共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Yu Hong Astrid Ardiyanti Motoi Kikusato Tomoyuki Shimazu Masaaki Toyomizu Keiichi Suzuki 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(9):818-825
Selection for high (H) and low (L) oxygen consumption (OC) as an indirect estimation of maintenance energy requirement was determined. Feed intake and body weight were measured and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 4–8‐week‐old mice was calculated. Respiratory activity of hepatic mitochondria was measured at 12 weeks. Total feed intake (H: 103.74 g, L: 97.92 g, P < 0.01), daily feed intake (H: 3.70 g/day, L: 3.50 g/day, P < 0.01) and FCR (H: 18.79, L: 15.50, P < 0.01) were significantly different between lines. The line by sex interaction was significant for FCR. No line differences were observed in males; and the FCR of the H line was greater than in the L line in females. H line mice had the highest hepatic mitochondrial respiratory activity in state 2 (P < 0.01), the highest uncoupled respiratory rate of mitochondria in the presence of an uncoupling agent (P < 0.001), and the mitochondrial proton leak. The adenosine diphosphate/ O ratio was highest in the L line (P < 0.05). This suggests that the selection for high and low OC induced differences in basal mitochondrial respiration and basal metabolism, resulting in difference in FCR between H and L lines. 相似文献
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Hongyu Darhan Motoi Kikusato Masaaki Toyomizu Sang‐gun Roh Kazuo Katoh Masahiro Sato Keiichi Suzuki 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(7):959-965
Maintenance energy requirements (MER) of mice selected for high (H) or low (L) oxygen consumption (OC) were compared. Forty‐four mice from H and L OC lines were weaned at 3 weeks and divided into four experimental groups: group A were sacrificed at 4 weeks; group B were fed ad libitum, and groups C and D were fed 2.8 and 2.4 g/day, respectively, from 4 to 8 weeks of age. Groups B–D were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Chemical components were estimated for all groups. MER was estimated using a model that partitioned metabolizable energy intake into that used for maintenance, and protein and fat deposition. The feed conversion ratio for the B group was significantly higher in the H than in the L line. Feed intake for metabolic energy content per metabolic body size was significantly also higher in the H line, whereas accumulated energy content per metabolic body size was significantly higher in the L line. MER of the H line was greater than that of the L line (P < 0.10). These results suggest that selection for H or L OC produced differences in chemical components, feed efficiency, and MER between the H and L lines. 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to determine the influence of biochar obtained from exothermic production of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) on sheep performance and diet digestibility and on preference for a ration enriched with this carbon-based material. Twenty-four lambs were housed in individual pens and assigned to one of three treatment groups (eight animals per group), where they received: 1) a 60:40 ration of alfalfa:barley (Control), 2) an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous ration with alfalfa, barley, and 2% biochar (BC), and 3) a simultaneous offer of the Control and BC rations (Choice). Lambs were exposed to two consecutive feeding periods (Period 1: 13 d and Period 2: 21 d), representing time intervals where the evolution of intake, animal performance, and rumen parameters were assessed; in vivo digestibility was determined during the last 5 d of the study. Ration intake did not differ among groups of lambs (P > 0.10), although during some days in Period 2, intake was greater for the BC and Choice groups than for the Control group (P < 0.05). Lambs in Choice had a lower preference for BC than for the Control ration (Period 1: P < 0.05; Period 2: P < 0.10), although they incorporated a substantial amount of BC (39 and 40%, for Periods 1 and 2, respectively) into their diets. No differences in body weight gains (ADG) or gain-to-feed ratios were found among groups of animals (P > 0.10), although dry matter digestibility and digestible dry matter intake was greater for lambs in the BC group than for lambs in Control group (P < 0.05). The ruminal concentration of the volatile acid acetate in Period 2 was greater for BC than for Choice (P < 0.05). During the same period, the concentration of valerate and ruminal pH values were greater in BC than in Control (P < 0.05). Thus, the addition of biochar to grain-based diets enhanced diet digestibility and influenced some ruminal parameters in lambs. Nevertheless, these positive effects were not reflected in significant improvements on ADG or feed conversion efficiencies. Lambs offered choices between Control and BC rations formed a diet with concentrations of biochar of ~1.2%, suggesting that these animals would tolerate such levels without reductions in ration palatability. 相似文献
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V.H. Nielsen & I.R. Korsgaard 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2006,123(6):362-368
Mice selected for weight gain from 3 to 9 weeks of age on a normal (N) protein diet containing 19.3% protein and a reduced (R) protein diet with 5.1% protein were reared on both diets in generations 7 and 9. The lines NH, NC, NL, RH, RC and RL (H, high; C, control; L, low) were tested for weight gain on diet N and R and for feed intake and feed efficiency on diet N in generation 7. In generation 9, the lines were tested for body composition traits (fat, protein and water percentage) at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age on both diets. A significant (p < 0.0001) genotype × environment interaction for growth rate was observed in generation 7. Weight gain at both the protein levels was best improved by selection at the protein level itself. Furthermore, the ranking of the lines on diet N was similar for weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. In generation 9 at 9 weeks of age, the ranking of the lines for fat percentage was equal to the ranking for weight gain in generation 7 on both test‐diets. The association between weight gain and protein or water percentage was less pronounced, particularly on diet R. These results suggest that the largest genetic improvement in growth rate is obtained when the protein content of the feed is the same in selection and production. However, when selection is carried out in one environment while the animals have to perform under conditions with varying nutrient protein contents, selection in an inferior environment may be advantageous. 相似文献
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《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(1):9-19
The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of early-age growth limitation, achieved through feed restriction (FR), as a means of reducing ascites mortality in broiler chickens exposed to low ambient temperatures. Feed restriction was applied to broilers from 5 to 11 d of age so as to reduce their weight gain to about 40% of that of control broilers that were fed ad libitum (AL). At the age of 21 d the chickens were exposed to a temperature of 15°C, which induced ascites. By 46 d of age, ascites incidence and mortality in the feed-restricted birds were reduced to 15.79 vs. 36.84% and 7.89 vs. 26.32%, respectively, compared with those in the controls (P < 0.05). After feed restriction was stopped, the FR chickens had accelerated weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio from 11 to 18 d of age (P < 0.05), and by 46 d they had achieved the same body weight as the AL birds. Ascitic broilers had smaller relative breast muscle and spleen weights than those of the healthy broilers at 46 d (P < 0.05). However, the relative weights of lung, heart, and liver and the right ventricle weight per total ventricle weight (RV:TV) ratios were greater in ascitic broilers (P < 0.05). At age 37 d, when ascites had developed but not yet caused mortality, the ascitic broilers had lower plasma concentrations of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and higher hematocrit values (P < 0.05) in comparison with the healthy ones. Ascitic birds also had lower oxygen consumption at 6 wk (P < 0.05), which agrees with information that the terminal stage of the ascites syndrome can be characterized by low oxygen consumption. We concluded that the early-age feed restriction reduced ascites incidence and mortality and prevented reduction of the thyroid hormone concentrations in male broilers reared at low ambient temperature from the age of 3 wk onward. 相似文献
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Ramona Weishaar Robin Wellmann Amelia Camarinha-Silva Markus Rodehutscord Jörn Bennewitz 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2020,137(1):14-22
Most traits in animal breeding, including feed efficiency traits in pigs, are affected by many genes with small effect and have a moderately high heritability between 0.1 and 0.5, which enables efficient selection. Since the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract is also partly heritable and was shown to have a substantial effect on feed efficiency, the host genes affect the phenotype not only directly by altering metabolic pathways, but also indirectly by changing the microbiota composition. The effect of the microbiota composition on the breeding value of an animal is the conditional expectation of its breeding value, given the vector with microbiota frequencies, that is The breeding value of an animal can therefore be decomposed into a heritable contribution that arises from an altered microbiota composition and a heritable contribution that arises from altered metabolic pathways within the animal, so Instead of selecting for breeding value , an index comprising the two components and with appropriate weights, that is , can be used. The present study shows how this breeding strategy can be applied in pig genomic selection breeding scheme for two feed efficiency traits and daily gain. 相似文献
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M.A. Hoque K. Suzuki H. Kadowaki T. Shibata & T. Oikawa 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2007,124(3):108-116
Genetic parameters for feed efficiency traits of 380 boars and growth and carcass traits of 1642 pigs (380 boars, 868 gilts and 394 barrows) in seven generations of Duroc population were estimated. Feed efficiency traits included the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and nutritional (RFI(nut)), phenotypic (RFI(phe)) and genetic (RFI(gen)) residual feed intake. Growth and carcass traits were the age to reach 105-kg body weight (A105), loin eye muscle area (EMA), backfat (BF), intra-muscular fat (IMF) and meat tenderness. The mean values for RFI(phe) and RFI(gen) were close to zero and for RFI(nut) was negative. All the measures of feed efficiency were moderately heritable (h(2) = 0.31, 0.38, 0.40 and 0.27 for RFI(nut), RFI(phe), RFI(gen) and FCR respectively). The heritabilities for all growth and carcass traits were moderate (ranged from 0.37 to 0.45), except for BF, which was high (0.72). The genetic correlations of RFI(phe) and RFI(gen) with A105 were positive and high. Measures of RFI were correlated negatively with EMA. BF was more strongly correlated with measures of RFI (r(g) > or = 0.73) than with FCR (r(g) = 0.52). Selection for daily gain, EMA, BF and IMF caused favourable genetic changes in feed efficiency traits. Results of this study indicate that selection against either RFI(phe) or RFI(gen) would give a similar correlated response in carcass traits. 相似文献
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Gerardo A. CORDERO Matthew L. KARNATZ Jon C. SVENDSEN Eric J. GANGLOFF 《Integrative zoology》2017,12(2):148-156
Low‐oxygen conditions (hypoxia; <21% O2) are considered unfavorable for growth; yet, embryos of many vertebrate taxa develop successfully in hypoxic subterranean environments. Although enhanced tolerance to hypoxia has been demonstrated in adult reptiles, such as in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), its effects on sensitive embryo life stages warrant attention. We tested the hypothesis that short‐term hypoxia negatively affects growth during day 40 of development in C. picta, when O2 demands are highest in embryos. A brief, but severe, hypoxic event (5% O2 for 0.5 h) moderately affected embryo growth, causing a 13% reduction in mass (relative to a normoxic control). The same condition had no effect during day 27; instead, a nearly anoxic event (1% O2 for 72 h) caused a 5% mass reduction. All embryos survived the egg incubation period. Our study supports the assumption that reptilian embryos are resilient to intermittently low O2 in subterranean nests. Further work is needed to ascertain responses to suboptimal O2 levels while undergoing dynamic changes in developmental physiology. 相似文献
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非常规饲料资源的开发,不仅要对饲料资源充分了解,还要在加工技术、仪器设施、营养数据库等方面配套升级,以资源高效、循环利用为目标,大力开发非常规饲料资源的使用范围和利用效率,全面推动新型饲料的应用。文章讨论了非常规饲料资源的利用现状和开发途径,旨在为我国非常规饲料原料的合理开发提供参考。 相似文献
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为研究干基发酵豆粕和湿基发酵豆粕替代豆粕和鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和酶活性的影响,试验挑选初始体质量为3.6～4.2 g的凡纳滨对虾99900尾,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复5550尾,分别饲喂添加6%去皮豆粕(DSM)、4%干发酵豆粕(DFSM)、7%湿发酵豆粕(WFSM)等氮等脂的试验饲料。在室内流水养殖系统进行为期73 d的养殖试验,然后对生长情况、存活率、转氨酶和免疫相关酶等指标进行测定。结果表明:干发酵豆粕和湿发酵豆粕两组之间终末均重无显著性差异(P> 0.05),但分别显著高于去皮豆粕组2.74、4.14 g(P <0.05);湿发酵豆粕组质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于另外两组(P <0.05),其中湿发酵豆粕组质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于去皮豆粕组96.03%、0.38%/d;干发酵豆粕和湿发酵豆粕组饲料转化率和成活率高于去皮豆粕组,但差异不显著(P> 0.05);干发酵豆粕组超氧化物歧化酶活性、总抗氧化能力及酚氧化酶活性高于去皮豆粕组,低于湿发酵豆粕组,但各试验组之间无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。综上所述,在本次试验条件下,饲料中添加发酵豆粕能改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料效率及抗氧化活性,而且湿基发酵豆粕应用效果优于干发酵豆粕。 相似文献
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We simulated a genomic selection pig breeding schemes containing nucleus and production herds to improve feed efficiency of production pigs that were cross‐breed. Elite nucleus herds had access to high‐quality feed, and production herds were fed low‐quality feed. Feed efficiency in the nucleus herds had a heritability of 0.3 and 0.25 in the production herds. It was assumed the genetic relationships between feed efficiency in the nucleus and production were low (rg = 0.2), medium (rg = 0.5) and high (rg = 0.8). In our alternative breeding schemes, different proportion of production animals were recorded for feed efficiency and genotyped with high‐density panel of genetic markers. Genomic breeding value of the selection candidates for feed efficiency was estimated based on three different approaches. In one approach, genomic breeding value was estimated including nucleus animals in the reference population. In the second approach, the reference population was containing a mixture of nucleus and production animals. In the third approach, the reference population was only consisting of production herds. Using a mixture reference population, we generated 40–115% more genetic gain in the production environment as compared to only using nucleus reference population that were fed high‐quality feed sources when the production animals were offspring of the nucleus animals. When the production animals were grand offspring of the nucleus animals, 43–104% more genetic gain was generated. Similarly, a higher genetic gain generated in the production environment when mixed reference population was used as compared to only using production animals. This was up to 19 and 14% when the production animals were offspring and grand offspring of nucleus animals, respectively. Therefore, in genomic selection pig breeding programmes, feed efficiency traits could be improved by properly designing the reference population. 相似文献
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提高猪饲料效率的测定与选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为提高猪饲料效率的选择,本试验测定一些与猪饲料效率相关的生产性状并进行遗传评估。方法：测定60头军牧1号白猪后备公猪的采食量、体增重、背膘厚等生产性状,用猪剩余采食量（RFI）和饲料转化率（FCR）作为评价饲料效率的两个指标,并对其遗传参数进行评估。结果：测定期内军牧1号公猪群体FCR均值为2．61,RFI的标准差为77．52。RFI与FCR的遗传力分别是0．35、0．33,RFI与ADFI（日采食量）、ADG（日增重）、BF（背膘厚）的遗传相关分别是0．89、0．12、-0．05,FCR与ADFI、ADG、BF的遗传相关分别是0．55、-0．65、-0．11。结论：军牧1号白猪品种内饲料效率存在较大的遗传差异,由于RFI与ADG遗传相关很低,因此用RFI作为选择性状可有效提高猪的饲料效率。 相似文献
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D. B. Galvani C. C. Pires T. P. Wommer F. Oliveira M. F. Santos 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2010,94(6):e366-e373
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationship among the level of feed intake, chewing pattern, and diet digestibility in sheep fed a moderate‐concentrate diet. The first experiment was conducted using six male lambs at a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate diet digestibility and microbial N synthesis according to the level of intake: ad libitum, or restricted to either 70 or 55% of the ad libitum intake. In the second experiment, fifteen male lambs were housed in individual stalls, in a completely randomized design, and fed one of the three levels of dry matter intake (DMI). Chewing patterns were then evaluated for 24 h using a regular 5‐min interval observation technique, two times during the experimental period. Decreasing level of feed intake resulted in increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fibre, as well as of the true digestibility of organic matter. Total time spent eating and ruminating decreased with feed restriction. However, lambs fed at restricted levels of intake presented a higher rate of eating (g DMI/min) than those fed ad libitum, and spent more time ruminating each gram of DM (min/g DMI). In conclusion, our results suggest that a more effective chewing during rumination activity can have an important role on feed digestion in animals submitted to feed restriction. 相似文献
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苎麻是适于中国南方种植的优质植物蛋白质饲料作物,但缺乏氮素利用的生理基础研究。为了明确氮素水平对饲用苎麻氮代谢相关酶的影响,本研究以氮高效基因型苎麻H2000-03和氮低效基因型苎麻册亨家麻为材料进行了盆栽试验,设置0、6、9、12、15 mmol/L氮素处理水平,分析了苎麻幼苗期(15 d)、旺长期(40 d)和成熟期(54 d)氮代谢及抗性关键酶活性的动态变化特征及相关关系,并采用模糊隶属函数法进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)随着氮素处理浓度的增加,两个苎麻品种的株高、鲜重及叶片蛋白质含量呈先增加后下降或趋于平稳的趋势,表明苎麻对氮素需求存在最适量,低于或高于最适水平将导致显著的产量降低或报酬递减现象。H2000-03在不同氮素水平下的株高和鲜产均显著高于册亨家麻,在适宜氮素水平下(9~12 mmol/L)叶片蛋白质含量也显著较高,并在高氮胁迫下可维持鲜产,整体表现出较高的生产力和稳产性。(2)在不同生长时期,两个苎麻品种NR活性随氮素浓度的提高逐渐升高,而GS、GOGAT、GLDH、CAT、SOD和POD等酶活呈单峰变化趋势。H2000-03的NR、GS、GOGAT、CAT活性及高氮水平下的SOD、POD活性均高于册亨家麻,而GLDH和低氮水平下的SOD和POD活性较低,整体表现出较高的生理响应和适应能力。(3)苎麻氮代谢与抗性关键酶与其产量和品质变化特征一致,可用于监测、表征苎麻基因型间氮素利用的差异。本研究认为:相对于持续提高氮素用量,苎麻可在适宜的氮素水平下达到生理特性与生产性能的契合,旺长期氮代谢相关酶活性可作为饲用苎麻品种选育的指标之一。 相似文献
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J. Hattingh 《African Zoology》2013,48(1):35-39
Haemoglobin concentrations, haematocrit values, red blood cell counts, red blood cell diameter, white blood cell counts and plasma haemoglobin concentrations were performed on the yellowfish (Barbus holubi) and the barbel (Clarias gariepinus). Wide variations were observed in haematocrit values and haemoglobin concentrations and statistically significant correlations existed between mean corpuscular volume and average corpuscular haemoglobin and between the red blood cell count and mean corpuscular volume in the case of the yellowfish and between the red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration in the case of the barbel. It was found that the determination of one variable is not sufficient for the routine assessment of other haematological parameters in these fish due to poor correlations observed. This can only be done in the case of the variables mentioned. 相似文献
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为进一步了解铜对生物体的生物学效应，选用硫酸铜作为铜源，向即时分离的肉鸡肝细胞线粒体培养液内加入终浓度分别为5、10、20μmol／L的铜（以铜计），孵育10min后，观察肝细胞线粒体膜通透性及呼吸的变化。结果显示，铜对线粒体膜通透性转换孔有较显著的影响，造成线粒体不同程度的肿胀，表现为线粒体悬液在540nm处的吸光值下降，且铜浓度越高，吸光值下降越明显，在孵盲6min后3种浓度的吸光值下降百分比差异显著（P〈0．05）。随着铜浓度的升高，线粒体呼吸逐渐减弱，RCR、P／O、OPR均显著降低（P〈0．05），这些变化可能是微量元素铜对生物机体产生毒害作用的本质原因之一。 相似文献