辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生长特征

根据2012-2013年在辽东湾水域进行的6个航次的底拖网调查资料,采用体长频率分析法研究了该水域小黄鱼(Larimichtlys polyactis)的生长特征。结果表明,2012-2013年间共采集小黄鱼样本2 593尾,体长范围为40~210 mm,平均体长为115 mm,优势体长组为90~130 mm,占59.3%。体长与体质量的关系式为W=3×10~(-5)×L~(2.8424)。采用ELEFAN技术计算了小黄鱼的Von-Bertalanffy生长方程,其极限体长L_∞、生长系数K分别为260 mm和0.47。种群总死亡系数Z、自然死亡系数M和捕捞死亡系数F分别为2.31、0.41、1.90。与辽东湾及其邻近水域的历史数据相比,辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生物学特征与2000年前发生了较大变化,极限体长减小,生长速度加快,群体小型化和低龄化严重。2012-2013年辽东湾水域小黄鱼的资源开发率为0.823,其资源处于过度开发状态。     

长江干流圆口铜鱼的年龄与生长研究

采用鳞片材料对采自长江干流宜昌和重庆江段圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）的年龄进行鉴定,并对其生长方程、生长拐点等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,调查江段圆口铜鱼的年龄组成以1、2龄个体为主;体长（L）和鳞径（R）呈线性关系,L=15.327R＋71.349;体重（W）与体长（L）呈幂指数关系,W=0.00002L2.9942;体长von Bertalanfy生长方程为Lt=730.15[1-e-0.12（t＋1.01）];体重生长方程为Wt=7493.05[1-e-0.12（t＋1.01）]2.9942;其生长拐点年龄为8.13龄。圆口铜鱼体长生长3龄前为快速期,之后生长减缓。为了保护长江干流圆口铜鱼资源,建议以278mm为最小捕捞个体的体长。     

北部湾二长棘鲷生长和死亡参数估计

根据上世纪90年代及60年代的生物学资料，运用体长频率分析法估算二长棘鲷的生长和死亡参数。vonBertlanffy生长方程的主要参数L∞=27．3cm，K=0．45，t0=-O．34；体重的生长拐点为2．12龄；瞬时总死亡率(Z)、瞬时自然死亡率(M)和瞬时捕捞死亡率(F)分别为2.825，1．045和1．78。当前开发率为0．63，资源处于过度利用状态。根据等渔量曲线图分析，当前的捕捞强度过高，而开捕年龄和开捕体长过低，资源出现衰竭现象。综合考虑当前的捕捞强度和社会经济效益，建议北部湾二长棘鲷的最适开捕年龄大于1龄，开捕体长大于120mm。     

北部湾口海域深水金线鱼生长和死亡研究

2007年1-12月在北部湾口采集477尾深水金线鱼标本,使用FiSATⅡ软件中的ELEFANⅠ程序包对其生长参数进行了估算.一维方差分析结果表明,北部湾口海域深水金线鱼体长和体质量相关性无显著性性别差异（P>0.05）,雌、雄混合后的体长和体质量关系方程为mt=5.4604×10-5L2.875t;Von Bertalanffy生长方程为Lt=244.7×{1-exp[-0.42×(t+0.37)]},mt=402.3×{1-exp[-0.42×(t+0.37)]}2.875;体质量生长拐点2.3龄,对应体长163.1 mm;逻辑斯蒂方程求解的50％性成熟体长为121.5 mm;体长组成资料的累计渔获量曲线估算的总死亡系数为2.28,Pauly经验公式计算自然死亡系数为0.49,北部湾口海域2007年深水金线鱼的开发率达到0.79,资源处于过度开发状态.Beverton & Holt模型研究表明,当前北部湾口海域深水金线鱼的开捕年龄偏小.建议在当前捕捞力量下,增大tc至2龄,此时深水金线鱼体长为152.3 mm,单位补充量渔获量可达到68.5 g/尾.     

闽东北外海渔场银方头鱼Branchiostegus argentatus(Cuvier)渔业生物学初步研究

闽东北外海底层流刺网作业渔获的银方头鱼群体由Ⅰ-Ⅺ龄11个世代构成，以Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ龄占优势；体长优势组为210-270mm，体重优势组为200-400克，体长与体重的关系W=2.1120×10-5×L2.9964，r=0.9970。初次性成熟年龄为Ⅱ-Ⅲ龄，最小性成熟个体体长为190mm，在4-8月均有产卵活动；按VonBantanffy方程拟合生长参数L∞=436.21mm，W∞=1715.05g，K=0.2357，t0=-0.9542，体重生长拐点年龄为3.702龄。     

衡水湖红鳍原鲌的年龄、生长和繁殖特性研究

为研究衡水湖红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)的年龄、生长和繁殖特性，在衡水湖采集261尾红鳍原鲌，测定其年龄、体长、体重、性腺发育时期、性腺重等。结果表明，衡水湖红鳍原鲌的2～3龄为优势龄组，从4月份开始，随着气温的逐渐回升，平均年龄呈现出缓慢上升的趋势，到6月份达到了最高，为1.95,之后从7月份开始又逐渐降低。红鳍原鲌的体长范围为76～238 mm,均值为119 mm;体重范围为5.5～113.1 g,均值为24.6 g。红鳍原鲌的雌性个体为正异速生长，雄性个体为负异速生长。红鳍原鲌的雌雄种群性比为0.903∶1,体长150 mm以下种群，雄性个体占据优势(雌雄比0.87∶1);体长150 mm以上的种群，雌性个体占据优势(雌雄比1.36∶1)。衡水湖红鳍原鲌的繁殖期为4—9月，主要集中在6—7月。卵径范围为0.30～1.20 mm,主要集中在0.60～1.00 mm,根据卵径的变化趋势推测其产卵类型为分批产卵。     

东海中华管鞭虾种群动态及持续渔获量分析

中华管鞭虾为东海区桁杆拖虾和沿岸定置张网作业重要的渔获对象。本文根据2006-2008年桁杆拖虾监测调查数据整理的各月体长频率数据,应用FiSATⅡ软件分析结果表明：Von Bertalanff生长方程的参数K=1.2,极限体长L∞=112.88mm,t0=0.267;根据Pauly经验公式估算的自然死亡系数M=2.03606;由变换体长渔获曲线法估算的总死亡系数Z=4.71,利用率E=56.77%,开捕体长Lc=65.32mm;应用体长VPA方法估算的年平均资源量为47.74×10^9ind、2.58×10^4t。通过单位补充量产量、产值分析表明,该群体利用合理,开捕体长亦处最佳位置,若降低10%左右的捕捞努力量水平,既能使产值最大化（4.92亿元）,又能实现中华管鞭虾的可持续利用。     

东海北部、黄海南部黄鮟鱇的年龄和生长

利用黄鮟鱇Lophius litulon耳石对2007年3月~2009年5月取自东海北部、黄海南部黄鮟鱇的年龄和生长特征进行了分析。结果显示,黄鱼安鱼康群体由1~5龄组成,以1~2龄鱼为主,捕捞群体呈低龄化;生长特点属均匀生长型,体重与体长关系为W=1.55897×10-5L3.10865,体长与耳石半径关系为L=244.11R-210.6,体长生长方程为Lt=749.9[1-e-0.349(t+0.256)],体重生长方程为Wt=13496.4[1-e-0.349(t+0.256)]3.10865,极限年龄Tmax为8.337龄,生长拐点年龄ti为2.994龄,此时对应的体长和体重分别为508.8mm和4038.7g。为保护黄鮟鱇资源,应限捕体长在500mm以下的个体。     

东海区主要经济鱼类开捕规格的初步研究

根据1997-2000年东海区底拖网渔、№资源调查资料，以Beverton—Holt模型的单位补充量渔获最方程估算东海区18种主要经济鱼类的最适开捕年龄。运用von Bertalanffy，丰长方程估算最适开捕体长。结合鱼类生长的拐点年龄、临界年龄和初届性成熟年龄的体长，以及各鱼种实测最小性成熟体长，确定开捕规格。结果表明，目前东海区产量较高的带鱼（Trichiurus japonicus）和小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）的建议开捕规格分别应为体长230mm和170mm。调整后的开捕规格与旧开捕规格相比，带鱼、短尾大眼鲷（Priacanthus macracanthus）、灰鲳（Pampus cinereus）、自姑鱼（Argyrosomus argentatus）均有所增大，小黄鱼、银鲳（Pampus argenteus）的开捕规格有所减小，变化较小的有蓝点马鲛（Scomberomorus niphonius）、日本鲭（Somber japonicus）、慌圆鲹（Decapterus maruadsi）等。建议以这18种主要经济鱼类为指标种类，制定新的法定开捕体长和幼鱼比例检查措施，实现东海区渔业资源的可持续利用。     

基于生长和死亡参数变化的官井洋大黄鱼资源现状分析

依据2010—2011年福建官井洋水域渔业资源监测调查资料,对2 098尾大黄鱼的体长、体质量、生长、性腺进行测定。据此,利用von Bertalanffy生长方程和死亡参数分析官井洋大黄鱼资源现状,并讨论了拐点年龄,临界年龄等渔业生物学特征。结果表明,目前官井洋大黄鱼平均体长132.6 mm,优势体长组为110～150 mm,占55.96%;平均体质量45.1 g,优势体质量组为10～50 g,占61.77%,大黄鱼幼鱼和补充群体已成为渔业生产的主要捕捞对象。大黄鱼体长—体质量间的关系式为W=2.001×10-5L3.006。用ELEFAN技术拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞=385.4 mm、k=0.43及t0=-0.32a,拐点年龄为2.2龄。对照20世纪80年代福建近海海域大黄鱼群体L∞值从555.4 mm下降到现在的385.4 mm,拐点年龄由2.97下降到2.2,均表明当今大黄鱼群体小型化且低龄化严重。生长系数k由0.36增长到0.43表明大黄鱼的生长速度加快。总死亡系数(Z)为3.12,自然死亡系数(M)为0.45,捕捞死亡系数(F)为2.67,资源开发率(E)为0.856。大黄鱼M值出现上升,可能与福建近海环境质量下降有关,而高强度的捕捞促使大黄鱼捕捞死亡系数由0.84上升到2.67,说明大黄鱼资源已经处于过度开发状态。在官井洋大黄鱼现行资源状态下,应努力降低捕捞死亡水平,保护大黄鱼生存环境,而对目前以小型化和低龄化为主的大黄鱼群体,建议以控制大黄鱼的开捕年龄(t0)为主。     

RNA–DNA ratio of herring and sand lance larvae from Port Moller, Alaska: Comparison with prey concentration and temperature

A key assumption of hypotheses that link the production of prey for larval fish with year-class strength of fish is that larval growth and condition is food-limited. We tested this assumption by comparing whole-body RNA-DNA ratios of individual Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi , larvae and Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hex-apterus , larvae from Port Moller, a subarctic Alaskan estuary, with prey concentration and temperature. RNA-DNA ratios were correlated with larval length, but not with prey concentration or temperature. Ratios were not significantly different between a warm, well-mixed station with low prey concentrations and a colder, stratified station with higher prey concentrations. Using RNA-DNA ratios, we classified as starving 11 to 23% of first-feeding (< 13 mm long) herring larvae and 45% of first-feeding (< 7 mm long) sand lance larvae. However, starvation could not have been caused by low concentrations of prey because micro-zooplankton prey concentrations were high enough (16 to 84 prey L^_l) to support relatively high rates of growth. Therefore, starving larvae were either abnormal or they were stIII learning to forage. We conclude that the magnitude of starvation among first-feeding herring and sand lance larvae, and, therefore, the total contribution of starvation to year-class strength, is dependent not only on prey concentration, but on the proportion of a population of larvae that can feed effectively.     

Interannual decrease in condition factor of the western sand lance Ammodytes japonicus in Japan in the last decade: Evidence for food‐limited decline of the catch

Annual catch of the western sand lance Ammodytes japonicus in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan, has shown a decreasing trend since the 1990s. To examine whether food shortage was the main cause for the catch decrease, we investigated the condition factor of the age‐0 fish at the beginning of the estivation period (late July) in Harima‐Nada, eastern Seto Inland Sea, for 10 years from 2008 to 2017. The mean abundance of copepods as food for the age‐0 fish during the fish growth period (from February to June) around the estivation area was also determined. The condition factor showed a significant decrease, and values for 2011 and later years were mostly lower than the known minimum threshold (4.2) for maturation. In the recent 4 years from 2013 to 2016, the mean copepod abundance was much lower than values for the other years. The condition factor showed a significant positive correlation with the copepod abundance. These results indicate that decline of western sand lance catch after 1990 was caused mainly by food shortage.     

企鹅珍珠贝早期养殖生长性状的增长规律及生长曲线拟合研究

该研究对海南新村港养殖17个月的企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)苗种生长性状进行测量,利用von Bertalanffy、Gompertz 和Logistic 3种生长模型对其生长性状的增长规律进行拟合, 通过Levenberg-Marquardt 迭代法求出各模型中3个生长参数,综合各参数的最优值,得出不同生长性状拟合效果最佳的生长模型。结果表明,Gompertz模型为企鹅珍珠贝各生长性状的最优生长模型。根据生长参数得出壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量的生长极限值分别为93.519 mm、90.641 mm、39.075 mm和157.755 g, 生长拐点分别为2.86个月、4.04个月、5.63个月和9.61个月;各生长性状间的绝对生长速度在不同生长期内差异较大,但随着月龄的增大均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;性状间相对生长速度存在差异并随月龄的增长逐渐趋于0。研究结果可为企鹅珍珠贝的养殖生态研究、遗传育种及插核育珠提供理论依据和参考资料。     

Shell growth and age determination of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Shinji, Japan

ABSTRACT:   Shell growth and age determination of Corbicula japonica were investigated from samples collected monthly at two sites and field growth experiments from November 1999 to November 2000 in Lake Shinji. Both specimens did not grow in winter when the water temperature was below 11°C, but grew rapidly from spring to early summer when the water temperature rose from 15°C to 30°C, before further growing slowly from summer to autumn after the main breeding period. The monthly marginal growth distribution of the samples indicated that the concentric groove on the shell surface was an annual growth ring. It is concluded that the age of C .  japonica in the i -ring group when the shell growth resumed in spring was i  + 0.5 ( i  = 1, 2, · · ·), because the first true growth ring was formed at 0–2 mm in shell length, which then faded with growth. Lee's phenomenon was observed in the age determination results, and thus the growth coefficient and the asymptotic shell length of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were not estimated from the samples. However, these parameters were estimated from the annual shell length increments of the experimental individuals, which were 0.331/year and 28.2 mm, respectively.     

底质对小褐虾生长和存活率影响的实验研究

本研究的目的在于通过小褐虾(Crangon uritai)的人工饲养,以观察栖息底质对其存活率和生长的影响。实验小褐虾样本来自韩国釜山Dadaepo(35°02′N,128°57′E)附近4 m水深海域的桁杆拖网渔获,共选取80尾样本进行实验,其中雌性40尾、雄性40尾,并分别被独立饲养在40个有沙和40个无沙的2 L容器中。为便于分析,将实验样本设为每组20尾,分别为无沙饲养的雌性组NSF和雄性组NSM,以及有沙饲养的雌性组SAF和雄性组SAM。实验环境条件为水温14℃、盐度32.5、光周期L∶D为12∶12。饲养期间,每天投喂新鲜的冷冻虾肉,投喂24 h后将残饵虹吸排除,海水每3天更换1次,整个实验持续100 d。实验前测定每尾实验小褐虾样本的体长和性别。实验中每天检查每个容器中的小褐虾蜕皮、死亡和残饵情况,并记录蜕皮时间以便计算其蜕皮间隔。结果表明,在各组最初样本的甲长分布之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)的情况下,经过整个实验周期,小褐虾NSF和NSM的存活率分别为28%和10%,而SAF和SAM分别为38%和25%。各对照组个体平均甲长的增长量NSF为1.22 mm、SAF为1.43 mm、NSM为0.6 mm、SAM为0.9 mm。有沙饲养条件下,雌性和雄性的蜕皮间隔分别为15.0 d和15.3 d,而无沙饲养的雌雄的蜕皮间隔分别为16.0 d和16.0 d。无论雌性还是雄性在有沙饲养条件的蜕皮间隔均比无沙饲养的短。有沙饲养的雌、雄个体蜕皮增长率分别为5.2%和4.8%,无沙饲养的蜕皮增长率分别为3.7%和3.2%,在有沙饲养条件下雌、雄的蜕皮增长率均较无沙饲养的要大。有沙饲养的雌雄个体生长速度均较无沙饲养的要快,有沙饲养的雌性个体绝对增长率相对于雄性个体要更高。在提供沙质底质的条件下,小褐虾的存活率提高,蜕皮间隔明显缩短,蜕皮增长率增大,更有利于小褐虾的生长。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):90-98]     

基于科学调查与渔业生产数据的山东近海口虾蛄生长参数估算

渔业资源评估一般有两种数据来源,即科学调查数据和渔业生产数据;前者需要定期出海采样,耗时长且费用高,后者易于获取但样本代表性存在问题。本研究以山东近海口虾蛄为例,基于电子体长频率方法(ELEFAN)评估了口虾蛄的生长参数,采用bootstrap 重抽样方法比较了基于渔业生产数据与科学调查数据分析结果的差异,旨在探讨渔业生产数据在估算生长参数上的准确性。结果表明,科学调查数据估算得到的口虾蛄von Bertalanffy季节性生长方程中的极限体长L∞=193.16 mm, K=0.62,生产数据估算得到的口虾蛄极限体长L∞=171.70 mm,K=0.67;非参数检验表明基于两种采样方法所求得的口虾蛄的极限体长L∞呈现显著性差异, K 和“夏季点”ts 均呈现不显著性差异。本研究表明,渔业生产数据在一定程度上能够反映生物的生长状况,对K 和ts 的估算与科学调查数据估算的结果较为接近,但对极限体长的估算误差较大。因此口虾蛄生长研究需要依靠科学调查数据的支持,同时渔业生产数据可以作为辅助信息。     

墨西哥湾扇贝亲代选择对自交子一代的影响

试验从来自同一养殖群体的1000个随机个体墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus Say)中选取规格最大(壳长58.3~61.9 mm)、中等(壳长49.5~50.8 mm)、最小(壳长38.9~41.1 mm)的性成熟个体各3个作为亲贝,按规格分成大、中、小3组,利用该贝雌雄同体的特性分别进行各组内亲本个体自交。在相同环境及试验条件下通过比较各自交组受精率、孵化率、稚贝育成率、海上暂养及标粗期存活率、养成期存活率、壳长壳高体重日增长率和选择反应等指标的差异,分析亲本选择对自交子代生产性能的影响。结果表明,从上述各指标看,大规格亲贝优于中规格亲贝(P<0.01);中规格亲贝优于小规格亲贝(P<0.01)。大规格亲贝壳高、壳长和体重的选择反应分别为6.0 mm、5.4 mm和6.3 g,中规格亲贝分别为-0.4 mm、-0.1mm和-0.7 g,小规格亲贝分别为-4.7 mm-、5.3 mm和-7.6 g。大规格亲贝壳高、壳长和体重的实现遗传力分别为0.52、0.49和0.40。研究证明,墨西哥湾扇贝亲代选择对自交子一代生产性能具有极显著影响(P<0.01),大规格亲贝自交后代表现出明显生长优势,截断选择策略有效。     

Pacific sand lance of the Port Moller estuary, southeastern Bering Sea: an estuarine^dependent early life history

Three waves of spawning Pacific sand lance (Ammo-dytes hexapterus) entered the Port Moller estuary from mid-January to late May 1990. Each wave laid its eggs on sand in lower Moller Bay with the center of egg distribution about 14 km inside the estuary. After incubation for 45 to 94 d, each cohort of eggs hatched out over a 41- to 63-d period. Larvae moved at a rate of 0.21 knvd“¹ toward a deep fjordlike basin at the head of Herendeen Bay inside the estuary about 20 km southwest of the center of hatch. The basin has the lowest flushing rate of the estuary, and unlike the rest of Port Moller, it is vertically stratified, which allows the development of a spring-summer zooplankton community with greater biomass than any other location in the estuary. Larvae may have moved to the basin to enhance growth or to avoid offshore transport to areas of low food abundance, but we cannot demonstrate a direct link between growth and habitat. We conclude that the Port Moller sand lance stock has an estuarine early life history that evolved in response to the unique physical conditions of the Port Moller estuary–a shallow, well-mixed site with sandy substrate that is suitable for incubation of demersal eggs next to a deep, vertically stratified fjord with a rich zooplankton community that is suitable for rearing of larvae.     

Development of nursery culture techniques for the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador)

Cannibalism is one of the main causes of mortality in the culture of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, particularly in the early post‐larval and juvenile stages when the densities of hatchery‐reared crabs may be very high before stocking into ponds or release into the wild for stock enhancement. In a series of experiments investigating cannibalism mitigation, the influence of stocking density, the effectiveness of sand substrate, brick and shell shelters and feed type were compared in culture of crabs from instar 1 for short nursery periods of 15–30 days. Inclusion of brick and shell shelters significantly increased survival over sand substrate alone. However, inclusion of shelters did not affect growth rates. In scaled‐up nursery production in lined‐ponds, with shelters, live Artemia biomass and fresh chopped shrimp or tilapia were found to be equally effective feeds for juvenile crabs stocked at a density of 70 m⁻² from instar 1 and grown for 30 days [52–66% survival, 21.6–24.6 mm carapace width (CW)]. In an extended nursery period for a further 30 days, crabs of 22 mm CW, stocked at 30 m⁻² in the same ponds, attained a final size of 34.5–36.2 mm CW with a survival of 64.3–67.0% using the same feeds.