叶片数对离心泵小流量工况空化特性的影响

为研究小流量下离心泵的空化特性,采用ANSYS CFX 14.5,基于k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型,以3种叶片数叶轮的IS50-65-160型离心泵为研究对象,对其内部空化流动分别进行了数值模拟。为了提高数值计算准确性,进行了网格无关性分析,且从泵空化性能、叶轮所受扭矩及轴向力分析了叶片数对泵小流量下空化特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:当叶片数从4增加至8时,离心泵扬程增加,但其效率变化较复杂。小流量工况下,随着空化系数降低,各叶片数叶轮扭矩与泵扬程均不同步地发生陡降,且出现相似地匍匐下降规律;当扬程下降3%后,各叶轮所受轴向力的大小几乎恒定;单个叶片流道的空泡体积出现突增,明显较其他叶片流道大,各叶片流道空泡分布极不对称。研究发现,离心泵扬程及扭矩匍匐下降特性很可能与不对称叶片空化相关。     

分流叶片对离心泵空化性能影响的数值分析

为了研究分流叶片对离心泵空化性能的影响规律,以模型泵IS50-32-160为研究对象,设计了1种不带分流叶片与3种带分流叶片不同短叶片进口直径的叶轮,利用CFD对此离心泵的全流道进行了数值模拟,并对分流叶片离心泵在不同空化余量时泵的空化性能和叶轮内部流场分布进行分析研究.分析结果表明:添置分流叶片后,泵的扬程和效率均显著提高,但短叶片的长短对扬程和效率的影响不大;添置分流叶片后,泵的抗空化性能均有提高,且当离心泵短叶片进口直径为0.725D₂时,离心泵的抗空化性能相对较好,必须空化余量比其他2个带分流叶片方案减小了0.5 m;空化发生以后,叶轮出口射流速度会增加损失,同时叶轮内部速度的减小又会减少叶轮产生的动能,因而扬程会发生突降;带分流叶片的方案气泡分布情况比无分流叶片方案均有一定的改善,添置分流叶片后,气泡发展较为缓慢.     

口环间隙对诱导轮离心泵空化流动和性能的影响

为了研究口环间隙对前置诱导轮离心泵空化性能的影响,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset方程均相流空化模型,以前置诱导轮离心泵为研究对象,选取口环间隙为0.15,0.25,0.40和0.60 mm这4种方案对其进行空化流动数值计算,并与试验结果对比分析.研究结果表明,口环间隙大小对诱导轮离心泵的外特性和空化性能影响较大,随着口环间隙的增大,总扬程效率和叶轮扬程效率均减小,与口环间隙为0.15 mm时相比,总扬程效率和叶轮扬程效率分别降低了0.60%和4.21%,效率分别下降了6.50%和9.32%;而口环间隙的增大使得诱导轮扬程和效率均增加,分别增大了29.86%和28.40%.另外,随着口环间隙的增大,空化性能曲线出现波动现象,间隙越大,波动越明显;离心泵主叶轮工作面靠近前盖板出现云状空泡分布,空化不稳定,间隙越大,空化越不稳定,临界空化数越大.经分析,引起空化不稳定性的因素可能有: 口环间隙出口处泄漏高压流体对主流的冲击;口环附近空化的发生以及诱导轮空化引起叶片出口液流角的变化.     

叶轮前盖板与泵体轴向间隙对轴向力的影响

为了研究一种新型结构的离心泵叶轮前盖板与泵体轴向间隙对轴向力的影响,首先采用传统理论计算方法得到泵的轴向力,然后基于CFX软件,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和高阶算法,对离心泵进行全流场数值模拟.通过改变叶轮前盖板与泵体轴向间隙方法,获得泵设计工况下的外特性、轴向间隙之间静压变化及转子部件轴向力,研究泵外特性、轴向力随叶轮前盖板与泵体轴向间隙的变化情况和变化规律.通过数值模拟计算研究表明:在设计工况下,随着离心泵叶轮前盖板与泵体间隙的增加,泵的扬程和效率逐渐减小;叶轮、背叶轮和副叶轮内的静压变化很小,叶轮前盖板与泵体轴向间隙内的静压变化明显;泵的轴向力先增大后减小.扬程数值模拟和试验结果误差为0.84%,轴向力理论计算和数值模拟的最大误差不超过5.75%,说明数值模拟的方法验证了用经验公式计算新型泵所受轴向力的准确性.     

粗糙度对离心泵空化过程的影响

为研究壁面粗糙度对离心泵空化过程的影响,利用雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε两方程,采用Zwart空化模型且不考虑水中溶解性气体对空化的影响,应用ANSYS CFX软件对设计流量工况下离心泵全流道气液两相湍流进行定常数值模拟,分析离心泵内部发生空化时,叶片壁面粗糙度对泵的外特性参数和内部流态的影响.计算结果表明:增大粗糙度将导致离心泵扬程、效率降低以及轴功率增大;泵处在临界空化及局部空化状态时,粗糙度对泵性能参数的影响程度大于泵处在空化初生及重空化状态下的影响程度;壁面粗糙度对湍流发展的影响规律与其对空化进程的影响作用具有相似性;当进口压力为81.06 kPa和101.33 kPa时,减小壁面粗糙度对改善离心泵性能有更显著的效果.     

轴向间隙对纸浆泵性能的影响规律

为研究轴向间隙对纸浆泵水力性能的影响,应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,采用标准k-ε占湍流模型及SIMPLEC算法,分别以清水和悬浮液为介质,对半开式离心纸浆泵在3种轴向间隙下,0.7Q0～1.3 Q0流量范围内进行三维湍流数值计算,得到浆泵的性能曲线.计算结果表明:介质为清水时,随着间隙的增大,泵扬程和效率下降;...     

基于正交试验的半开式离心泵轴向力影响因素研究

为了降低半开式低比转速离心泵的轴向力,采用数值分析方法对半开式离心泵轴向力的影响因素进行正交试验.选取叶顶间隙和平衡孔直径作为试验因素,每个因素取5个水平,对其进行正交方案设计.采用SST k-ω湍流方程对半开式离心泵轴向力进行数值计算,根据计算结果与原模型的试验结果进行对比,发现其扬程和效率变化在5％以内,因此该数值...     

轴向间隙对纸浆泵性能的影响规律

为研究轴向间隙对纸浆泵水力性能的影响,应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,采用标准k-ε湍流模型及SIMPLEC算法,分别以清水和悬浮液为介质,对半开式离心纸浆泵在3种轴向间隙下,0.7Q0～1.3Q0流量范围内进行三维湍流数值计算,得到浆泵的性能曲线.计算结果表明：介质为清水时,随着间隙的增大,泵扬程和效率下降;对于不同体积分数的介质,离心泵叶轮、间隙内速度分布与介质为清水时的分布基本一致;当浆料体积分数为2%时,流道内存在大量的低速区,流动混乱,提出了适当增大叶片出口安放角的改进方法;随着间隙的增大,间隙的刚性作用消失,泵整体性能下降.由于轴向间隙的作用,叶片吸力面与压力面间的压力、速度变化较大,对于一定体积分数的浆料,小的间隙值能增加泵的输送能力.通过试验和数值计算进行对比分析,结果表明间隙为1.0 mm时泵整体性能较好,试验结果与模拟结果相一致.     

基于平衡孔偏移的离心泵空化性能改善研究

为了改善离心泵的空化性能,提出将平衡孔位置移至靠近叶片背面的方法。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,对不同空化数下平衡孔偏移前后的模型空化流场进行了数值计算与分析,结果表明:与原模型泵试验值相比,平衡孔偏移后,扬程、效率均有所下降,扬程降低幅度在4%之内,效率降低幅度在5%以内;在1. 2Q_e、Q_e及0. 8Q_e流量下,平衡孔偏移后临界空化数均有所降低。平衡孔偏移改变了叶片背面静压低压区的分布,降低了叶片背面低压区流速,同时降低了流道内湍动能,提高了离心泵的空化性能;平衡孔偏移可以有效减小流道内空泡体积分数,改善叶轮流道内的流动条件,减弱空泡对流道的堵塞程度;平衡孔偏移后在一定程度上减小了轴向力,改善了离心泵受力状态。     

叶片进口边位置对离心泵性能的影响

为了研究叶片进口边位置对离心泵外特性能、内流场的影响规律,在原型泵的基础上,设计了叶片进口边位置不同的5种叶轮,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,分别对5种叶轮的离心泵在清水和含沙水介质下进行三维全流道定常数值计算.结果表明:针对低比转数离心泵,叶片进口排挤严重,使叶片进口边向出口方向延伸可以使叶片进口处的流动更加均匀,液流的流动速度减小,叶片表面的压力变大,从而改善空化性能;在一定范围内变动叶片的进口边位置对离心泵的扬程、效率影响不大,但是当叶片的进口边位置向出口方向延伸过多会导致叶片对液流的做功能力下降,从而使离心泵的扬程明显下降;当离心泵在相同工况下运行时,离心泵进口沙粒含量的增大会使离心泵的扬程、效率降低,且会使流道内空化核的数量增大,从而导致空化性能变差.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。