咪唑乙烟酸在豆科作物间作田的除草效果及其对豆科作物生长的影响

为了探讨咪唑乙烟酸的除草效果及对豆科作物生长的影响,采用1500ml/hm2和2000ml/hm2两个剂量的5%咪唑乙烟酸AS对黄豆、绿豆、黄芪间作田进行了播后苗前土壤处理及苗后早期茎叶处理。结果表明,两个剂量播后苗前土壤处理的总杂草株防效分别为90.2%和92.6%;苗后早期茎叶处理的总杂草株防效分别为94.0%和95.2%,尤其是对马齿苋、藜等杂草防除效果显著,土壤处理防效达100%,但对多年生杂草问荆防除效果较差。不同处理方法两个剂量咪唑乙烟酸对3种豆科作物均无明显药害。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受咪唑乙烟酸药害的机理研究

研究了安全剂R-28725对玉米的保护作用及对咪唑乙烟酸的解毒机理。当咪唑乙烟酸的使用量为20、40、60 g/hm2时,R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重和产量,直接增加植株体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性,增加咪唑乙烟酸与谷胱甘肽的轭合,从而达到解毒的目的。     

不同缓解处理对甲咪唑烟酸紫花苜蓿药害的缓解效果研究

为了评价不同缓解处理对甲咪唑烟酸引起的紫花苜蓿药害的缓解效果,于紫花苜蓿刈割后10 d喷施甲咪唑烟酸,分别在药后5 d和10 d喷施磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素内酯、赤·吲乙·芸苔、赤霉酸、复硝酚钠、吡唑醚菌酯、萘乙酸、氨基酸原液、奈安共9种缓解剂进行药害缓解,调查紫花苜蓿株高、鲜重并测定其产量、品质。结果表明,240 g/L甲咪唑烟酸水剂129.6 g/hm~2对紫花苜蓿药害明显,严重抑制其生长,株高下降25.45%,鲜重减少38.26%,最终减产13.28%;药后5 d赤·吲乙·芸苔、芸苔素内酯、氨基酸原液及药后10 d奈安处理的株高抑制率分别为-2.11%、-3.16%、-1.06%和-0.80%,株高均显著高于药害植株,缓解效果好。复硝酚钠、吡唑醚菌酯处理的株高、鲜重显著低于空白对照,抑制率均>10%,缓解效果差。药后5 d芸苔素内酯处理较甲咪唑烟酸对照、空白对照产量增加22.96%、6.64%,增产率最高,赤·吲乙·芸苔、氨基酸原液其次,且对品质均无不良影响。综合分析,在甲咪唑烟酸药后5 d喷施0.01%芸苔素内酯可溶液剂0.022 5 g/hm~2、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可...     

咪唑乙烟酸降解菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用高压富集方法,从生产咪唑乙烟酸农药厂排污口污泥中分离得到1株咪唑乙烟酸高效降解菌P14,根据菌株形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA分析,鉴定该菌株为哈夫尼希瓦氏菌Shewanella hafniensis。初步研究了其在不同条件下对咪唑乙烟酸的降解性能。结果表明:在以咪唑乙烟酸为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,当咪唑乙烟酸初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、培养温度为30 ℃、pH值6.0、接种量7%时,菌株P14对咪唑乙烟酸的降解效果最佳,3 d内的降解率可达92%,因而可以此作为菌株P14降解咪唑乙烟酸的最佳条件。外加不同碳源时,P14菌株对咪唑乙烟酸的降解率呈现不同程度下降,其中柠檬酸钠对P14菌株降解效果影响较小。     

咪唑乙烟酸高效降解菌降解性能的研究

研究了丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）、海球菌属（Marinococcus）和酸单胞杆菌属（Acidomonas）单一菌株和混合菌株对咪唑烟酸的降解能力及环境条件对降解活性的影响。结果表明,混合菌株处理的咪唑乙烟酸,在第90天时的降解率高达87.20％,明显优于单一菌株。此外,外界环境条件对降解菌的活性也有显著的影响,在培养温度为25～30 ℃,土壤湿度为田间最大持水量的50%,咪唑乙烟酸残留浓度为100 μg/kg,最佳接菌量为5 mL/kg时,3株降解菌的降解活性最强,对咪唑乙烟酸的降解率最高。     

50g/L咪唑乙烟酸水剂对大豆田杂草防效及安全性研究

选用50g/L咪唑乙烟酸水剂除草剂对大豆进行苗后茎叶喷雾处理.研究其对大豆田杂草的防效及对大豆的生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:50g/L咪唑乙烟酸水剂对大豆生长安全用量为200mL/667m2以内;50g/L咪唑乙烟酸水剂施药用量为300mL/667m2、400mL/667m2、600mL/667m2,除草彻底,但大豆叶片受害,产生大片药斑,生长受到严重抑制.但在生长后期基本都能恢复正常生长.     

蚕豆抗除草剂咪唑乙烟酸种质资源鉴定

基于对甘肃冷凉高海拔河西灌区春播蚕豆田间杂草优势群落的调查,以68份蚕豆种质资源为试材,开展蚕豆对苗后除草剂咪唑乙烟酸抗性鉴定。结果表明,蚕豆3叶1心期施用5%咪唑乙烟酸水剂2 500 mL/hm2,药后40 d调查发现蚕豆均表现不同程度的药害,初步鉴定了耐咪唑乙烟酸蚕豆种质8份,占参试材料的11.76%;中耐种质23份,占参试材料的33.82%;中敏材料32份,占参试材料的47.06%;敏感材料5份,占参试材料的7.35%。结合蚕豆农艺性状及抗除草剂等级相关性分析,表明株高、结荚数、产量等性状可以作为评价蚕豆对除草剂咪唑乙烟酸耐受性的指标。     

氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合作用测定及混用配方筛选

按孙云沛法测定了氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合毒力作用,盆栽试验采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计筛选了两者混用的最佳配方。结果表明：氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混用具有增效作用;对禾本科杂草狗尾草1〖DK1〗∶5和1〖DK1〗∶7的配比具有增效作用;对阔叶杂草龙葵1〖DK1〗∶7配比的增效作用最大,1〖DK1〗∶10和1〖DK1〗∶17的配比也具有明显的增效作用。两者混用没有拮抗作用。并通过筛选得到了两者混用防除稗草和反枝苋的最佳配方。     

典型咪唑啉酮类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

咪唑啉酮类除草剂是中国广泛应用的除草剂,具有杀草谱广、活性高、选择性强等优点,但其在土壤中残留期长,影响后茬作物。本文综述了典型的咪唑啉酮类除草剂甲氧咪草烟、咪唑乙烟酸和甲咪唑烟酸残留对后茬作物的影响,探究了降解部分咪唑啉酮类除草剂(甲氧咪草烟、咪唑乙烟酸和咪唑烟酸)的微生物所属类群及降解途径,分析了影响微生物降解咪唑啉酮类除草剂的因素,对目前除草剂污染修复存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来发展进行了展望。该文对研究咪唑啉酮类除草剂的微生物降解有一定的参考作用。     

萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵药害的解毒效果及解毒机理研究

采用模拟咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的试验方法,以向日葵为生测试材进行盆栽试验,研究萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵土壤残留药害的解毒效果和机理。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸用量为有效成份25g(a.i.)/hm2对向日葵有一定的药害。萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸药害有一定的缓解作用,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的向日葵株高明显高于咪唑乙烟酸25g(a.i.)/hm2处理,而株鲜重却明显降低。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸都能导致向日葵苗的氨基酸含量发生变化,与咪唑乙烟酸25g(a.i.)/hm2处理相比,萘二甲酐加入咪唑乙烟酸后,使3种氨基酸含量比咪唑乙烟酸处理增加,2种氨基酸含量降低,12种氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量没有变化,可以认为氨基酸含量的变化是萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸的解毒因素之一。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵苗中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力均有不同程度的影响,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的共同作用可使向日葵苗体内GSH含量显著增加,而GSTs活力却有较大幅度降低。     

表面活性剂、喷液量及杂草叶角对普杀特喷后附着量的影响

表面活性剂、喷液量及杂草叶角对普杀特在非敏感杂草马唐叶片上的喷后附着量有明显的独立影响和交互影响,其中表面活性剂的影响最大。供试的6种非离子型表面活性剂均因显著降低了普杀特药液的表面张力从而显著提高了其在马唐叶片上的喷后附着量,其中ScOil和Silwet—L77对其提高幅度最大;普杀特在马唐叶片上的喷后附着量随着喷液量的减少逐步增加,但在0—90°范围内随着马唐叶角的减小而减少,其由于喷液量的增大或马唐叶角的减小而引起的下降量,可通过加入非离子型表面活性剂而得到补偿,加入非离子型表面活性剂配合下午微液量(90L/ha)喷施,可望最大限度地增加普杀特在其非敏感杂草叶片上的喷后附着量,进而提高其药效,降低其使用成本和减少其在土壤中的残留。     

几种除草剂和助剂对苜蓿Medicago sative出苗和生长的影响

在温室条件下研究了几种苗前除草剂单用或混用对苜蓿出苗和生长的影响,以及不同叶龄苜蓿对苗后除草剂的反应及添加助剂对药效的影响。结果表明:咪唑乙烟酸在60~120 g/hm2剂量下,于苗前施用,对苜蓿出苗和幼苗生长都有明显的抑制作用。咪唑乙烟酸(30 g/hm2)与二甲戊灵(495 g/hm2)混用,对苜蓿的药害显著降低。苗后施用除草剂对苜蓿的安全性与叶龄密切相关。咪唑乙烟酸以30~60 g/hm2剂量在苜蓿3叶期施用,对苜蓿安全;在120 g/hm2用量下,对5叶期的苜蓿无明显药害。乳氟禾草灵(130~260 g/hm2)和丙炔氟草胺(75~150 g/hm2) 无论是3叶期还是5叶期施用,对苜蓿幼苗都有严重的药害。与咪唑乙烟酸单用时比较,药液中添加1.0 mL/L 的平平加-15和AM-100及5.0 mL/L的SDP,对苜蓿幼苗生长无明显影响。     

Effect of ammonium sulphate and related salts on the phytotoxicity of dichlorprop and other herbicides used for broadleaved weed control in cereals

In glasshouse experiments, additions of 10–100 g 1^?1 ammonium sulphate enhanced the phytotoxicity to broadleaved weeds and cereals of several water-soluble herbicides applied post-emergence in 75–300 1 ha^?1 with hydraulic nozzles. Studies with dichlorprop potassium salt and chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. examined interactions between ammonium sulphate and environmental, application and formulation factors. Simulated rainfall immediately after spraying greatly reduced dichlorprop activity, whether or not ammonium sulphate was present. However, when there was an interval of 2–24 h between spraying and rainfall, the additive increased phytotoxicity. Surfactants tended to reduce dichlorprop phytotoxicity to Stellaria media, both in the presence and absence of ammonium sulphate. Certain other inorganic salts including sodium sulphate also enhanced phytotoxicity. Applications by rotary atomizer in very low spray volume (15 1 ha^?1, 250–280 μm drops) were less effective than conventional 150 1 ha^?1 applications. When very low volume application was used, addition of ammonium sulphate or nitrate tended to reduce activity further. In the field, ammonium sulphate significantly increased the effects against weeds of a commercial dichlorprop potassium salt formulation applied conventionally in 200 1 ha^?1 spray volume. Neutralized phosphoric acid had a similar effect but a mixture of this additive and ammonium sulphate reduced phytotoxicity. Both additives slightly increased dichlorprop injury to barley.     

Differential influence of herbicide treatments on activity and kinetic parameters of C4 photosynthetic enzymes from Zea mays

The recommended field dose of rimsulfuron, imazethapyr, alachlor, atrazine or fluometuron differentially reduced shoot fresh and dry weight of 10-day-old maize seedlings as well as leaf protein content during the following 12 days. These reductions seemed consistent during the whole period with fluometuron, atrazine and alachlor but appeared to be nullified by the 5th day of treatment with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr. On the other hand, all herbicides mostly provoked significant inhibitions in specific activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.82), pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, EC 2.7.9.1) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) in leaves during the first 2 days. Thereafter, the inhibition was recovered in samples treated with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr, leveled off with alachlor but consistently augmented with atrazine and fluometuron. The kinetic characterization showed that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr unchanged V_max of all enzymes in vitro, however, V_max of PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco were decreased in vivo. Nevertheless, atrazine or fluometuron substantially reduced V_max of all enzymes while alachlor showed a reduction in this value of PEPC, MDH and Rubisco. Thus atrazine, fluometuron and, to a lower extent, alachlor reduced concentrations of all enzymes as well as rimsulfuron and imazethapyr for only Rubisco. On the contrary, K_m values of all enzymes were progressively increased by all herbicides indicating that the different herbicides altered the structural integrity of all enzymes. These findings conclude that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr competitively inhibited MDH but revealed mixed inhibition to PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco. Atrazine or fluometuron revealed mixed inhibitions to all enzymes whereas alachlor seemed to be either a competitive inhibitor to PPDK or a mixed inhibitor to PEPC, MDH and Rubisco.     

Sorption of low levels of nonionic and anionic surfactants on soil: effects on sorption of triticonazole fungicide

The sorption of two anionic surfactants and a series of seven nonionic alkylphenolethoxylate surfactants of increasing hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) in a loamy clay soil was evaluated. The effect of low doses of these surfactants on the sorption characteristics of the fungicide triticonazole was investigated. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants in pure water and soil–water systems, and surfactant sorption were estimated by surface tension measurements using a batch equilibration technique. Triticonazole sorption, alone and in the presence of low doses of surfactants, was also measured by batch equilibration. CMC of the alkylphenol surfactants increased with their HLB. The sorption of surfactants increased with their lipophilicity. CMC in the soil–water systems were considerably higher than in pure water. Sorption of the most lipophilic alkylphenol surfactants at the higher doses significantly increased triticonazole sorption. Proposed mechanisms are modifications of soil surface properties, and increase of soil organic carbon content. Sorption of the other nonionic and anionic surfactants only resulted in monomeric surfactant concentrations in pore water, and did not affect triticonazole sorption. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同叶龄鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性

鸭跖草是黑龙江省大豆田危害严重的恶性杂草,而且其叶龄愈大愈难防除。作者通过盆栽试验及细胞显微技术研究不同叶龄鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性差异及其与叶片显微结构的关系。结果显示,鸭跖草随着叶龄增大,对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性增强,并在3叶龄时出现拐点;随着叶龄的增大,叶片表皮气孔密度显著下降;叶片厚度、叶片上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度显著增大;10个栅栏组织细胞长度显著减小,栅栏组织排列由稀疏不规则向紧密规则的方向发展。以上变化是鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸耐药性增强的原因之一。     

Sorption and leaching potential of herbicides on Brazilian soils

Sorption of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, dicamba, hexazinone, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, simazine and sulfometuron-methyl was characterized on six Brazilian soils, using the batch equilibration method. In general, weak acid herbicides (dicamba, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron and sulfometuron-methyl) were the least sorbed, whereas weak bases such as triazines and nonionic herbicides (alachlor) were the most sorbed. The Kd values found showed a significant correlation with soil organic carbon content (OC) for all herbicides except imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. Koc values showed a smaller variation among soils than Kd . To estimate the leaching potential, Koc and the ground-water ubiquity score (GUS) were used to calculate half-lives ( t_1/2 ) that would rank these herbicides as leachers or non-leachers. Comparison of calculated values to published values for t_1/2 demonstrated that sulfonylureas and hexazinone are leachers in all soils, alachlor is transitional, and atrazine, simazine and dicamba are leachers or transitional, depending on soil type. Results discussed in this paper provide background to prioritize herbicides or chemical groups that should be evaluated in field conditions with regard to their leaching potential to ground-water in tropical soils.     

Efficacy of five different formulations of clopyralid on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, and Polygonum convolvulus L

Experiments were conducted in a controlled environment growth room to compare the phytotoxicity of five formulations of clopyralid and to determine the effect of post-treatment simulated rainfall applications on the efficacy of these formulations. Clopyralid, formulated as the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt, 2-ethylhexyl ester or 1-decyl ester was applied to Cirsium arvense or Polygonum convolvulus at the 8–10 and 4–6 leaf stage of development, respectively. Based on the shoot and root dry weight data from both species, the 2-ethylhexyl ester was consistently less phytotoxic than the other four formulations. With respect to Cirsium arvense shoot and root dry weight, there was no difference in efficacy between the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt and 1-decyl ester. Root dry weight changes of Polygonum convolvulus did not correlate well with an increase in dose of the five formulations. Maximum increase in stem diameter of Polygonum convolvulus occurred after application of 100 g a.e. ha^?1 of the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt and 1-decyl ester whereas with the 2-ethylhexyl ester, the maximum increase occurred after application of 200 g a.e. ha^?1. Simulated rainfall was applied 3, 6, 9 or 12 h after application of 200 g a.e. ha^?1 of the five clopyralid formulations to both species. Rainfall reduced the efficacy of clopyralid, regardless of the formulation or species. The 2-ethylhexyl ester was less efficacious than the other four formulations, irrespective of the timing of simulated rainfall.     

Interaction between saflufenacil and imazethapyr in red rice (Oryza ssp.) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) as affected by light intensity

BACKGROUND: Saflufenacil is a broadleaf herbicide for preplant burndown and pre‐emergence applications in various crops. This study was established to evaluate the absorption and translocation of saflufenacil in hemp sesbania and imazethapyr in red rice as a function of their post‐emergence interaction and light intensity. RESULTS: Imazethapyr plus saflufenacil provided a greater uptake (30%) and translocation (35%) of ¹⁴C‐imazethapyr than imazethapyr alone. In the section above treated leaf (ATL), a higher percentage of the absorbed imazethapyr (23%) was quantified in the imazethapyr plus saflufenacil treatment after 168 h. Faster basipetal movement of imazethapyr was identified under higher light availability. Absorption of ¹⁴C‐saflufenacil ranged from approximately 40 to 60% among herbicide and light intensity treatments. At 12 and 24 h after treatment (HAT) a greater percentage (15–20%) of the absorbed saflufenacil was quantified above the treated leaf at the two lower light intensities. Similar trends were observed for basipetal movement of saflufenacil. CONCLUSION: Saflufenacil enhanced absorption, overall translocation and acropetal movement of imazethapyr in the TX4 red rice. Basipetal movement of imazethapyr was faster under higher light intensities. Overall, imazethapyr improved absorption of saflufenacil in hemp sesbania plants. Reduction in light intensity resulted in greater translocation of saflufenacil, promoting acropetal and basipetal distribution at the two lower light intensity treatments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry