The comparative study of China's mega‐city regions: A perspective of competitiveness

Mega‐city regions (MCRs) have emerged as the main spatial form of China's new urbanization strategy and become the basic spatial units participating in global and regional competition. However, MCRs are not equally capable of boosting regional economic development due to their different levels of development. Therefore, this paper adopts the concept of competitiveness as both a theoretical framework and an empirical model to evaluate the development status of China's MCRs. Based on a review of the existing literature, this paper proposes a multi‐tier evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 MCRs. The chosen indicators come from the six perspectives of economic development, human resources, infrastructural accessibility, integration into the global economy, capacity for scientific and technological innovation, and sustainable development. The results show that there are great disparities and regional inequalities in competitiveness across different MCRs. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan MCRs are the first‐tier MCRs with the highest levels of development and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu–Chongqing, Shandong Peninsula, South‐central Liaoning, and Wuhan belong to the second‐tier of MCRs that show partial advantages and have significant regional influence. The remaining regions belong to the third‐ or fourth‐tier of MCRs that have relatively weak competitiveness. The competitiveness of MCRs largely depends on the concentration of core elements in core cities.     

Understanding the spatial polarization pattern of technology transfer network in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay area

Technology transfer is a conscious knowledge transfer and diffusion, which can promote the coordinated configuration and balanced development of technological innovation elements in geographical space. From the perspective of “space of flow”, the technology transfer network is constructed. Utilizing patent technology transaction data from 2018, this study analyzes the agglomeration differentiation and spatial polarization patterns of technology transfer from network nodes, network layers, and network partition in Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The agglomeration of technology transfer is remarkable in the network, showing “two poles and two strong” as well as proximity advantages; Shenzhen and Guangzhou have become spatial poles within the network. (2) The Matthew effect is prominent and technology transfer at the spatial level is largely caused by core node interactions, while core-edge hierarchical transmission mechanisms and geographical proximity contact characteristics are gradually developing. (3) Differences in roles between the plates are pronounced, and there is an agglomeration effect within a plate and between plates, as well as clear spillover effects.     

京郊乡村旅游业态化的主导类型分析

以京郊旅游专家入户诊断式培训涉及的140个行政村为对象,运用最小方差法和空间分析方法,在全面分析各村包含的业态种类的基础上,对京郊乡村旅游业态的主导类型进行研究。结果表明,京郊乡村旅游业态化大多呈组合结构,以采摘篱园化和休闲农庄化为主,其次为休闲农庄和山水人家,且表现出明显的地域分布。多业态化结构及其分布深受地理区位、自然条件和产业投入等因素的影响。水元素是京郊乡村旅游业的重要符号。近年来出现的新的经营方式应当纳入新业态范畴。     

The persistence of inter‐regional hierarchy in technology transfer networks: An analysis of Chinese patent licensing data

This paper asks whether the technological development of a nation reduces the inter‐regional hierarchy in knowledge flow. We examine two scenarios that are the alternative to each other. The first is what we call the globalization of regional innovation system/weakening of inter‐regional hierarchy scenario: As many regions develop their niches in the global economy, the national “anchor” region loses its relative importance as the importer and distributor of new knowledge, rendering the domestic inter‐regional hierarchy less significant as a result. The second scenario is the globalization of national innovation system/persistence of inter‐regional hierarchy. The nation’s traditional anchor region becomes even more active in importing technology and distributing it to other regions of the country. To test which scenario is closer to reality, we employ social network metrics to analyse inter‐regional technology diffusion networks using Chinese patent licensing data for the 1998–2013 period. Our findings support the second scenario, showing that the influence of the traditional anchor region persists in the hierarchical network structure as new cities enter the network. We found five anchor regions: the three usual suspects—Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen—plus two that were slightly less expected—Dongguan and Suzhou.     

北京市蔬菜专业村发展时空动态研究

蔬菜产业是关系国计民生的重要产业,产业化生产是实现蔬菜产业现代化的重要路径。本文以北京蔬菜专业村为研究对象,选取区位数据、种植规模以及发展数量三个方面进行探讨,采用对比分析法、核密度分析法,对北京市2008-2016年蔬菜专业村空间分布的动态变化特征进行分析。结果显示,北京市郊区蔬菜专业村数量呈现先增长后降低的趋势、在地理区位变化上由相对聚集向相对均匀分布变化、种植规模差异化程度逐渐降低等特点。研究建议加快培育蔬菜新品种、加强高端蔬菜产品生产;要延长蔬菜产业链,发展蔬菜全产业链服务平台建设;要抓住“互联网+”机遇,打造京郊蔬菜品牌化产品,推动蔬菜产业又快又好发展。     

Spatiality,belonging and citizenship in the age of migration in contemporary China

While internal migration in contemporary China ascribes a great change to urban China's demographic composition, social structures and economic development trajectories, it is yet to restructure the formal definitions of urban identity and belonging, which are still dominated by the household registration system (hukou). The paper suggests that as a result of changes in the political, economic, demographic and social contexts within which China's internal migration develops, there emerge a crucial need to re‐examine the crude forms of determining identity and belonging, questioning the addressing of spatiality within the existing mechanisms (such as hukou system or the shiminhua discourse). To do so, the paper argues that the existing de‐territorialisation of the migration experience has to be replaced with a more nuanced understanding of how spatial practices and conceptualisations shape migrants’ experiences, as it is becoming imperative to develop a new framework that is more sensitive to migrants’ lived process of identification and belonging, especially as these traverse multiple geographies and spatial scales. This close engagement with migrants’ spatiality can then be used as a base from which to engage with a more complex view of migrants’ spatial and social relatedness, as well as the development of their urban belonging and identity.     

The structure and proximity mechanism of formal innovation networks: Evidence from Shanghai high‐tech ITISAs

The discussion on innovation networks of patents or papers has attracted many economic geographers; however, the Industrial Technology Innovation Strategy Alliance (ITISA) has been ignored, although it is also an important innovation form of firms, and the formation mechanism of alliance innovation networks is unclear. This study is based on the data of Shanghai high‐tech ITISAs between 2010 and 2015, and employs the methods of social networks and negative binomial regression to analyse the actor structure, spatial structure, and proximity mechanism of innovation networks of Shanghai high‐tech ITISAs. Results highlight the following: (a) Firms comprise the largest number of actors in alliance innovation networks, and universities, research institutions, and industry associations also play some roles. (b) The local and rooted characteristics of the innovation networks of ITISAs are obvious. The spatial distribution of innovation partners is mainly in Shanghai, and a few innovation actors are located in neighbouring cities, such as Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. (c) Proximity significantly promotes the formation of innovation networks in an ITISA and contributes to the improvement of innovation ability, and organizational proximity plays a greater role than geographical proximity or cognitive proximity.     

Negotiating China's rise: The dynamics of Chinese business associations and the Belt and Road Initiative in Brunei Darussalam

With an increasingly assertive China and the intensifying influence of the Sinocentre, Chinese overseas who have access to Chineseness can exercise their agentic power in using their cultural capital for economic gains. Beijing has recognised the potential for diasporic Chinese entrepreneurs to contribute to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) given their influence in Southeast Asia's economy. Correspondingly, these entrepreneurs hail the BRI as a strategic opportunity for them to turn their cultural capital into fiscal capital. Considering the increased global connectivity and new Chinese migration geographies led by the BRI, this article examines the case of Chinese business associations in Brunei Darussalam. The heterogenous responses of these ethnic Chinese and their associations to China and the BRI attest to the multiplicity and contestations of Chineseness based on different migration histories and sentiments to their ancestral land. We focus on the dynamics between the old Chinese Bruneian business elites and the more recent Chinese business migrants from Malaysia and China. An investigation of the cultural and economic politics within the Chinese Bruneian business community will provide insights into the modality of Chineseness as an economic asset that can be tactically used by diasporic Chinese entrepreneurs to maintain their social position and to respond to China's economic rise.     

The evolutionary patterns of intercity co-invention networks in the Greater Pearl River Delta,China: A comparative analysis based on the technological intensity of industry

A substantial amount of research has examined the collaborations within technology-based industries, but how technological intensity relates to the evolution of interregional research collaboration is less well understood. This paper investigates the dynamic changes of spatial structure and determinants of intercity research collaborations in the sectoral innovation networks of high-tech industries contrasting to low and medium technology (LMT) industries in the Greater Pearl River Delta (GPRD), China. Using the sectoral patent application data over the period 2008–2016, the social network analysis results confirm a higher level of triangles in the co-invention network of high-tech industries than within LMT industries. Moreover, the empirical results through Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) show that, compared to LMT industries, collaboration in the co-invention network of high-tech industries is less sensitive to geographical and linguistic distance, while more subject to economic distance, regional educational level and government support with time. In addition, cognitive proximity and regional R&D intensity are both important prerequisite in the formation of these two collaborative networks.     

改革开放30年中国农村居民收支结构发展趋势及收支定量关系研究

为分析中国农村居民收支结构发展规律,收集了中国各地区改革开放以来30年的农村居民收支数据;采用线性回归分析长期变化趋势,层次聚类分析分布规律,并创新性地采用等级分解法定量分析收支关系。结果发现改革开放30年以来,中国农村居民家庭纯收人和生活消费支出的发展趋势均分4个阶段线性增长,各阶段线性回归的调整R²值基本达到0.9以上。农村居民收入与支出的分布规律基本相似,收入和支出水平较高的地区均主要分布在7个独立分支的聚类组,涉及北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、广东和福建等地区。“工资性收入”和“转移性与财产性收入”对各项支出的单独解释贡献量最大,分别达到22.34%~41.59%和41.35%~55.45%,已经成为改变农村居民消费结构的主要收入类型。总体上,中国农村居民收入与支出的变化趋势基本相似,具有发展阶段性和分布不均衡性的特征,且逐渐向享受型消费方向发展,收入水平及其结构是影响消费结构的重要决定性因素。30年长期数据的研究结果和定量分析方法为深入研究中国农村经济结构、探索农村发展途径提供借鉴。     

Emerging geography of technological innovation in China's ICT industry: Region,inter‐firm linkages and innovative performance in a transitional economy

This study critically evaluates the relevance of the existing theory of technological innovation to the case of China's information and communications technology industry. Based on a large‐scale questionnaire survey conducted in China's three most important city‐regions, namely, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, where the core of China's information and communications technology industry is located, this study reveals a significant regional variation in technological innovation in a political economy undergoing marketisation and globalisation. This research has found no significant relationship between the innovative performance of firms and the extent of production linkages; nor was there a significant knowledge exchange among firms. A further analysis has identified the significant role played by government purchases, research and development capital input and export propensity in the process of technological innovation. The findings of this research cast doubts over the prevailing theory of ‘new economic geography’ in which soft and unbounded relational assets have been overemphasised at the expense of some solid and bounded actors and agents that are pivotal to technological innovation in a developing economy.     

Geography and the Future of Stock Exchanges: Between Real and Virtual Space

ABSTRACT This paper aims to contribute to the debate on the future of stock exchanges and financial centres by focusing on two questions. First, whether, how, why, and which stock exchange activities are prone to concentration in financial centres? Second, are they prone to concentration in national or international financial centres? Through a detail‐rich analysis of stock exchange activities, including trading system, as well as relationships with members, issuers, and investors, the paper suggests a framework for the geography of stock exchange activities based on two dimensions—proneness to concentration in a financial centre and proneness to international consolidation. With this framework, predictions are made about the future geography of stock exchange activities led by the argument that while significant geographical reconfigurations are likely to unfold, driven primarily by the development of international networks of stock market institutions, stock exchanges, and financial centres will remain crucially important for each other.     

Application of UAV Image in Quantitative Analysis of Landscape Pattern of Railway

Taking Beijing–Shanghai High-speed Railway(the section of Zhenjiangnan Station) for example,this paper applied UAV remote sensing data and GIS spatial analysis to analyze current land use types in this section,on this basis used landscape pattern indices that showed high correlation with land use changes for the quantitative analysis and evaluation of ecosystem structure in the study area and also landscape pattern after the construction of high-speed railway.The results showed that UAV images performed well in the evaluation of railway landscape ecological environment,landscape structure and features represented by the selected landscape pattern indices in this paper were applicable,and capable of ensuring scientific evaluation of ecological environmental impact;the overall landscape pattern of the Zhenjiangnan Station section(Beijing–Shanghai High-speed Railway) after completion was moderate,and local ecosystem was damaged,thus scientific and reasonable ecological planning was required to design and change landscape structure.     

全球金融危机中的我国金融业及农业风险分析*

摘要：产业结构的变动是国民经济发展的重要特征,投入产出模型是检验经济中各产业的相互联系,进而分析一个国家或地区的宏观经济运行情况的一种经济数量分析方法。面对全球金融危机,本文运用投入产出表对金融产业与其他产业结构进行关联分析是深刻揭示金融产业结构内在机理的重要方法。本文选用了中间投入率、影响力系数、感应力系数三个指标来分析在全球金融危机中,北京、上海金融业的发展问题。研究发现,金融危机对于中国经济产业的直接冲击不会太大,但是对北京、上海的冲击可能是相对严重的。当前需要注意截断房地产开发业金融业的强烈作用,同时维护农业的发展。关键词：金融危机,投入产出;中间投入率,中国;北京;上海     

Comprehensive Landscape Planning of Express Railway: A Case Study of Shanghai-Nanjing Section of Beijing–Shanghai Express Railway

Comprehensive landscape planning of express railway is a signifi cant part of railway planning, and landscape contributes greatly to the integration of railway into neighboring environment. This paper focused on the scientific comprehensive landscape planning of express railway, applied "layer, group and cluster" analysis, concluded the landscape features of different hierarchical systems of "layer—group—cluster" by analyzing landscapes along the Shanghai–Nanjing Section of Beijing–Shanghai Express Railway, proposed the landscape design principles for this section, in order to promote the integration of express railway construction with city and regional development, and provide a new concept and technique for the future railway landscape design.     

The New Retail Economy of Shanghai

ABSTRACT As Shanghai strives to build itself into an international center of finance, trade, and commerce, a new retail economy has evolved accordingly. In the past two decades, its retail sector has been transformed from a simple and inefficient distribution system to a much more complex and highly competitive market‐oriented economy. The new retail economy in many ways resembles the contemporary capitalist retail economy in the Western cities, but it also exhibits significant differences with Chinese characteristics. While the affluent consumer market is the necessary condition for sustained retail growth, it is the retail deregulation that has been the fundamental driving force for the structural changes in Shanghai's retail sector. Its liberal policies attracted major international retailers to either choose Shanghai as the gateway city to enter the China market, or locate their China headquarters offices in Shanghai to command their operations throughout the country. Indeed, the retail transformation in post‐reform Shanghai is a clear testimony of the Economic Transition Model. The main data sources for this empirical study are the 1999 Census of Commercial Activity in Shanghai and the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. They are supplemented by data collected from reputable Web sites and through field work in Shanghai.     

入境旅游对中国区域经济发展的溢出效应分析

通过国外游客的旅游消费带动地区经济的增长是旅游刺激经济的一种溢出效应.以此为基础,通过构建国外游客入境旅游消费与地区经济增长关系的面板数据模型进行实证分析,结果发现:不同地区的外国游客入境旅游消费对经济增长具有不同的溢出效应,这种溢出效应能促进北京、河北、内蒙古、安徽、广东、四川、贵州和新疆等省市的经济发展,但却恶化了天津、上海、重庆、云南、陕西和甘肃等省市的经济发展.笔者最后提出了促进国外游客入境旅游消费对地区经济增长拉动作用的建议.     

景区空间结构演化对区域旅游经济的影响——————-以吉林省为例

旅游景区的空间结构是旅游资源在地理空间上的投影,是区域旅游发展状态及潜力的重要指示器。运用数理统计和地理信息空间分析方法,对2006年、2008年、2010年吉林省A级旅游景区的空间结构演化进行分析,探讨A级景区空间结构演化对区域旅游经济产生的影响。结果表明：吉林省A级旅游景区呈现“大分散、小集中”的特征,在空间上集聚度增加,集聚点增多;景区的空间结构变化导致旅游经济重心呈东南移动趋势,2008年后中部景区集聚度的增强及西部集聚区增加,导致重心移动趋势变弱。     

How does industrial agglomeration affect regional innovation? A spatial econometric analysis

This study empirically investigates the direct and indirect (spillover) effects of three types of industrial agglomeration with different cognitive distances, namely, industrial specialization, industrial related variety, and industrial unrelated variety, on regional innovation. Accordingly, we applied the concepts of related and unrelated variety and used spatial econometric analysis. Based on panel data of 283 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2016, the empirical results reveal that both industrial specialization and industrial related variety significantly improve regional innovation and produce positive spatial spillover effects on the surrounding regions. However, industrial unrelated variety has a significant negative impact on regional innovation and produces a negative spatial spillover effect on the surrounding regions. Moreover, the direct and indirect effects of the three types of industrial agglomeration on regional innovation between China's coastal and inland cities. The findings have important theoretical and policy implications.