Antimicrobial stewardship in equine practice

Antimicrobial stewardship involves the judicious use of antimicrobials balanced against the requirement to treat the presenting clinical condition. The same mandate and principles as discussed in human medicine and other veterinary disciplines are relevant to equine practice. This brief review will focus on available resources for equine practitioners, emerging perspectives on antimicrobial use and stewardship, and opportunities for more effective antimicrobial use in equine practice. There is a need for improved client education, availability of faster and more accurate techniques for identification and sensitivity testing of bacterial pathogens, and the development of novel agents.     

美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

全面介绍了美国兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

International trends impacting antimicrobial stewardship in animal health

The Tripartite collaboration (World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, and the World Organisation for Animal Health) produced two documents for consultation with Member Countries in 2017 ‐ Monitoring and Evaluation of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: Proposed approach and the Global Framework for Development & Stewardship to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Draft Roadmap. These documents intend to support a strategic whole‐of‐system approach towards the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. This paper outlines the recent thinking in antimicrobial stewardship being developed by the major international organisations involved with mitigating global antimicrobial resistance. The directions being set in key frameworks will need to be considered by Australian stakeholders as their own antimicrobial stewardship approaches and activities are formulated.     

Antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry: responding to the threat of antimicrobial resistance

Dairy Australia is the national service body for the Australian dairy industry. Its role is to help farmers adapt to a changing operating environment and achieve a profitable, sustainable dairy industry. Although the use of antibiotics in Australian agriculture is relatively low in global terms, Dairy Australia recognises important drivers for continuous improvement in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Dairy Australia’s first strategic priority is to support profitable farms. This priority has driven the development of a range of on‐farm change management programs in the animal health and welfare fields to optimise the unit cost of production and dairy cattle welfare. Dairy Australia’s third strategic priority is to further develop a ‘trusted dairy industry’. Previous and current work under these two strategies position the dairy industry favourably with respect to confronting the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and supporting sound AMS with the guiding principle of ‘as little as possible, as much as necessary’. However, given an incomplete but ongoing threat of AMR, more work is needed. Supported by Dairy Australia, the dairy industry has developed an antimicrobial use strategy aligning with the Australian Animal Sector National AMR Plan 2018.     

美国兽药管理机构简介

对美国兽药管理机构做了全面阐述，介绍了美国相关兽药的各个管理机构及其相应的职责和任务，目的为我国的兽药管理体制及机构建设提供可借鉴信息。     

动物源细菌耐药性评估在兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动中的应用

动物源细菌耐药性已引起广泛关注,全国正在逐步推进兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动。为更好地推动减量化行动的实施,浙江省在耐药性的评估及应用方面进行探索。研究分析了耐药性评估在减量化行动中的作用,建立了耐药系数评估模型与应用方法,研判了目前耐药性监测可能存在的问题,以期更好地推进兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动。     

The teaching of dermatology in veterinary education in North America (2002)

The purpose of this study was to collect and report the current quantity and content of dermatology taught in the nonclinical and clinical curricula of North American veterinary colleges. This is the first published record of this information and was gathered from 29/30 colleges. Half of the respondents of the questionnaire thought that veterinary students currently receive sufficient didactic dermatology course work. A separate didactic dermatology course is required at 16/29 colleges, which provides a mean of 31.31 instructional units. Twenty-four of 29 veterinary colleges offer a separate clinical dermatology rotation. Thirteen schools report that students who desire a clinical rotation through dermatology usually attain it. However, it is only required for graduation in seven colleges. This report serves as a tool for veterinary schools assessing their existing curriculum and allows them to compare the education they provide in this specialty with that of other colleges.     

加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

文章全面介绍了加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为中国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

中国与美国兽药管理体制的比较

从兽药管理法规、兽药监督管理部门、兽药标准、新兽药审批注册管理、兽药生产、兽药经营、兽药不良反应监管和兽药法律责任等八个方面,分别列举和比较了中国与美国兽药管理体制的规定.     

Canada and Veterinary Parasitology

A World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology tradition for its conference is to present some highlights of the country hosting the event, and with an emphasis on the history of, and research in, veterinary parasitology. A review of Canada's peoples, physiography, climate, natural resources, agriculture, animal populations, pioneers in veterinary parasitology, research accomplishments by other veterinary parasitologists, centres for research in veterinary parasitology, and major current research had been presented at a World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology Conference in Canada in 1987, and was published. The present paper updates the information on the above topics for the 22 years since this conference was last held in Canada.     

美国生物安全三级实验室管理的启示

在美国学习和考察期间,充分体验了生物安全三级实验室的建筑设计、管理理念和运行情况,初步了解了美国生物安全三级实验室的运行管理模式,对今后我国兽医实验室的生物安全管理有了新的启发.     

加拿大兽药管理体系及其对我国的启示

全面概述了加拿大的兽药管理体系,包括加拿大的兽药定义、主要管理机构及其职责和任务、兽药管理的法律法规和主要内容等,进而对加拿大在兽药管理制度及体系方面的改革和完善进程做一简要介绍,为我国兽药法制化管理的进一步发展提供了可借鉴的信息。     

Antibiotic prophylaxis in veterinary cancer chemotherapy: A review and recommendations

Bacterial infection following cancer chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in human and veterinary patients. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is controversial in the human oncology field, as any decreased incidence in bacterial infections is countered by patient adverse effects and increased antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive guidelines exist to aid human oncologists in prescribing antimicrobial prophylaxis but similar recommendations are not available in veterinary literature. As the veterinarian's role in antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly emphasized, it is vital that veterinary oncologists implement appropriate antimicrobial use. By considering the available human and veterinary literature we present an overview of current clinical practices and are able to suggest recommendations for prophylactic antimicrobial use in veterinary cancer chemotherapy patients.     

Evaluation of Specific Infection Control Practices Used by Companion Animal Veterinarians in Community Veterinary Practices in Southern Ontario

This study evaluated specific infection control practices in community veterinary practices in southern Ontario. Environmental disinfection, management of infectious patients and antimicrobial use in clean surgical procedures were investigated. Community companion animal veterinary practices (n = 101) in Southern Ontario were recruited, and a questionnaire was administered to one veterinarian and one veterinary technician from each practice. The veterinarian questionnaire gathered data on clinic demographics, management of infectious patients, infectious diseases of concern, environmental disinfection and antimicrobial use in surgical procedures. The veterinary technician questionnaire gathered data on environmental disinfection. None of the veterinary practices had a formal infection control programme. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 66) of the veterinary practices did not have an isolation area and 61% (n = 40) of these practices did not employ any specific infection control measures for infectious cases. The products most frequently used for environmental disinfection were hydrogen peroxide based or quaternary ammonium compounds. Bleach was the agent most commonly used for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids; however 60% of the veterinarians and 40% of the veterinary technicians did not identify a product for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids. Twenty‐four per cent of the veterinarians reported using antimicrobials in animals undergoing elective sterilization surgeries and 60% reported using antimicrobials in other clean surgical procedures. There is a need for community veterinary practices to develop infection control programmes specific to their individual practice. In addition, veterinarians should discontinue the common use of antimicrobials for clean elective sterilization surgical procedures.     

Outpacing the resistance tsunami: Antimicrobial stewardship in equine medicine,an overview

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is the term increasingly used to describe the multiple approaches needed to sustain the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in the face of the increasing development and spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens, and the global crisis in medicine that it is engendering. The concept and the practices associated with AMS continue to evolve but the general approach is a dynamic and multifaceted one of continuous improvement based on reducing, improving, monitoring and evaluating the use of antimicrobials so as to preserve their future efficacy and to protect human and animal health. Using many equine examples, this basic overview discusses the multiple and interacting elements of AMS: Practice guidelines, infection control and prevention, clinical microbiology, resistance and use surveillance, dosage, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, regulation, education and owner compliance, leadership, coordination and measurement. There have been impressive advances in recent years in reporting and analysis of AMR in horses, in the scrutiny and assessment of how antimicrobial drugs are used in horses and in identification of areas for improvement including dosing, surgical prophylaxis, infection control, development of practice standards and the use of clinical microbiology. Antimicrobial stewardship is taking shape as we start to see the emergence of evidence-based recommendations but far more is required. Containing and even rolling back AMR will need the continued engagement of practitioners, equine national and international practitioner organisations, researchers and educators in the academic community, horse owners, regulators and others.     

Overview of the use of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections in horses

The use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine is under great scrutiny with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the human population. Equine veterinarians rely on antimicrobials as an essential tool for the treatment of infections in horses, but there is much criticism of some use, particularly prophylaxis. While the appropriate use of antimicrobials can be justified in equine medicine, the misuse cannot. The definition of appropriate use is complex and involves the indication for therapy, antimicrobial selection, dosing regimen and timing and route of administration, duration of therapy and modification of therapy based on microbial susceptibility and clinical response. The aim of this article is to provide guidance on these factors to assist equine veterinarians in determining what constitutes appropriate antimicrobial use in horses.     

中国与美国及新西兰牛奶兽药残留监测计划的比较

目的：比较中国与美国及新西兰牛奶兽药残留监测计划的差异和不足,为完善我国牛奶兽药残留监测计划提供参考。方法：收集2008-2011年中国、美国及新西兰的牛奶兽药残留监测计划的数据,比较各个国家实施监测计划的药物种类、样本量以及实施结果。结果：我国与美国及新西兰牛奶兽药残留监测计划相比,监测药物种类与美国及新西兰相近,但检测量少,难以覆盖所有牧场;2011年度的中国与美国及新西兰牛奶抗生素残留监测的检测结果为：中国的检出率高于美国和新西兰（P〈0．05）,有统计学意义。建议在监测计划中扩大监测范围,增加检测量,使监测计划能覆盖更多地区和牧场。