L、54.25mg/L、1.47mg/L,其安全浓度分别为0.27mg/L、0.54mg/L、0.01mg/L。本文探讨如何有效地使用药物杀灭西施舌稚贝的敌害生物,以保证西施舌人工育苗成功。     

盐酸沙拉沙星(sarafloxacin)在鸡体内的药动学和生物利用度

2组健康艾维因肉鸡各 8只 ,体重 (1.6 6± 0 .11) kg,研究了对其单剂量 (10 mg/kg,以沙拉沙星碱计 )静注和口服盐酸沙拉沙星后的药动学及其生物利用度 ,用高效液相色谱法测定血清中沙拉沙星的浓度。结果表明 :静注盐酸沙拉沙星溶液后 ,血清药物浓度经时过程符合无吸收因素二室模型 ,其消除半衰期 (t1 / 2β)、总体清除率 (CLB)、表观分布容积 (Vd)和药时曲线下面积 (AU C)分别为 (2 .6 78± 0 .5 0 6 ) h、(1.339± 0 .35 1) L/kg· h、(5 .15 9± 1.5 5 4) L/kg和(7.85 3± 1.731) mg/L· h;口服盐酸沙拉沙星片后 ,药时数据呈有吸收因素一室模型 ,其吸收和消除半衰期 (t1 / 2 ka,t1 / 2 ke)、血清峰浓度 (Cmax)、达峰时间 (Tmax)和药时曲线下面积 (AUC)分别为 (0 .2 87± 0 .117) h、(5 .381± 1.44 6 ) h、(0 .478± 0 .196 ) mg/L、(1.2 2 9± 0 .439) h和 (4 .0 6 0± 1.178) m g/L· h,生物利用度为 (5 1.70± 15 .0 0 ) %。     

三种常用药物对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验

试验研究水产常用药物敌百虫、硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂、高锰酸钾对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性。结果发现,黑鲷幼鱼对敌百虫24、48、96h的半数致死浓度分别为1.13、0.85、0.54mg/l,敌百虫对黑鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.14mg/l;黑鲷幼鱼对硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂(5:2)24、48、96h的半数致死浓度分别为7.07、6.43、6.25mg/l,硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂对黑鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为1.60mg/l;1mg/l和2mg/l的高锰酸钾在30min内对黑鲷幼鱼的行为等无明显影响。     

碳酸氢铵对小球藻生长影响的研究

本文研究了以碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3)作为氮源时,不同浓度的氮和氮磷比(N/P)对小球藻生长的影响.在培养液中添加氮(N)质量浓度分别为0、50、100 mg/I,的碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3)和磷(P)质量浓度为0、3、6 mg/L的磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4),进行双因素试验,结果显示,添加N 50 mg/L、P 3 mg/L时小球藻的细胞密度、吸光度(OD)值和单位体积叶绿素等生长指标均显著高于其他各处理组(P＜0.05).然后缩小浓度梯度进一步试验,分别添加N浓度为40、50、60 mg/L,和P浓度为2、3、4 mg/L,结果表明,添加N 50 mg/L,时小球藻的各种生长指标高于N40 mg/L和N 60 mg/L组(P＜0.05),其中N 50 mg/L、P 3 mg/L,组合效果最明显.综上所述,NH4HCO3作为N源、NaH2PO4作为P源时,小球藻生长的最适N、P浓度分别为50 mg/L,和3 mg/L,N/P为16.7:1.     

吡虫啉对家蚕的毒性

吡虫啉对蚕的毒性试验表明 :4龄起蚕致死中浓度 (LC50 )为 2 71mg/L ,致死中量 (LD50 )为0 0 3 4 μg/头。 4龄起蚕连续添食吡虫啉水溶液试验表明 :0 0 0 71mg/mL( 1 4× 1 0 4 倍稀释液 )浓度吡虫啉连续添毒对蚕有明显的毒性 ,茧的经济性状也有显著地下降。 0 0 1 2 5mg/mL( 8× 1 0 4 倍稀释液 )吡虫啉连续添毒 1 2h的蚕 ,上蔟率为 86%,死笼茧率为 3 9%,鲜茧茧层率为 2 1 2 %,比对照区低 0 3 %,而持续添毒则表现为全部死亡。此外 ,吡虫啉对家蚕具有触杀和熏蒸毒性     

硼砂对鲫鱼的毒性研究

为了确定硼砂对鲫鱼的毒性大小,试验采用静水生物试验法,通过设置5个不同浓度组,连续观察96 h,根据急性毒性试验结果分别计算出硼砂对鲫鱼的24,48,72,96小时时的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为2 250.78 mg/L,1 652.04 mg/L,1 445.98 mg/L,1 341.26 mg/L。根据公式计算得出硼砂对鲫鱼的安全浓度(SC)为134.126 mg/L,根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》中农药对鱼类的毒性等级划分标准,判定硼砂对鲫鱼的毒性级别为低毒;鲫鱼分别在0、安全浓度、1/3倍的96小时时半致死浓度(1/3 96 h LC_(50))、2/3倍的96小时时半致死浓度(2/3 96 h LC_(50))药物浓度下经过72 h染毒后,制作肠道切片进行观察。结果表明:安全浓度组与对照组相比,对照组鲫鱼肠道绒毛排列整齐,褶皱高度较高,安全浓度组鲫鱼绒毛高度与对照组相比没有明显差别,但部分绒毛出现断裂。1/396 h LC_(50)组与对照组相比,1/3 96 h LC_(50)组鲫鱼肠道绒毛出现糜烂状,没有清晰的轮廓。2/3 96 h LC_(50)组与对照组相比,鲫鱼肠道绒毛出现萎缩状。     

单诺沙星脂质体在蛋雏鸡血浆的药代动力学

分别采用静脉注射和内服两种给药途径给予健康蛋雏鸡甲磺酸单诺沙星溶液和甲磺酸单诺沙星脂质体混悬液(剂量为5 mg/kg).结果显示,两种剂型静注给药的药时数据均符合无吸收二室开放模型,主要药动学参数分别为T1/2α 0.349 6、0.351 8 h;T1/2β6.411 4、8.193 2 h;AUC3.799 7、5.066 0 mg/(L·h);CLβ1.723 2、1.131 7 L/(kg·h).两种剂型内服给药的药时数据均符合一级吸收一室开放模型,主要药动学参数分别为T1/2 Ka0.301 7、0.524 4 h;T1/2K 4.479 2、5.021 7 h;AUC 3.284 4、4.610 6 mg/(L·h);Cmax 0.483 8、1.054 8 mg/L;Tp 1.287 3、1.936 2 h;生物利用度分别为86.44%、91.01%.可见这两种剂型的静注与内服给药的体内药动学特征不同.与甲磺酸单诺沙星溶液相比,甲磺酸单诺沙星脂质体血浆半衰期延长,达峰浓度高,有效浓度维持时间持久,内服生物利用度提高.     

口服硫酸安普霉素在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对 5头健康猪口服和静脉注射国产硫酸安普霉素 ,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。用微生物法测定血清药物浓度 ,结果平均回收率为 99.0 3%,血清最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5 μg/ ml,日内日间变异系数为 2 .2 %～ 5 .0 %,且血清浓度在0 .0 5～ 3μg/ m l范围呈良好线性关系 (r=0 .996 5 )。以 2 0 mg/ kg口服和以 2 0 mg/ kg静脉注射硫酸安普霉素后 ,经 Mcpkp药代动力学计算机程序处理 ,体内药物运转分别符合开放型一室和二室模型 ,生物半衰期 t1 / 2 分别为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) h和 (3.1 7± 0 .75 )h;CLB分别为 4 .82 L / kg· h和 0 .1 6 L / kg· h;AUC值分别为 4 .1 4和 1 30 .6 2。口服 :Cmax为 (0 .2 4± 0 .0 3)μg/ ml;Tp为 (5 .1 2±0 .6 1 ) h;T1 / 2 K为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) ;生物利用度 (AUCp.0 / AUCi.v)为 (3.1 92 8± 0 .70 4 4 ) %。上述药代动力学数据为动物临床用药提供有价值的理论依据     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein